Papers relating to chronology and 'Theologiæ Gentilis Origines Philosophicæ'

Megacles a potent Athenian slew Cylon & his {illeg} for attempting to be king of Athens & was afterwards with his family expelled Athens by the posterity of the slain. Alcmæon the son of Megacles enterteined & conducted the Messengers whom Crœsus sent to consult the Oracle at Delphos & for doing so was invited by Crœsus & rewarded with much riches. And the Amphictyons in their war against Cyrrha by the advice of Solon made this Alcmæon & Clisthenes king & Sicyon & Eurolycus king of Thessaly commanders of their army. And the Cyrrhæans were conquered Ann. 2 Olymp. 47 according to the Marbles. Megacles the son of this Alcmæon Married Agarista the daughter of Clisthenes, & by her had Clisthenes II & a little before the tyranny of Pisistratus he & Pisistratus & Lycurgus commanded the three factions into which the Athenians were then divided. When Pisistratus obteined the tyranny (viz^t an 4 Olymp. 54) Megacles & his friends were banished but soon after ejected Pisistratus & five years after restored him & gave him his daughter but a while after ejected him again. Afterwards Pisistratus recovered the tyranny again & after the death of Megacles & Pisistratus his sons were ejected by Clisthenes the son of Megacles & Agarista. an 1 Olymp 67, anno Darij 10^mo.

The Amphictyons by the advice of Solon made Alcmæon the son of Megacles an Athenian & Clsithenes king of Sicyon & Eurolycus king of Thessaly commanders of their army in their war against Cyrrha & the Cyrrhæans were conquered an 2 Olymp 47 according to the Marbles. This Alcmæon entertained & conducted the Messengers which Crœsus sent to consult the Oracle at Delphos & for doing so was sent for by Crœsus & rewarded with much riches. Clisthenes proclaiming that he would marry his daughter Agarista within a year to the most deserving, there came to court her Megacles the son of this Alcmæon, & Leocides the son of Phidon the Argive & several others & Clisthenes gave his daughter to Megacles. This was that Phidon king of Argos who appointed weights & measures & coined silver money in Ægina, & invading Clis presided in the Olympiads, as Herodotus sufficiently describes. Phidon therefore was contemporary to Alcmæon both of them to Clisthenes & Solon & their sons Megacles & Leocides were contemporary to one another & to Pisistratus. ffor Megacles, Pisistratus & Lycurgus commanded the three factions into which the Athenians were divided a little before the tyranny of Pisistratus & when Pisistratus obteined the tyrrany he married the daughter of Megacles & he & Megacles ejected one another by turns & at length Clisthenes the son of Megacles & Agarista expelled the sons of Pisistratus An 1 Olymp 67 according to the Marble. So then Phidon flourished in the 47^th Olympiad, that is about 70 years before the death of Cyrus or 240 years after the return of the Heraclides: [& in this time there were 10 generations from Temenus to Phidon inclusively, or nine intervals, which is a reasonable proportion being after the rate of about 28 years to an interval or generation. But Chronologers reccon about 511 years from the return of the Heraclides to the 47^th Olympiad & account Phidon the seventh from Temenus which is after the rate of 85 years to a generation & therefore not to be admitted. <1v> After his example Solon regulated the weights & money of the Athenians. ffor the pound weight which before conteined 73 drachms Solon appointed to consist of 100 drachms. And [in his laws he appointed mulcts in drachms of silver] whereas the mulcts in Dracos laws (which were made about 100 years before the reign of Darius Hystaspis) were called Oxen, Solon appointed mulcts in drachms of silver. ffor the Greeks at first used only rude masses of metal of the value of Oxen for the convenience of buying & selling Oxen & sheep recconing about ten Sheep to an Ox & thence these masses of metal were calld Oxen & Pecunia. & from their shape they were called Oboli they being usually in the form of long barrs. Such money Homer & Draco call Oxen, & such was the iron money of Lycurgus & the money of all Greece before Phido & Solon regulated it by weight. [Asia minor abounded first in silver & gold & there coynage began. [For Crœsus had much coyned gold money & the wife of Midas coyned gold & in the opinion of Herodotus Phidon was the first who coyned in Greece there is a ☾ coyn of Atys a much older king of Lydia] Among the Greeks Phido is the first who coyned silver money & Philip the father of Alexander the first who coyned any quantity of gold. The Romans were poorer then the Greeks & coyned no copper money before the reign of Ancus Martius, no silver money till about 3 years before the first Punic war, an 1 Olymp. 128, no gold money till about 62 years after that. Now Strabo tells us that Phido was the 10^th from Temenus not the tenth king (for between Phido & Cisus the son of Temenus they reigned not) but the 10 by generation from father to son including Temenus, or the 9^th excluding him & these 9 generations taking up the 250 years from Temenus to Phidon, there were about 28 years to a generation one generation with another which is a moderate rate. But Chronologers reccon &c

^{[Editorial Note 1]}

So then the Greeks have made the reigns of their kings too long & by that means have raised their antiquities. The Olympiads being quadrennial could not be stirred, but in adjusting the reigns of their kings to the Olympiads they have made them reign earlier then they did. ffor Iulitus who restored the Olympiads they have made above an 100 years older then the first Olympiad wherein Gordæus was victor & to reconcile the difference they suppose that there were many Olympiads before the 1^st the memory of which has been lost. And by the same means they make the return of the Heraclides into Peloponnesus about 328 years older then the Olympiads whereas it was scarce above 60 or 70 years older.

$\begin{array}{l}\phantom{0}\mathrm{x}+\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{x}+\frac{1}{6}\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{x}}^3,+\frac{1}{24}\mathrm{n}{\mathrm{x}}^4+\frac{1}{120}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{x}}^5\\ \phantom{00}-\frac{1}{12}\mathrm{n}\phantom{00}-\frac{1}{72}\mathrm{O}\\ \phantom{0}\\ 2\mathrm{k}\mathrm{x}+\frac{12\mathrm{m}-\mathrm{O}}{36}{\mathrm{x}}^3+\frac{1}{60}\mathrm{O}{\mathrm{x}}^5\\ \phantom{0}\\ \mathrm{k}={\mathrm{A}}^5\text{.}\phantom{0}\mathrm{m}={\mathrm{A}}^4-2{\mathrm{A}}^5+{\mathrm{A}}^6\text{.}\phantom{0}\mathrm{O}={\mathrm{A}}^3-{\mathrm{A}}^{4}4+6{\mathrm{A}}^5-4{\mathrm{A}}^6+\mathrm{A}7\\ 2{\mathrm{A}}^5\mathrm{x}+\frac{1}{3}{\mathrm{A}}^4-\frac{2}{3}{\mathrm{A}}^5+\frac{1}{3}{\mathrm{A}}^6-\frac{1}{3}{\mathrm{A}}^3-\frac{1}{3}{\mathrm{A}}^7\phantom{00}{\mathrm{X}}^3+\frac{1}{60}{\mathrm{x}}^5\\ \phantom{000000}+\frac{1}{9}\phantom{0.0}-\frac{1}{6}\phantom{0.0}+\frac{1}{9}\\ \phantom{0}\\ 4{\mathrm{A}}^5-\frac{8}{3}{\mathrm{A}}^3+\frac{32}{9}{\mathrm{A}}^4-\frac{20}{3}{\mathrm{A}}^5+\frac{32}{9}{\mathrm{A}}^6-\frac{8}{3}{\mathrm{A}}^7+\\ \phantom{0000}+\frac{8}{15}\phantom{0.0}-\frac{32}{15}\phantom{0.0}+\frac{48}{15}\phantom{0.0}-\frac{32}{15}\phantom{0.0}+\frac{8}{15}\\ \phantom{0}\\ -\frac{32}{15}{\mathrm{A}}^3+\frac{64}{15}{\mathrm{A}}^4+\frac{8}{15}{\mathrm{A}}^5+\frac{64}{15}{\mathrm{A}}^6-\frac{32}{15}{\mathrm{A}}^7\\ \phantom{0}\\ \mathrm{k}\mathrm{x}+\frac{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{x}}{2}+\frac{\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{x}}^3}{6}+\frac{\mathrm{n}{\mathrm{x}}^4}{24}-\frac{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{x}}{12}+\frac{\mathrm{O}{\mathrm{x}}^3}{72}=\\ \phantom{0}\\ \phantom{00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}\mathrm{k}=\mathrm{c}\\ 2\mathrm{k}\mathrm{x}-\frac{\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{x}}^3}{3}-\frac{\mathrm{O}{\mathrm{x}}^3}{36}+\frac{\mathrm{O}{\mathrm{x}}^5}{60}\phantom{0000000000000000000000000000}\mathrm{m}=\mathrm{b}-2\mathrm{c}+\mathrm{d}\\ \phantom{00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}\mathrm{O}=\mathrm{a}-4\mathrm{b}+6\mathrm{c}-4\mathrm{d}+\mathrm{e}\\ 4\mathrm{k}-\frac{8}{3}\mathrm{m}-\frac{2}{9}\mathrm{O}+\frac{8}{15}\mathrm{O}=4\mathrm{k}-\frac{8}{3}\mathrm{m}+\frac{14}{45}\mathrm{O}=4\mathrm{c}\frac{-8\mathrm{b}+16\mathrm{c}-8\mathrm{d}}{43}+\frac{14\mathrm{a}-56\mathrm{b}+84\mathrm{c}-56\mathrm{d}+14\mathrm{d}}{45}\\ \begin{array}{lll}\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{a}\\ \phantom{0}\mathrm{a}-{\mathrm{b.}}^{\mathrm{b}}\mathrm{b}-{\mathrm{c.}}^{\mathrm{c}}\mathrm{c}-{\mathrm{d.}}^{\mathrm{d}}\mathrm{d}-{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{e}}\\ \phantom{00}\mathrm{a}-2\mathrm{b}+\mathrm{c.}\mathrm{b}-2\mathrm{c}+\mathrm{d.}\mathrm{c}-2\mathrm{d}+\mathrm{e}\\ \phantom{000}\mathrm{a}-3\mathrm{b}+3\mathrm{c}-\mathrm{d.}-3\mathrm{c}+3\mathrm{d}-\mathrm{e}\\ \phantom{0000}\mathrm{a}-4\mathrm{b}+6\mathrm{c}-4\mathrm{d}+\mathrm{e}\end{array}& \phantom{00000000}& \begin{array}{l}\frac{14\mathrm{a}}{45}-\frac{176\mathrm{b}}{45}+\frac{504\mathrm{c}}{45}-\frac{176\mathrm{d}}{45}+\frac{14\mathrm{e}}{45}\\ \frac{2}{45}\text{ in }7\mathrm{a}-88\mathrm{b}+252\mathrm{c}-88\mathrm{d}+7\mathrm{e}\end{array}\end{array}\\ \phantom{\mathrm{k}\mathrm{x}+\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{l}+}\\ \mathrm{k}+\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{l}+\frac{1}{6}\mathrm{m}=\mathrm{c}+\frac{\mathrm{b}-2\mathrm{c}+\mathrm{d}}{6}=\frac{\mathrm{b}+4\mathrm{c}+\mathrm{d}}{6}\\ \mathrm{r}\mathrm{\pi }{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }-1}=\mathrm{s}\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{\phi }}^{-1}\mathrm{x}+\mathrm{x}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{\phi }\phantom{000000}{\overline{)\mathrm{e}{\mathrm{z}}^{\mathrm{r}}+\mathrm{f}{\mathrm{z}}^{\mathrm{r}+\mathrm{n}}+\mathrm{g}{\mathrm{z}}^{\mathrm{r}+2\mathrm{n}}+\text{ \&c}}}^{\mathrm{\pi }}=\mathrm{x}\\ \mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}\mathrm{R}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\phi }}\mathrm{x}+\mathrm{x}\mathrm{R}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\phi }+1}\phantom{000.}\overline{)\mathrm{k}+\mathrm{l}{\mathrm{z}}^{\mathrm{n}}+\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{z}}^{2\mathrm{n}}}\mathrm{\phi }\\ \mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{S}}^{-\mathrm{\phi }}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }-1}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\mathrm{x}=\mathrm{x}=\mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{S}}^{-\mathrm{\phi }}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }-1}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-\mathrm{\phi }-1}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }}=\mathrm{x}=\mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{-1}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\text{ in }\frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }}}{{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\phi }}}\\ \mathrm{x}\frac{\mathrm{\lambda }-\pi }{\mathrm{\pi }}\times {\overline{)\mathrm{a}+\mathrm{b}{\mathrm{x}}^{\mathrm{\sigma }}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\times \overline{\mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{-1}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}}\text{ in }\frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }}}{{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\phi }}}\text{.}\\ \overline{)\phantom{\frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }-1}}{\mathrm{S}\frac{\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{\lambda }-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{\pi }}{\mathrm{\pi }}}}}\frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }+\mathrm{\pi }-1}}{\mathrm{S}\frac{\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{\lambda }}{\mathrm{\pi }}}\times {\overline{)\mathrm{a}+\mathrm{b}\frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}{{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{r}}}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\times \mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{-1}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\\ \frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\Lambda }+\mathrm{\pi }-1}}{{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\mu }}}\times {\overline{)\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\upsilon }}+\mathrm{b}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\times \overline{\mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{-1}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}}\\ {\overline{)\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\upsilon }}+\mathrm{b}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\times \mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }+\mathrm{\pi }-2}{\mathrm{S}}^{-\mathrm{\mu }}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }+\mathrm{\pi }-1}{\mathrm{S}}^{-\mathrm{\mu }-1}\\ \frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }-\mathrm{\pi }}}{\mathrm{S}\frac{\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{\lambda }}{\mathrm{\pi }}-\mathrm{\phi }}\times {\overline{)\mathrm{a}+\frac{\mathrm{b}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}{{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\upsilon }}}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\times \frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{\phi }}\times \mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{-1}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\\ \frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }}}{\mathrm{S}\frac{\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{\lambda }}{\mathrm{\pi }}}\times {\overline{)\mathrm{a}+\mathrm{b}\frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}{{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\upsilon }}}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\times \mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{-1}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\text{.}\phantom{0}\frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }}}{{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\mu }}}\times {\overline{)\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\upsilon }}+\mathrm{b}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\text{ in }\mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{-1}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\\ \mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}\mathrm{S}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}\mathrm{R}\text{ in }\frac{{\mathrm{\lambda }}^{\mathrm{\lambda }-1}}{{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\mu }+1}}\times {\overline{)\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\upsilon }}+\mathrm{b}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\\ {\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\phi }}=\mathrm{x}\text{.}\phantom{0}\mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }-1}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\phi }}+\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\phi }-1}=\mathrm{x}=\mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{-1}+\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\text{ in }{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\phi }}\\ {\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }-\mathrm{\pi }}\mathrm{S}\frac{\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{\lambda }-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{\pi }}{\mathrm{\pi }}+\mathrm{\upsilon }\mathrm{\omega }\times {\overline{)\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\upsilon }}+\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\times \mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{-1}+\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\text{ in }{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\phi }}\\ {\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\mu }}\times {\overline{)\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\upsilon }}+\mathrm{b}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\times \mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{-1}+\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\\ {\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }-1}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\mu }-1}\text{ in }{\overline{)\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\upsilon }}+\mathrm{b}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\times \mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}\mathrm{S}+\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}\mathrm{R}\end{array}$

<2r>

– nine of Arcadia. And their reign according to Chronologers took up 379 that the 11 kings one with another reigned 34$\frac{1}{2}$ years the ten 38. years & the nine 42 years a piece which is much too long for the course of nature. Pausanias tells us out of Tyrtæus a very old Poet who flourished in the time of the second Messenian war that the first Messenian war lasted 20 years. Euphaes reigned in Messene 13 years & Aristodemus six years & some months & it lasted all their two reigns & five months more. Deduct the 20 years of this war from the 379 & there will be 359 years from the return of the Heraclides to the beginning of this war which interval of time being taken up by the reign of the eight first kings of Messene makes 45 years a piece to a reign one reign with another which is very much too long for the course of nature.

Euryleon the son of Ægeus commanded the main body of the Messenians in the fift year of the first Messenian war & was in the fift generation from Oiolycus the son of Theras the brother in law of Aristodemus & Tutor of his sons Eurysthenes & Procles as Pausanias relates & by consequence from the return of the Heraclides which was in the days of Theras to the battel in the fift year of the first Messenian war there were six generations. Now this interval of time according to the vulgar chronology took up 364 years which making about 60 years to a generation one generation with another is very much too long for the course of nature.

By all these instances Chronologers in collecting times past from the number of reigns have made the time between the return of Heraclides & the first Messenian war very much too long & it ought to be corrected, & reduced to such a length as suits best with the course of nature, which will be done by recconning the reigns of the kings at about 20 or 21 years a piece one with another. Let us reccon therefore the eleven reigns of the kings of Sparta by one race at 20 years a piece & the tenn by another race at 22 years a piece & the ten of Messene also at 22 years a piece & the nine of Arcadia at one reign with another & the interval between the return of the Heraclides & the end of the first Messenian warr will amount to 220 years which is full long enough if not still too long. ffor thus the nine kings of Arcadia will reigne 24$\frac{1}{2}$ years a piece one with another & the eight first kings of Messene will reign 200 years that is 25 years a piece one with another & the six generations from Theras to Euryleon will take up 205 years which is 34 years to a generation one with another Thus is this period of time confirmed by six several ways of recconing.

<2v>

In the race of the Spartan kings descended from Eurythenes after Polydorus reigned these kings Eurycrates I, Anaxander, Eurycrates II, Leon, Anaxandrides fil, Cleomenes fil, Leonides frat, & in the other race after Theopompus reigned Zeuxidamus, Anaxidamus, Archidamus, Agasicles Ariston Demaratus Leotychides. Polycrates king of Samus being slain about the 7^th year of Cambyses was succeeded by Mæandrius & Darius Hystaspis in or neare the beginning of this reign invading Samus Mæandrius fled to Cleomexes king of Sparta (Herod l. 3 prope finem) Some years after when Darius proposed to conquer Greece he sent messengers to all Greece to demand earth & water & the Islands submitted & amongst the rest Ægina. Whereupon Cleomenes king of Sparta to whom that Island belonged sailed to Ægina to comprehend the persons offending as if they revolted to the Persians, & in his absence was accused by Demaratus the other king of Sparta, but upon his return caused Demaratus to be deposed as a bastard, & Leotychides to succeed him & then about 3 or 4 years after slew himself & was succeeded by his brother Leonidas who was slain by the Persians at Thermopylæ in the sixt year of Xerxes, at which time Demaratus was alive being fled to the Persians. Vpon the death of Cleomines a war broke out between the Athenians & inhabitants of Ægina & the Athenians by the advice of Themistocles built ships as well against an expected invasion of the Persians as against the people of Ægina By all which it seems to me that Cleomenes began his reign about the same time with Darius or within 2 or 3 years after & reigned till about the 28^th or year of that king & that Demaratus was deposed about the 29^th year of Darius & lived above 18 years longer. So then between the end of the first Messenian war & the reign of Darius there were about five reigns in both races of the kings of Sparta which at 20 years apiece one reign with another make the space of about an hundred years. But Chronologers make it 202 years which is more then 40 years a piece to the five reigns one with another.

Polydectes king of Sparta being slain before the birth of his son Charillus or Charilaus, left the kingdom to his brother Lycurgus the Legislator & Lycurgus upon the birth of Charilaus became Tutor to the child & published his laws in the reign of Agesilaus the successor of Darissus in the other race of the kings of Sparta. <3r> Now the name of Lycurgus being on the Olympic Disk Aristotel concluded thence that Lycurgus was the companion of Iphitus in restoring the Olympiads. But Iphitus did not restore all the Olympic games. He restored the racing, in the first Olympiad Coræbus being victor. In the 14^th Olympiad the double Stadium was added Hypænus being victor & in the 18^th the Quinquertium & wrastling were restored Lampis & Eurybatus (two Spartans) being Victors. Now the Disk was one of the games of the Quinquertium & Pausanias tells us that there were three Disks kept in the Olympic treasury at Altis & produced in those games. Doubtless these were they which had the name of Lycurgus upon them, being dedicated by him. So then the game of the Disk was restored in 18^th Olympiad & therefore that Olympiad fell upon the minority of Charillus the Tuition of Lycurgus & the reigh of Agesilaus. ffrom the middle of the reign of Agesilates to the end of the reign of Anaxandrides there were 9$\frac{1}{2}$ reigns which at 20 years a piece come to 190 years & these years counted backwards from the beginning of the reign of Darius Hystaspis place the middle of the reign of Agesilaus upon the 2^d year of the 17^th Olympiad, which being but three years before the 18^th Olympiad, shews that our way of recconing comes very neare the truth. And Chronologers have been mistaken in making Lycurgus Charillus & Agesilaus as old as Iphitus & all of them about 180 or 200 years older then the 18^th Olympiad.

We told you that the Heraclides returned into Peloponnesus under the conduct of Temenus, Cresphontes & Aristodemus, & that Temenus reigned at Argos. He was succeeded by his son Cisus & then the kingdom ceased untill Phidon the tenth from Temenus recovered <3v> Phidon invented weights & measures & coyned money of Gold & Silver in Ægina, His son Leocides was contemporary to Megalles the son of Alcmæon, both of them at the same time being woers of Agarista the daughter of Clisthenes king of Sicyon. And Alcmæon was contemporary to Crœsus. And therefore Phidon was also contemporary to Crœsus or not above one generation older. Chronologers make him much older but I had rather trust to Herodotus. Let us therefore suppose that Phidon flourished about sixty years before the reign of Darius Hystaspis, that is about 260 years after the return of the Heraclides, & since (as Strabo tells us) he was the 10^th from Temenus, there will be nine generations in 260 years which is after the rate of 29 years to a generation which is a reasonable allowance.

In the elective kingdom of the Romans, ninety or an hundred years may be a reasonable allowance for the reign of the seven kings before the Consuls, especially since all of them except Numa either died violent deaths or were deposed. And according to this recconing Numa who was a Pythagorean philosopher & coyned copper money might live after Pherecides Syrus, Thales & Pythagoras had brought philosophy into Europe & be contemporary to Phidon who coyned money in Greece.

<4r>

When Europa & Cadmus & their kindred & captains came with Colonies into Crete & Greece, there were among them a sort of men called Curetes These setled some in Crete where they were called also Idæi Dactyli,², some in Samothrace where they were called Cabyri,¹ some in Phrygia where they were called Corybantes, ³ some in Rhodes where they were called Telchines, & others in Eubæa, Lemnos Imbrus & other places. And a considerable body of them setled in Ætiola which was thence called the country of the Curetes untill Ætolus invaded it & called it by his own name. Strabo. l. 10. p 464, 465, 466 &c. For the Curetes in all these places were men of the same kind. At the sacrifices they appeared seized with a divine fury, & danced in armour with tumult & clamour & bells & drums & pipes & weapons with which they struck upon one anothers armour in musical time. And this is recconned the first original of music in Greece. This noisy dancing they pretended to be in memory of their attending & guarding Rhea & her young son Iupiter. They were skilled in arts & sciences & brought many arts into Greece. Their actions were about religious mysteries & they were by the people admired & accounted jugglers conjurers & magicians. They first wrought in copper in Eubæa in a city thence called Chalcis & in other places where they setled & afterwards found out iron in mount Ida in Crete & wrought also in that metal. they had shops in Lemnos & Rhodes {Imbrua} & other places. Strabo l. 10. p 466, 472, 473 & l. 4. p. 365. In Phrygia they instituted mysteries only about Rhea called Cybele & Magna mater, in Crete their mysteries were about her son Iupiter. The Idæi Dactyli represented that when Iupiter was born in Crete his mother Rhea caused him to be educated in a cave in mount Ida under their care, & that they armed themselves in his defence & danced about him with a great noise that his father Saturn might not hear him cry & when he was grown up assisted him in conquering his father & in memory thereof instituted their mysteries. Now [This Iupiter can be no other king of Crete then Minos.  < insertion from f 5r > & armed themselves in his defence against his father Saturn & danced about him with a great noise that his father might not hear him cry & when he was grown up assisted him in conquering his father & in memory of these things instituted their mysteries. Stephanus [in Γαζα] lets us know that Iupiter was worshipped in Gaza a city of Phœnicia after the same manner as in Crete, & this is an argument that the Curetes came originally from the country of the Philistines. In Gaza they called him Marnas which word signifes the king of men. In Crete he was such another king. And I take this king to be Minos.

 For the ancients gave the names of Saturn & Iupiter to the two first kings of a kingdom & Asterius & Minos were the two first kings of all Crete mentioned in history & Minos was the most potent & famous of all the kings of Crete & on that account deserves the name of Iupiter above them all. He was the Lawmaker of Crete & was so famous for justice as to be accounted the principall judge of Hel & justice was the distinguishing character of Iupiter. Minos was a great warrior & the most potent of all the Greeks of his age & had the dominion of the seas & was the first of the Greeks who had that dominion & Iupiter was the greatest of all the Gods & had a scepter in one hand & a thunderbolt in the other to shew that he was a warlike king. [Asterius was grown up & began to reign before Europa & the Phenicians came into Crete &] Minos was the first king of Crete who could be educated by the Curetes. He was born soon after they came into that Island & its probable that his mother being a Phœnician would commit the care & education of her child to her countrymen. Mount Ida was excavated throughout by art with walks & many winding intricate passages which they called the Labyrinth. There the Idæi Dactyli & their weomen might educate the child. There they might find out minerals & make armour first of copper & then of iron & by the help of this armour after Minos was grown up overcome the native Cretans expell Asterius & set Minos upon the throne. & in memory of these things institute their mysteries & compose the fable of Iupiter's education & of his expelling his father by the assistance of the Curetes. And by being educated under these men he might become so wise a lawmaker as to have his laws consulted by the wisest of the following Lawmakers & with his brother Rhadamanthus so exact in the administration of justice as on that account also to be celebrated above other men to all posterity. He <5v> was buried in the same cave where he was educated: for Pythagoras went down into the Idæan cave to see his sepulchre [Porphyrius in vita Pythag.] Whence Lucian (in Sacrificijs) tells us that the Cretans do not only relate that Iupiter was born & buried amongst them but also shew his sepulchre. Cicero in numbering three Iupiters saith that the third was the Cretan Iupiter Saturns son whose sepulchre was shown in Crete, & the Scholiast upon Callimachus [Ode 1 in Iovem v. 8] lets us know that this was the Sepulchre of Minos. By Saturn Cicero who was a Latine understands the Saturn of the Latines. For Aurelius Victor tells us that Saturn being expelled by Iupiter fled in a ship from Crete into Italy. About the same time some other Greeks carried colonies into Italy as Oenotrus the youngest son of Lycaon & Ianus who received Saturn into part of his kingdom. And this is the first memory of things done in Italy. < text from f 4r resumes > [For Minos was born when the Curetes came first into Crete & was the greatest of the kings of Crete having the dominion of the seas with a potent fleet & conquering many of the Greek islands. And Being educated by the Curetes he became an excellent king in civil as well as in military affairs. He was the greatest & most celebrated king of his time among all the Greeks, & therefore deserved the name of Iupiter above them all & Cicero^[1] numbering three Iupiters saith that the third was the Cretan Iupiter Saturn's son whose sepulchre was shewn in Crete, & the scholiast upon Pindar ^a[2] lets us know that this was the sepulchre of Minos. His father Asterius was the first king of all Crete so far as appears in history, & the two first kings of every kingdom were the Saturn & Iupiter of the kingdom.] Stephanus [in Γαζα] lets know that Iupiter was worshipped in Gaza a city of Phœnicia after the same manner as in Crete, & this makes it probable that the Curetes came originally from the country of the Philistines.

Amphictyon the son of Deucalion reigned in Athens next before Erectheus as above & Xuthus the youngest son of Hellen the son of Deucalion married the daughter of Erectheus & therefore Deucalions flood was a little before the reign of Erectheus. The marble makes it ten years before the coming of Cadmus into Europe. This flood was succeeded by the four ages called the Golden the silver the brazen & the iron ages.// The fourth age ended with the wars against Thebes & Troy as Hesiod tells us expresly. But Hesiod living in the age next after the four calls his own age the fift & translates the name of the iron age from the fourth to this, recconing every age to be worse then the former & his own to <4v> be the worst. And these five ages he reccons to be so many generations of men describing that every age ended when the men of the age were buried & deified & a new generation of men arose, & saying that the men of the fourth age perished in the warrs against Thebes & Troy & that Iupiter would destroy the fift age in which he lived when the men of that age should grow hoary headed.

The third age ended with the Argonautic expedition ffor that was one age before the destruction of Troy recconing three ages to an hundred years or about 33 yars to an age, & the Poets tell us that Talus who guarded the island Crete was the last man of the brazen age & died when the Argonauts in returning home arrived at that island.

The second age was the reign of Iupiter & fell in with the days of Minos. ffor the Poets tell us that Niobe the daughter of {Phoroneus} was the first woman & Alcmena the last with whom Iupiter lay. And that Chiron who lived till the Argonautic expedition or end of the brazen age was begot of Phillyra by Saturn in the golden age when Iupiter was educated among the Idæi Dactyli as Apollonius relates. The Cretan Iupiter was therefore educated by the Idæi Dactyli in the golden age & by consequence reigned in the silver age according to the Theology of the Curetes & since the lifetime of Chiron comprehended the brazen age & the silver age & part of the golden age & lasted about one generation or 33 years longer then the reign of Minos, this Iupiter can be no other then Minos. For Theseus overcame the Minotaur about 33 years before the Argonautic expedition & Minos was slain presently after, & no other king of Crete was educated by the Idæi Dactyli when Chiron was born. The whole time between the Argonautic expedition & the coming of the Curetes with Europa & Cadmus into Crete & Greece was about an hundred years, which being divided into three equal parts allows about 33 years for the golden age & reign of Asterius the father of Minos, 33 years more for the silver age & reign of Minos, & 33 years more for the brazen age & reign of {illeg} over Asia & part of Europe, & the iron age took up about 33 years more till the ruin of Troy.

The people of Elis in giving an account of their own originals say that Saturn reigned first in the kingdom of heaven & that the men who were called the golden age built a temple to him in Olympia & that his wife Rhea when Iupiter was born committed the custody of the child to the Idæi Dactyli otherwise called the Curetes & that five of these Idæi Dactyli (whose names were Hercules Pæonius, Epimedes, Iasius & Ida coming afterwards from Ida a mountain of Crete into Elis there instituted the game of racing once in four years which was the Original of the Olympic games Pausan l. 5. c      The Iupiter therefore who reigned in the silver age was certainly the Cretan Iupiter educated in the golden age in mount Ida by the Idæi Dactyli, & the Parable of the reign of Saturn & Iupiter in the golden & silver ages was brought from Crete into Greece by the Idæi Dactyli, and being formed by them commenced with their first coming into Crete & by consequence in the reign of Asterius. or at the soonest with the beginning of his reign. For we have already shewed that the Saturn & Iupiter of the Idæi Dactyli were Asterius & Minos, the name of Saturn being given to Asterius by the Latines in memory of his lying hid in Italy. In the first of the four ages men lived upon roots, berries apples peares acorns & other spontaneus fruits of the earth without the toill of {plowing} & sowing. In the second the Greeks began to plow & sow & {make bread} & grow potent at sea & by the invention of iron to multiply arts. In the third they grew more warlike but used armour & weapons & utensils of copper. <5r> In the end of the third they invented the constellations & built a long ship & began to make long voyages. In the fourth riches in metals increased & men grew more injurious & violent & continued to build long ships & improve navigation. And these are the characters of the four ages given by the Poets.

They tell us that the Cretan Iupiter conquered his father Saturn & made him fly from Crete into Italy: which makes it probable that the Saturn of the Latines was Asterius the father of Minos. ffor Minos was a very warlike Prince & being the son of a forreign woman might come to the crown by force.

<5v> ^{[Editorial Note 2]}

^[3]The Eleans recconed Aëthlius the son of Iupiter Æolus their first king He was the father of Endymion the father of Pæon, Epeus, Ætolus & Eurycida. Epeus succeeded his father in the kingdom & from him the people were called Epeans. In his reign Pelops came into Peloponnesus & succeed Oenomaus in the kingdom of Pisa Epeus was succeeded first by Ætolus & his brother & then by Eleus the son of his sister Euricyda. For Ætolus killed Apis the son of Phoroneus & {illeg} ( Apollodor l. 1 c. 7. sec. 6) From Eleus the people were called Eleans. He was succeded by Augeas whose stable Hercules cleansed. Augeas was then an old man & denying Hercules the reward promised him there ensued a war between them. Augeas was assisted by the sons of Actor the grandson of Epeus: but Hercules slew them, took Elis & gave the kingdom to Phylus the son of Augeas. Hercules was therefore one generation younger then Augeas & seven generations younger then Æolus the father of Aethlius, & by consequence Æolus flourished about 160 or 170 years before Hercules, that is in the latter end of the Priesthood of Eli. And since Endymion was an Astronomer, & the native Greeks in those days were ignorant of all arts & sciences we may reccon that his grandfather Æolus came with his family from Egypt in the days of Eli.

The Eleans in giving an account of their own originals say that Saturn reigned first in the kingdom of heaven , & that the men who were called the golden age built a temple to him in Olympia & that his wife Rhea when Iupiter was born committed the custody of the child to the Idæi Dactyli otherwise called the Curetes. & that five of these Idæi Dactyli whose names were Hercules, Pæonius, Epimedes, Iasius & Ida coming afterwards from Ida a mountain of Crete into Elis, there instituted the game of racing once in four years, which was the original of the Olympic games. Pausan. l. 5.

Hellen by his sons Æolus Xuthus & Dorus had a numerous ofspring. He was contemporary to Cadmus & Erechtheus: for his son Xuthus married one of the daughters of Erechtheus. He reigned in Thessaly & with his sons Æolus & Dorus & grandsons Achæus & Ion (the sons of Xuthus) gave names to the Hellenes, Æolians, Dores, Achæans & Iones. Hellen is by some reputed the son of Deucalion the son of Prometheus, by others the son of Iupiter (Conon Narrat. 27. Apollodor l. 1. c. 7. sec. 2.) The first seems improbable: for Prometheus was an Egyptian & Deucalion an Hyperborean & both of them younger then Hellen.

Oxylus the son of Acmon.

<6r>

Diodorus tells us that the mysteries & sacred rites taught by Orpheus & thence called Orphici were those which Bacchus instituted & left in Thrace with Charops & {Oeagrs} from whom Orpheus had them. that Linus who was the master of Orpheus Thamyris & Hercules & by consequence flourished in the times between the Expedition of Sesostris & that of the Argonauts, wrote the actions of this Bacchus in the old Pelasgic letters, & that Dionysius wrote the history of Bacchus & the Amazons, the Argonautic expedition & the things done at Troy, that is, he wrote the history of the Greeks beginning with the expedition of Bacchus & the Amazons, proceeding to the expedition of the Argonauts & ending with the destruction of Troy, & therefore this Bacchus flourished in the times next before the Argonautic expedition. Had he been much older his actions would not have been remembred for want of the use of letters Had he been older then Sesostris the actions of Sesostris being fresher in memory & come between those of Bacchus & the Arg.

Homer places Thebes in Ethiopia, &

The Ethiopians reported that the Egyptians were a colony drawn out from them by Osiris & that thence it came to pass that most of the laws of Egypt were the same with those in Ethiopia & that the Egyptians learnt from the Ethiopians the custome of deifying their kings. Diodor l. 3. p. 101.

Letters might be invented long before in the lower Egypt, the Egyptian reed being the oldest papyr. ffor the Egyptians were learned before the days of Moses & he being skilled in all their learning wrote the law in letters upon tables of stone & in books. And this became the vulgar way of writing in Egypt after the conquest of Egypt by the Ethiopians. But the Priests of Egypt in their sacred books used the hieroglyphical character of the Ethiopians. And this shews that the religious & sacred rites which prevailed in Egypt after the expulsion of the Shepherds were Æthiopic. And whilst the Æthiopians had no letters to write down sounds but used another way of writing, they wrote not down the names of men, but represented the men by hieroglyphical figures, as by painting Ammon &c.

And therefore this Bacchus flourished in the times next before the Argonautic expedition & was contemporary to Sesostris. Had he been much older his actions would not have been remembred for want of the use of letters.

<7r>

For Thebes & its territory were anciently distinguished from Coptos & its territory, the former being called Æthiopia [Αἰα Θήβων] till Homers days.

Ægypt before the rise of the Monarchy, became reduced into three or four kingdoms differing in language. One was Thebes with its territory called Æthioppia by Homer. Another was the lower Ægypt called Misraim from Mizraim the capital of the first inhabitants & Aeria from Abaris or Αουαρις the capital of the Shepherds. And a third was Coptus & its territory . For the language of Egypt was afterwards till the times of the Greek & Latine Empires called the Coptic, that is the language of the city & territory of Coptus. And therefore this city conquered all the rest & by conquest spread its language into all Ægypt, & together with its language it spread its name Αἰα Κοπτου Ægypt. For Herodotus tells us tha

Ægypt like other nations being at first divided into many little kingdoms & those kingdoms growing bigger & bigger till they all united into one monarchy, the chief kingdoms which flourished next before the rise of that monarchy (suppose in the days of Eli & the Iudges seem to have been those of Misraim Thebes & Coptus, that is the lower Ægypt called Mizraim from the old capital Mizraim as above & Aeria from the capital of the shepherds Abaris or Αὀυαρις; Thebes with its territory called Æthiopia [Αἰα Θήβων] by Homer: & Coptus with its territory called Αἰα Κόπτου whence comes the name of Egypt.

And these three spake different languages originally, the language of Thebes being Æthiopic, that of Coptus the Coptic & that of the lower Egypt a dialect of the shepherds. But the Coptic prevailed & became the language of all Egypt till the times of the Greek & Latine Empires & therefore the kings of Coptus conquered all Egypt. They first conquered Thebes & thereby extended the name of Ægypt to all Thebais, & then by expelling the shepherds they extended the same name to all the lower Egypt. For Herodotus tells us that Thebais was anciently called Ægypt & therefore this name was given to all the upper parts of Egypt before it was given to the lower. When the Coptites conquered Thebes they might also conquer This & Elephantis unless those cities were conquered before by Thebes. But there is no distinct account now remaining of the actions & fate of those kingdoms. Mephramathosis or his predecessors reduced all the upper Ægypt into one kingdom. He & his successor Amosis expelled the shepherds, Ammon & Sesac extended the monarchy westward to the lesser Syrtes & even to the mouth of the straits, southward in to Æthiopia above the Cataracts & to Arabia felix eastward into India & northward to Caucasus the black sea & Thrace.

Now if Sesostris was slain in the 5^t year of Asa & Ægypt was invaded by Boccharis

And between the death of Sesostris in the 5^t year of Asa & the Æra of Nabo {o}{r} 22^th year of Boccharis, there will be 11 Kings reigning 210 years which is after the rate of 19 yeeres a piece one with another.

^{[Editorial Note 3]}

Herodotus tells us that the Egyptians collected a list of 341 names of kings between the reign of Menes & that of Sethon who put Sennacherib to flight

Herodotus tells us that the Egyptians & their Priests recconned from the reign of Menes to that of Sethon who put Sennacherib to flight, 341 generatio{ns} of men & as many Priests of Vulcan & as many kings of Egypt: & that 300 generations make 10000 years. (ffor saith he, three generations of men make an hundred years.) And the remaining 41 generations make 1340 (he should have said 1366 years.) & so the whole time from the reign of Menes to that of Sethon was 11340 years. And by this way of recconing & allotting long reigns to the Gods of Egypt Herodotus tells us from the Priests that from Pan to Amasis were 15000 years & from Hercules to Alasis 17000.

<7v>

The Egyptians had before the days of Solon made their Monarchy 9000 years old, & now they reccon to Herodotus a succession of 330 kings reigning so many generations (that is, 11000 years) before Sesostris. But we are to begin with Sesostris & his grandfather & if with Herodotus we omit the names of those kings who did nothing memorable the rest reduced into due order will give us all or almost all the kings of Egypt from the days of the expulsion of the shepherds by the grandfather of Sesostris downwards to the conquest of Egypt by Cambyses. For Sesostris – – – – Amasis Psemmiticus

While the shepherds reigned at Abaris over the lower Ægypt, that part of Egypt was sometimes called Aeria, I think from the capital city Abaris (or Ἀούαρις) by a small corruption of the name. And Herodotus tells us that Thebais was anciently called Egypt . But after the expulsion of the shepherds the name of Ægypt was extended to the whole. Whence its probable that Ægypt had its name from Coptos.

Before the shepherds were expelled out of the lower Egypt that lower part of Egypt was sometimes called Aeria I think from the capital city Abaris [Ἀούαρις] where the shepherds reigned. And Herodotus tells us that Thebais was anciently called Ægypt: whence its probable that that name was derived from Coptos [Αἰα Κόπτου] & that the kings of Coptos conquered first Thebais & then Aeria & thereby extended the name of Egypt to the whole. Misphramethosis & Amosis conquered Aeria, & then Ammon & Sesac carried on the conquest westward to the mouth of the straits, southward into Æthiopia & Arabia felix eastward to India, & northward to Caucasus & Thrace.  < insertion from lower down f 7v > < text from higher up f 7v resumes > ☉ < insertion from lower down f 7v >

< text from higher up f 7v resumes >

Pheron is by Herodotus –– Nuncoreus.

Proteus reigned – – – or President.

Amentophis reigned – – – at This & Susa.

But the kings who were much older then Sesostris might reign over many little kingdoms in several parts of Egypt before the days of Eli & Samuel & so are not under our consideration; If with Herodotus – & who left splendid monuments of their having reigned over that Monarchy (such as were Temples & statues & Pyramids & Obelisks, Palaces dedicated or ascribed to them;) these kings reduced into due order will give us all or almost all the kings from the days of the expulsion of the shepherds & founding of the monarchy downwards to the conquest of Egypt by Cambyses.

The language of Egypt in the time of the Greek & Roman Empires was called the Coptic, that is the language of the city & region of Coptus This language then spread from Oi Coptus into all Egypt. And with this language spread the name of Ægypt. For Herodotus tells us that Thebais was anciently called Ægypt. And the name Ægypt [Αἰα Κόπτου] signifies the land of Coptus. The name therefore was propagated with the language from Coptus first over all the upper Egypt by conquering Thebes & then over the lower Egypt by e{illeg}

<8r>

Chap. IV.
Of the Babylonian Empire

After the regions upon Tigris & Euphrates became free from the Dominion of Egypt, Babylon & Nineveh ( cities built soon after the flood) continued for some time under their own kings. And when the kings of Nineveh began to conquer their neighbours, Semiramis & soon after her Nabonasser reigned over Babylon. In his days a body of Egyptians flying from Sabacon carried to Babylon the Egyptian year of 365 days, & founded the Æra of Nabonassar as above, beginning the years thereof on the very same day with the years of Egypt. And in the year of Nabonassar 68 Asserhadon king of Assyria conquered Chaldea & Susiana & captivated the people placing many of them in Samaria, & carried the people of Samaria captive into Assyria. And henceforward Chaldea & {Susiana} became Provinces of Assyria for a time, but at length revolted & in conjunction with the Medes, destroyed Nineveh.

By the fall of the Assyrian Empire, the kingdoms of the Chaldeans & Medes grew great & potent. The reigns of the kings of the Chaldeans are stated in Ptolomy's Canon: for understanding which, you are to note that every kings reign in that Canon began with the last Thoth of his Predecessor & ended with the last Thoth of his own reign, as

the prophet Hosea^[4] in the time of that interregnum (Hosea X.3, 6) or soon after mentions the king of Assyria by the name of Iarib. And perhaps there might be a king of Assyria called Iarib, but whether he preceeded or succeeded Pul is uncertain. And if he preceeded him yet it appears not that he carried his conquests beyond the Province of Assyria. Pul seems to be the first who extended his conquests beyond those bounds. He invaded Israel, but < insertion from f 10v > the Prophet Hosea in the time of that interregnum or soon after mentions a king of Assyria by the name of Iarib. And perhaps Iarib might be the name of one of their kings before he began to reign: & if he reigned before Pul he might be the first king who reigned over all Assyria. But the first who carried his victories beyond Assyria seems to be Pul. He conquered Calneh with its territories in the reign of {Ieroboam} (Isa 10.8 Amos 6.2) & soon after invaded Israel in the reign of Menahem (2 Kings. 15. 19) but stayed not in the land being bought off by Menahem for a thousand talents < text from f 10r resumes > but staid not in the land being bought off by Menahem for a thousand talents of silver. In his reign therefore the kingdom of Assyria was advanced on this side Tigris. For he was a great warrior & seems to have conquered Haran & Carchemish & Rezeph, & Calneh & Thalasser & all Chaldea & founded or enlarged the city Babylon & governed it by Deputy Kings. For the Æra of Nabonasser (the first of those Kings in the Canon) began soon after the reign of this king: & Isaiah who lived & prophesied in the days of Pul & his successors, thus describes the founding of Babylon. Behold, saith he, the land of the Chaldeans; this people was not till the Assyrian founded it for them that dwell in the wilderness [that is for the Arabians] they set up the towers thereof, they raised up the palaces thereof. Isa. XXIII.13. And the short reigns of the first eleven kings shew that they were but deputy Kings put in & out at the pleasure of the Kings of Assyria. The city is said to have been built by Semiramis the widdow of the first king of Assyria a woman five generations older then Nitocris the widdow of Nebuchadnezzar. Which makes it probable that Semiramis might reign there next before Nabonassar. These Princes reigned at Babylon before Asserhadon: those that succeeded him, by their long reigns appear to have been kings for life.

Tiglathpilaser warred in Phenicia & captivated Galile with the two Tribes & an half in the days of Pekah king of Israel & placed them in Halath & Habor & Hara & at the river Gozan, places lying in the western border of Media between Assyria & the Caspian Sea (2 King. XV.29. 1 Chron. V.26) & about the fift or sixt year of Nabonasser he came to the assistance of the king of Iudah against the kings of Israel & Syria, & overthrew the kingdom of Syria which had been seated at Damascus ever since the days of king David, & carried away the Syrians to Kir as Amos had prophesied, & placed other nations in the region of Damascus (2 King. XV.37 & XVI.5, 9. Ioseph Antiq. l. 9. c. 12). Whence it seems that the Medes were conquered before & that the Empire of the Assyrians was now grown great. For the God of Israel stirred up the spirit of Pul king of Assyria & the spirit of Tiglathpilaser king of Assyria to make war 1 Chron. V.26.

Salmanasser (called Enemesser by Tobit (chap. 1){)} invaded ^a[5] all Phœnicia, took the city Samaria, & captivated Israel, & placed them in ^b[6] Chalach & Chabor by the river Gozan, & in the cities of the Medes & peopled Samaria with captives brought from Babylon & from Cutha or Susa & from Ava & from Hamath or Antioch & from Sepharvaim & therefore reigned over those cities.

Sennacherib in the 14^th year of Hezekiah invaded Phœnicia & took several cities of Iudah, & attempted Egypt, & Tirhakah king of Ethiopia & Egypt coming against him he lost in one night 185000 men, as some say by a plague, as others by being disarmed by mice or perhaps surprized by Tirhakah & returning in hast to Nineveh was there slain soon after by two of his sons who fled into Armenia, & his son Asserhaddon succeeded him. At that time did Merodach-Baladon or Mordokempad king of Babylon send an embassy to Hezekiah king of Iudah.

Asserhaddon, corruptly called Sarchedon by Tobit, Assardan <11r> by the seventy, & Sargon by Isaias (Tob. 1.21. Isa. XX.1) peopled Samaria with captives brought from several parts of Assyria the Dinaites, the Apharsathchites, the Tarpelites, the Apharsites the Archevites, the Babylonians, the Susanchites, the Dehavites, & the Elamites (Ezra IV.2, 9) & therefore reigned over all these nations. ^[7]In the year of Nabonassar 68 he began to reign immediately over Babylon. He invaded Iudæa, took Azot, carried Manasses captive to Babylon, & captivated also Egypt & Thebais & Ethiopia above Thebais, & by this war he seems to have put an end to the reign of the Ethiopians over Egypt.

< insertion from f 10v > < text from f 11r resumes >

And now the Assyrian empire seems arrived at its greatness being united under one Monarch, & conteining Assyria Media, Apolloniatis, Susiana, Chaldæa, Mesopotamia, Cilicia, Syria, Phœnicia, Egypt, Ethiopia, & part of Arabia, & reaching eastward into Elymais & Parætacene. For Strabo reccons these two among the Provinces to which this Monarchy had given the name of Assyria, & Herodotus makes Parætacene a province of the Medes. And if Chalach & Habor where Salmanasser placed part of the ten tribes be Colchos & Iberia (as some think) we are also to add these Provinces with the two Armenias.

< insertion from f 10v > Aserhadon seems to be the Sardanapalus who reigned over Medea & Babylonia till those nations revolted, the name Sardanapalus being derived from Asser-hadon-pul. Cleitarchus ^a[9] saith that he died of old age after he had lost his dominion over Syria, others say that he slew himself. The Scythians of Turan or Turquestan beyond the river Oxus, began in those days to infest Persia & perhaps by one of their inrodes might give occasion to the revolt. Herodotus represents that the Medes revolted first & by force of arms defended their liberty & gave occasion to other nations to revolt, & not long after elected Dejoces their king & built Ecbatane. And perhaps they might revolt after then once. For others say that they revolted ☉ under the conduct of Arbaces who was a Mede, & one of the general commanders of the forces of Sardanapalus & who in the book of Iudith (if I mistake not) is called Arphanad. He was encouraged to revolt by the luxurious & effeminate life of his king & conspired with Belesis another commander of the Assyrian forces. And Eusebius tells us that the writers of the Babylonian affairs say that Arbaces made Belesis king of the Assyrians. I suppose he means, king of so much of the Assyrian Empire as after the revolt of the nations remained in subjection to Nineveh. This revolution happened in the year of Nabonassar 81. For at that time Asserhaddon was succeeded at Babylon by Saosduchinus. And by this revolution Manasses was set at liberty to return home & fortify Ierusalem. And the Egyptians also < text from f 11r resumes > And the Egyptians also, after the Assyrians had reigned three years over them (Isa. XX.3, 4) were set at liberty & created twelve contemporary kings over themselves. These kings reigned fifteen years, & then one of them called Psammiticus conquered all the rest, & reduced Egypt again into a monarchy & built the last Portico of the Temple of Vulcan founded by Menes, but made Sais the seat of his kingdome. He died in the 131^th year of Nabonassar & was succeeded by his son Pharaoh Nechao.

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Sardanapalus is said to have built Tarsus & Anchiale in one day, & to have been the son of Anacyndaraxis or as others name him, Anabaxaris. I suppose they mean Sennacherib. The kings who reigned after him in Media were Dejoces , Phraortes Astyages Cyaxeres & Darius; those at Babylon were Saosduchinus, Chiniladon, Nabopolasser & Nebuchadnezzar with his sons; & those at Nineveh, I think were Belesis, Nebuchadonosor & Saracus. [By Nebuchadonosor I understand that king of Assyria who is mentioned in the book of Iudith:

< text from f 11r resumes >

^[10]Chap: 1
Of the Monarchies of the Assyrians Babylonians & Medes.

Of the Assyrian Monarchy we have very litle of certainty besides what is mentioned in sacred writ. In the days of David, Solomon & some of their successors the Israelites reigned over Syria as far as the river Euphrates. Till the days of Ionas the kings who reigned at Nineveh were only called kings of Nineveh. Soon after his day their kings Pul, Tiglath-pul-asser, & Salman-asser conquered far & wide & were called kings of Assyria & therefore may be recconed the founders of this Monarchy. While this Monarchy stood the kingdoms of the Babylonians & Medes were but small so as not to deserve the name of Empires till they subdued the kingdom of Assyria & shared its dominions. This kingdom was subdued by Nebuchadnesser & Ahsuerus (Tobit    ) & therefore these two may be accounted the founders of the two Empires of the Babylonians & Medes. Assuerus Oxyares or Axeres is he whom the Greeks call Cy-Axeres. that is, Prince Axeres, & the Masoretes Ahasuerus.

Of all the kings of the Medes Cyaxeres was the greatest warrior. Herodotus tells us^[11] that he was much more warlike then his ancestors & that he was the first who reduced the irregular & undisciplined forces of the Medes into discipline & order & divided the kingdom into Provinces, which is as much as to say that he was the first who by conquering made the kingdom big enough to be divided into Provinces. Æschylus who flourished in the reign of Darius Hystaspis & died in the reign of Xerxes & is the oldest Greek author who mentions these things, introduces this Darius reciting his ancestors the kings of the Medo-Persian Monarchy in this order.

Whence it appears that before the reign of Cyrus there were but two kings in the Empire of the Medes & Persians & those were both Medes, the second being the son of the first. And who those were is discovered by Daniel who lets us know that Darius the son of Ahsuerus of the seed of the Medes reigned over Babylon before Cyrus. For this Darius reigned by the laws of the Medes & Persians (Dan 6    ) & therefore he reigned over the Medes & Persians as well as over Babylon, & the Medes being set first, were uppermost in his reign. You may know also by the number of Provinces in his kingdom that he reigned over all these nations. For he set over the whole kingdom 120 Princes & afterwards in the reign of Ahsuerus (that Ahsuerus whom the Greeks call Xerxes,) when the Provinces of Egypt Thebais & Libya were added to the kingdom, the whole conteined but 127 Provinces. So then Darius reigned over the Empire of the Medes Persians & Babylonians before Cyrus & by consequence his father Ahsuerus was the first king of this Empire. He first led the army expelling the Scythians who had invaded his kingdom & conquering the Assyrians & Persians eastward & Armenians westward as far as the river Halys & his son Darius finished the work by subduing the kingdoms of the Lydians & Babylonians.

The slaughters of the Scythians, Assyrians & Persians by Cyaxes is thus described by

Chap.
Of the Monarchy of the Persians.

Cyrus having translated the monarchy to the Persians & reigned seven years left the Kingdom to his son Cambyses who began his reign in spring anno Nabonass 219 as is certain by two Eclipses of the Moon He reigned seven years & five months, in the three last years of his reign subdued Egypt, & dying in autumn anno Nabonass. 226, was succeeded by Mardus or Smerdes the Magus who feigned himself to be Smerdes the younger brother of Cambyses. Smerdes reigned seven months & in – – – antistitem

Cyrus having translated the Monarchy to the Persians & reigned seven years was succeeded by his son Cambyses [in spring anno Nabonass 219 who reigned seven years & five months, & in the three last years of his reign subdued Egypt, & was succeeded by Mardus or Smerdes the Magus who – – – – antistitem. By Zoroaster's – – – – – – subjection to Darius.

C

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While the kings of Egypt instead of imploying their wealth & people in their warrs abroad imployed both in these useless works at home they lost their dominion abroad by degrees & became divided at home into several dominions untill Sabacon the Ethiopian invaded them. ffor at Sais reigned Stepanates Nechepsos & Nechus, at Memphis & Heliopolis or one of them ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ at Memphis Asychis & Anysis or Amosis & at Thebes Gnephachthos (called also Neochabis & Technatis) & his son Boccharis //Gnephachthus leading an army into Arabia through desert places his provision failed so that he was fain to take up with such mean food as he could then be supplied with which he relished so heartily that he forbad all excess & luxury & cursed Menes who first brought in a sumpteous & luxurious way of living & caused the curse to be cut on a Pillar & placed in the Temple of Iupiter at Thebes which made the fame & reputation of Menas to be clouded in future generations. Diodorus L. 1. p 59. Plutarch de Iside p. 354. And accordingly Alexis tells us that Boccharis & his father Neochabis used a moderate diet. (Apud Athenæum Dipn. l 10. p. 418e.) Boccharis was a little man of an infirm body but for prudence & justice he was famous to a proverb. He was very piercing & quicksignted in judgment & is recconed amongst the lawmakers of Egypt. He let in a wild Bull upon the Ox Mnevis which the Ox slew, & for that act the Egyptians hated him (Ælan de Animal. l 11. c. 11. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Diodorus reccons Boccharis the 4^th king from Mycerinus but names not the intermediate kings. Perhaps they were Guephachthus & Boccharis the father of this Boccharis. ffor Diodorus in another place calling him Vchoreus – – – cities in the world. However Memphys was built before by Meænes & now only repaired & better fortified & perhaps enlarged & adorned by Boccharis.

Anysis was blind & in his reign Sabacus or Sabocon King of Ethiopia invaded & conquered Egypt, Sabacus punished none with death but condemned offenders to carry earth to the cities of Egypt for raising them higher. By which means he raised them much higher then Sesostris had done before. These two kings Anysis & Sabacus are by Diodorus called Amotis & Actisanes. Amosis was cruel & put many to death for which reason his subjects upon the invasion of Actisanes revolted from him so that he was easily conquered. Actisanes was merciful & obliging to his subjects & instead of putting robbers to death he cut of their noses & banished them into a barren place between Egypt & Syria thence called Rhinocorera.

While the kings of Egypt isntead of imploying their wealth & people in their wars abroad imployed them at home in building Pyramids, the Egyptians by degrees lost their dominion abroad & became divided at home into severall kingdoms untill Sabacon invaded them. ffor there reigned at Thebes Gnephachthus & his son Bocharis. at Sais Stephanates, Nechepsos & Nechus successively & at Tanis & Pelusium Anytis

Gnephacththus (called also Neochabis & Technatis) leading an army – – – enlarged by Boccharis.

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In the kingdom of Sais the last king Nechus was the father of Psammiticus who reigned afterwards & his predecessor Nicepsos with one Petosiris is reputed the inventor of Iudicial Astrology & the first that wrote the Art of predicting by the starrs. [He lived immediately before the Assyrians built Babylon & borrowed from the Egyptians their year & study of the stars.]

When Sabachus invaded Egypt he took Boccharis & burnt him alive, & slew Nechus & made Anysis fly into the fenny places of Egypt neare Pelusium where he lay hid in the Island Elbo during the reign of the Ethiopians Their reign according to Herodotus lasted 50 years & began and ended under Sabachus. But in the Dynasties of Africanus Sabachus reigned only 8 years & had two Ethiopian successors, Sevechus his son who reigned 14 years & Tirhakah who reigned 18. Sevechus seems to be the Sua or So king of Egypt with whom Hoshea king of Israel conspired against the Assyrians in the fourth year of Hezekiah two or three years before the captivity of the ten Tribes 2 King. 17.4. And Tirhakah was that Pharaoh king of Egypt on whom Hezekiah trusted in the 14^th year of his reign when Senacherib invaded Iudea & that Tirhakah king of Ethiopia who in the same year came out against Senacherib in behalf of Hezekiah 2 King. 18.21, 24 & 19.9. If we may suppose that Tirhakah succeeded Sevechius about the middle time of these two periods that is about the 9^th year of Hezekiah & from thence count backwards the 22 years of Sabacon & Sevechus, the invasion & conquest of the kingdoms of Egypt by Sabacon will fall upon the third year of Ahaz 240 years after the death of Solomon or thereabouts & the end of the reign of Tirhakah upon the 27^th year of Ezekiah, after whom some reccon that another king reigned before Egypt was freed from the dominion of the Ethiopians.

Herodotus giving an account of the action between the Ethiopians & Assyrians & how the Asyrians were slain – Egyptians & Ethiopians into captivity Isa 20 at which time they conquered also the Iews & carried Manasseh captive to Babylon 2 Chron. 13.11

After Egypt was freed from the dominion of the Ethiopians (which seems to have been by this victory of the Assyrians) there was – – – – ever since in servitude

These various kingdoms are pointed at by Isaiah where he saith I willl set the Egyptians against the Egyptians & they shall fight every one against his brother & every one against his neighbour city against city & kingdom against kingdom – And the Egyptians will I give over into the hand of a cruel lord & a fierce king shall rule over them. – The princes of Zoan are fools – how say ye unto Pharaoh, I am the son of ancient kings – The Princes of Noph are deceived. they have also seduced Egypt, even they that are the stay of the Tribes thererof. Isa 19. Here the Prophet seems to mention two kingdoms of Egypt the one seated at Zoan or Tanis the other at Noph or Memphis, & there might be others in other places.

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When the Ethopian Sabacon or Actisanes invaded Egypt, the Egyptians were divided into several kingdoms. ffor Sabacon took Boccharis & burnt him alive, slew Nechus king of Sais & made Anysis fly into the fenny places of Egypt neare Pelusium where he lay hid in the Island Elbo during the reign of the Ethiopians. Anysis therefore reigned in the Arabic part of the lower Egypt

In Sais reigned Stephanates Necepsos & Nechus successively. Nechus was the father of Psammiticus who reigned afterwards & his predecessor Nicepsos with one Petosiris – by the stars.

At Thebes reigned Gnephachthus & his son Boccharis successively. Gnephachthus –

Besides these three kingdoms of Egypt its probable there might be some others ffor in the canons we find kings of Tanis, Bubaste, & some other cities. & Isaias speaking of this time mentions several kingdoms one of which was at Zoan or Tanis where he saith I will set – thereof. Isa 19. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ So then the Monarchy of Egypt in the reign of those kings who built the Pyramids, became divided into several kingdoms at home & by consequence lost its dominion abroad. & the Ethiopians who were formerly the subjects of Egypt being fallen of from them invaded them & became their Lords.

The reign of the Ethiopians over Egypt according to Herodotus lasted 50 years – – – upon the 27 year of Hezekiah.

Herodotus giving an account –

Cambyses conquered Ægypt in the year of his reign. Reccon backward the reigns of the last six kings of Egypt & the reign of the 12 contemporary Kings will begin in the 13^th year of Manasses, & if the conquest of Egypt by the Assyrians was about two years before & the Ethiopians reigned over Egypt about 50 years as Herodotus relates, the reign of Sabacon will begin about the 6^t year of Ahaz, or 243 years after the death of Solomon & that of Tirhakah about two years before he routed the army of Sennacherib

^{[Editorial Note 4]}

Chap. III.
The Monarchy of Egypt at Thebes.

Herodotus^[12] in giving an account of the ancient state of Egypt tells us that the Priests of Egypt affirming Menes to be their first king, read to him out of a Book the names of 330 following kings of Egypt who all reigned before Sesostris, & amongst whom were 18 Ethiopians & a forreign woman named Nitocris who acquired the kingdom by a memorable revenge of her brothers death, & that the Priests affirmed nothing done by any of the rest except one who was the last of them & was called Mæris. But Mæris as we shall presently shew reigned after Sesostris, & so did Nitocris if she reigned over both Egypt & Ethiopia as Iosephus mentions & built the third Pyramid at Memphis as affirmed by Manetho. Herodotus therefore justly passes over in a few words all the ages of Egypt before Sesostris as obscure & conteining nothing memorable, & begins his history of the kings of Egypt with this king the former kings (except two or three of his immediate predecessors) reigning not over all Egypt successively but divers of them at once in several parts of Egypt, which renders them the less memorable. In the time of the Monarchy of Egypt Herodotus who has given the best account of this kingdom sets down their kings in this order, if Memnon & Mœris be duly inserted. Sesostris, Pheron, [Memnon & his Viceroy] Proteus, Rhampsinitus, [Mœris,] Cheops, Cephren, Mycerinus, Asychis, Anysis, Sabbachus the Ethiopian, Anysis again, Sethon Priest of Vulcan, Twelve contemporary kings, Psammiticus, Necho, Psammis, Apries, Amasis, Psammenitus. Before Sesostris is to be placed his father Belus or Ammon, & before Ammon may be set Tethmosis Thmosis or Amosis the successor of Misphragmuthosis & founder of the Egyptian Monarchy

Iosephus^[13] tells us out of Manetho that after the Shepherds went out of Egypt into Iudea, Tethmois or Thummosis who expelled them reigned 25 years & 4 months & then was succeeded by his son Chebron, after whom reigned Amenothis with his sister. Then returning back he names Mephres, Mephramuthosis , Thmosis , Amenophis & Orus as reigning in order with some other Princes of Egypt contemporary to Orus, one of which was Armais or Danaus. And then again returning back he names Armesses Miamun & his son & successor Amenophis & his son & successor Sethosis the brother of Armais or Danaus. The same kings are recited out of Manetho by Africanus & Eusebius with a little variation of the names as in the following Table

^{[Editorial Note 5]} <19v>

Manetho in his 11^th & 12 Dynasties as he is cited by Africanus & Eusebius names these kings of Thebes as reigning in order Ammenemes, Gesongoses his son, Ammenemes ab Euneuchis suis sublatus & Sesostris. Gesongoses is by Eusebius called Sesonchoris The word should be Sesonchosis. The two first of these four kings Ammenemes & Sesonchosis are the same with the two last Ammenemes & Sesostris. Whence I gather that the father of Sesonchosis or Sesostris was Ammenemes or Ammon as above & was slain by his Eunuchs.

So again Manetho in his 18 Dynasty naming the kings which reigned at Thebes from the expulsion of the Shepherds down to Orus repeats the same kings several times. ffirst he tells us that after the shepherds went out of Egypt into Iudea Tethmosis who expelled them reigned 25 years & 4 months & then was succeeded by his son Chebron, after whom reigned Amenophis & his sister. Then returning back he names Mephres Mephramuthosis, Thmosis Amenophis & Orus as reigning successively & subjoyns some other Princes of Egypt contemporary to Orus one of which was his unkle Armais or Danaus. And then again returning back he names Armesses Mamun & his son & successor Amenophis & his son & successor Sethosis the brother of Armais or Danaus. These kings are recited out of Manetho by Iosephus, Africanus & Eusebius with a little variation of the names as in the following Table.

From him the city Thebes was called No-Ammon & the Ox there worshipped was called Mnevis

He is also called Sesostris, Sesoosis, Sessoses, Sesochris, Sesonchis, Sasyches & in Scripture Sesak.

Orus or Horus.

To him the city No-Ammon & the Ox Mnevis were dedicated.

As Osiris built temples in Thebes to his father Ammon who had reigned in that city before him, so the Egyptians dedicated the city it self to Ammon calling it No-Ammon & Ammon-No that is the city of Ammon, or as the Greeks render the word, Diospolis, the city of Iupiter Ammon. The city therefore being the royal seat of Ammon grew great in his days, tho his son Osiris built it more sumptuously. And thus was this age memorable for the building of new royal cities: David built Ierusalem, Hiram Tyre, [Adad Damascus] & Ammon & Sesak Thebes, [& Theseus Athens.] And at the same time Rezon

built Damascus & erected a new kingdom there. For when David smote Hadadezer ( or Hadad-Asser) king of Zobah & slew the syrians of Damascus who came to assist him, Rezon fled from his Lord Hadadezer & gathering a band of men became their captain & went & reigned in Damascus over Syria 1 Sam 8.3 & 10.18 & 1 King. 11.23, 24, 25) & was an enemy to Israel all the days of Solomon. He is called Hezion 1 King 15.18 & his successors were Tabimon Hadad or Benthadad, Hazael, Ben hadad, & Rezen. In the reign of Rezen Tiglathphulaser captivated the Syrians & put an end to the kingdom Benhadad & Hazael for enlarging the kingdom & adorning Damascus were deified by the Syrians For Iosephus tells us that even till his days <19r> ^{[Editorial Note 6]} both Adar (that is Adad or Benadad) & his successor Hazael were worshipped as Gods for their benefactions & for building Temples by which they adorned the City Damascus. ffor they [the Syrians] dayly celebrate solemnities in honour of these kings & boast their antiquity not knowing that they were novel & lived not above 1100 years ago. Thus far Iosephus. ‡ < insertion from lower down f 19r > ‡ Iustin calls the first of these two kings Damascus & saith that the city had its name from him & that in honour of him the Syrians worshipped his wife Arathes as a Goddes using her sepulcher for a Temple. By these instances it appears that the eastern nations of those ages

Nicolaus Damscenus makes Adad a common name of

For Pharaohs daughter staid in Ierusalem till Solomon had made an end of building his one house & the house of the Lord. & the wall of Ierusalem (1 King. 3.1) that is till the twentieth year after the laying of the foundation of the Temple or 24^th year of Solomon (2 Chron 8.1) And when she removed from Ierusalem to the house which Solomon had built for her, she was called Pharaohs daughter which implies that her father was then alive & therefore he reigned from before the flight of Adad into Egypt in Davids reign till the 24^th year of Solomons reign or above < text from higher up f 19r resumes > And here it appears by a notable instance that the eastern nations of those ages deified such of their kings as were conquerors & benefactors And therefore since Ammon was the first king of Egypt who conquered abroad & his conquests were large & his son Sesostris exceeded all the kings of Egypt in the greatness both of his conquests & of his benefactions to the Egyptians, we need not wonder if the Egyptians worshipped these two above all their kings, or that Sesostris should be the great God Osiris whom the Egyptians chiefly worshipped. ffor since they did not worship him by the name of Sesostris or Sesak, he must be one of the Gods whom they worshipped by another name, & the chief of them.

Sesostris having cut canales from the river Nile into all the lower Egypt the Egyptians consecrated that river to him & worshipped him and the river together & called them both by the same names. So Homer calls that River Ægyptus & Manetho tells us that Sethosis was called Ægyptus. Also the River was called ^a[14] Sihor ^b[15] Siris & Osiris : And the king was ^c[16] called Siris or Sirius & by the Greeks O-siris. Afterwards from the word נהל Nahal a Torrent the River was called Nilus & the River & the king were worshipped together by the same name. For ^d[17] Diodorus tells us that Nilus was that king who cut Egypt into canales to make the River more useful. Cicero^[18] makes Nilus the father of Mercury Minerva Vulcan & Bacchus, but he was rather Bacchus himself.

Chap.
Of the Greek & Latin Empires.

Alexander the great having conquered the Persian Empire died at Babylon in spring Anno Nabonass. 425 & was succeeded by his bastard brother Philip Aridæus, but about 12 or 16 years after his death, his brother & other kindred being slain, his captains who governed several Provinces of the kingdom put crowns on their own heads, the chief of which were Cassander, Antigonus, Seleucus & Ptolomy reigning over Macedon, Asia, Syria & Egypt.

Afterwards Demetrius the son of Antigonus slew Alexander the son of Cassander & seized his kingdom, but was six years after succeeded in Thrace & Greece by Pyrrhus king of Epire & he seven months after by Lysimachus one of which was one of Alexanders captains & king of Thrace, by which means the kingdoms of Thrace & Macedon became united. An. Nab. 460 And about the same time Seleucus & Lysimachus assisted by Ptolomy took Asia minor from Demetrius.

Alexander the great died at Babylon in spring anno Nabonass 425, & his captains gave the Monarchy to his bastard brother Philip Aridæus & made Perdiccas Administrator of the kingdom, & Perdiccas made Meleager commander of the army Seleucus Master of the horse & Craterus Treasurer of the kingdom & the rest of the Captains governors of Provinces.  < insertion from lower down f 20r >  of Ægypt & Libya to Ptolomy, of Asia minor Cappadocia & Paphlagonia to Eumenes, of Pamphylia, Lycia, Lycaonia & Phrygia major to Antigonus, of Phrygia minor to Leonnatus, of Caria to Cassander the son of Antipater, of Syria & Phœnica to Laomedon of Armenia to Neoptolemus, of Mesopotamia to Arcesilaus, of Babylonia to Archon , of Media to Atropates &c.

< text from higher up f 20r resumes >

Roxane the wife of Alexander being left big with child was soon after brought to bed of a son whom they called Alexander & saluted king, joyning him with Aridæus in the throne of the kingdom.

About three years after, Perdiccas being slain Antipater was chosen administrator of the kingdom & made a new partition of the Provinces among the captains giving Babylonia to Seleucus, [Mesopotamia & Arbelitis to Amphimachus] & constituted Antigonus commander of the army & guardian of the two kings

About two years after Antipater dying left Polysperchon administrator of the Empire Anno Nabonass 429. And two years after the Greek cities revolt to Cassander and Philip Aridæus with his Queen Eurydice were slain in September by the command of Olympias the mother of Alexander, after he had reigned 6 years & four months.

And a year or two after Anno Nabonass 433, Cassander the son of Antigonus affecting the kingdom of Macedon slew Olympias the mother of Alexander & married Thessalonice the sister of Alexander & imprisoned Roxane the widdow of Alexander with her young son Alexander the king.

<20v> ^{[Editorial Note 7]}

Chap
Of the Empire of the Greeks under their own kings.

Alexander the Great died at Babylon in May a month before the summer solstice in the year of Nabonassar 425 an 1 Olymp. 114, & his captains gave the Monarchy to his bastard brother Philip Aridæus a man disturbed in his understanding & made Perdiccas administrator of the kingdom, & Perdiccas with their consent made Meleager commander of the army, Seleucus master of the horse, Craterus Treasurer of the kingdom, Antipater governor of Macedon & Greece, Ptolomy governor of Egypt Antigonus governor of Pamphilia Lycia Lycaonia & Phrygia major & the other captains governors of other Provinces. And the Babylonians began now to count by a new aera which they called the Æra of Philip & used it instead of the Æra of Nabonassar recconing the 425 year of Nabonassar to be the first year of Philip. And Roxane the wife of Alexander being left big with child & about 3 or 4 months after his death brought to bed of a son, they called him Alexander & saluted him king joyning him with Philip in the throne of the kingdom.

Philip reigned three years under the adminstratorship of Perdiccas two years more under the administratorship of Antipater & above a year more under the administratorship of Polysperechon, in all six years & four months, & then was slain with his Queen Eurydice in September by the command of Olympias the mother of Alexander the great an 4. Olymp. 115. And the Greeks being disgusted at the cruelties of Olympias revolted to Cassander the son of Antipater.

Cassander affecting the dominion of Greece slew Olympias & soon after shut up the young king Alexander with his mother Rhoxane in the castle of Amphipolis under the charge of Glaucias An. 1. Olymp 116.

The next year Ptolomy Cassander & Lysimachus by the means of Seleucus made a league against Antigonus & after certain wars made peace with him an 2 Olymp 117 upon these conditions that Cassander should command the forces of Europe till Alexander the son of Roxana came to age, & that Lysimachus should govern Thrace, Ptolomy Ægypt & Libya & Antigonus all Asia. Seleucus had possest himself of Mesopotamia Babylonia Susiana & Media the year before. About 3 years after Alexanders death he was made governour of Babylon by Antipater, then expelled by Antigonus & now recovered & enlarged his government over a great part of the east, which gave occasion to a new Æra called Æra Seleucidarum. This Æra according to the Iewish account began in Spring An. Philip. 12. An. 4 Olymp. 116 but according to the Chaldean account it began the next spring & according to the Antiochian & Alexandr account it began in Autumn between

Not long after this peace (Diodorus saith the same Olympic year) Cassander, seing that Alexander the son of Rhoxanæ grew up, & that it was discoursed thoughout Macedonia that it was fit he should be set at liberty & take upon him the government of his fathers kingdom commanded Glaucias the governour of the Castle to kill Rhoxanæ & the young king Alexander & conceale their deaths. Then Polysperchon set up Hercules the son of Alexander the great by Barsine to be king, & soon after at the sollicitation of Cassander caused him to be slain. And soon after that upon a great victory at sea got by Demetrius the son of Antigonus over Ptolomy, Antigonus took upon himself the title of king & gave the same title to his son An 2 Olymp. 118. And after his example Seleucus Cassander Lysimachus & Ptolomy took upon themselves the title & dignity of kings, having absteined from this honour while there remained any of Alexanders race to inherit the crown. And thus the monarchy of the Greeks for want of an heir was broken into several kingdoms, four of which seated to the four winds of heaven were very eminent. For Ptolomus

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Iustin represents that Hercules was slain before Alexander, & the Canon produces the reign of Alexander to the 19^th year after the death of his father Alexander the great, & makes the 20^th year of Philip to be the first of Ptolomy. Whether the Monarchy was dissolved & became divided into several kingdoms this year or a year or two before is of no consequence.

At the time of this division Ptolomy reigned over Egypt Libya & Æthiopia, Antigonus over Asia & Syria, Seleucus over Babylonia & all the east from Euphrates to India & Cassander over Macedon Greece & Epire. And thus was the Monarchy of the Greeks at its first dissolution divided into four great kingdoms to the four winds of heaven. Thrace was not absolutely a part of Alexanders kingdom: Lysimachus with a small body of Alexanders forces made war upon the king of the Thracians & subdued them after Alexanders death.

Cassander being afraid of the power of Antigonus combined with Lysimachus Ptolomy & Seleucus against him. Lysimachus invaded the parts of Asia next the Helespont, Ptolomy subdued Cœbyria & Phœnicia & Selecus having newly made peace with Sandrocottus king of India came down with a powerfull army into Cappadocia, & joyning the confederate forces fought Antigonus in Phrygia, & slew him & seized his kingdom an 4 Olymp 119. After which Seleucus built Antioch Seleucia & many other cities in Syria & Asia.

Yet Demetrius the son of Antigonus retained a small part of his fathers dominions & at length lost Cyprus to Ptolomy but killing Alexander the son of Cassander king of Macedon seized his kingdom An 3 Olymp. 121 & sometime after preparing a very great army to recover his fathers dominions in Asia, Seleucus, Ptolomy Lysimachus & Pyrrhus king of Epire combined against him, & Pyrrhus invading Macedonia corrupted the army of Demetrius, put him to flight seized his kingdom & shared it with Lysimachus, & after seven months Lysimachus beating Pyrrhus took Macedonia from him & held it five years & an half, uniting the kingdoms of Macedon & Thrace.

Lysimachus in his wars with Antigonus & Demetrius, had taken from them Cana, Lydia & Phrygia & had a Treasury in Pergamus a castle on the top of a conical hill in Phrygia by the river Caicus & had committed the custody thereof to one Philetærus who was at first faithfull to Lysimachus but in the last year of Lysimachus his reign revolted. ffor Lysimachus by the instigation of his wife Arsinoe slew first his son Agathocles & then those who lamented him. Vpon which the wife of Agathocles fled with her children & brothers & some others of their friends & sollicited Seleucus to make war upon Lysimachus. And Philetærus also grieving at the death of Agathocles & being accused thereof by Arsinoe, revolted & sided with Seleucus. On this occasion Seleucus & Lysimachus met & fought in Phrygia & Lysimachus being slain in the battel lost his kingdom to Seleucus an 4. Olymp 124. Thus the Empire of the Greeks which at first brake into 4 great kingdoms became now reduced into two notable ones henceforward called by Daniel the kings of the south & north. For Ptolomy now reigned over Ægypt Libya Æthiopia Arabia Phœnicia Cœlosyria Cyprus, & the kingdom of Seleucus was mighty & Seleucus was scarce inferior to the Monarchy of the Medes & Persians. And all this is thus described by Daniel The fourth king of Persia [Xerxes] shall stir up all against the realm of Greece. And as a mighty King [Alexander] shall stand up & that shall rule with great dominion & do according to his will. And when he shall stand up his kingdom shall be broken & shall be divided towards the four winds of heaven, , but not to his posterity [ this division not commencing till they were all dead] nor according to his dominion wherewith he ruled: for his kingdom shall be pluckt up even for others besides those. And the king of the south [Ptolomy] shall become strong, & one of his Princes [Seleucus one of Alexanders Princes] shall become strong above <20v> and have dominion: his dominion shall be a great dominion.

After Seleucus had reigned seven months over Macedon Greece Thrace Asia Syria & all the east as far as India, Ptolomæus Ceraunus the brother of Ptolomeus Philadelphus slew him treacherously & seized his dominions in Europe & Antiochus Soter the son of Seleucus succeeded his father in Asia Syria & most of the east, & after 19 or 20 years was succeeded by his son Antiochus Theos who having a lasting war with Ptolomæus Philadelphus composed the same by marrying Berenice the daughter of Philadelphus & after a reign of 15 years his other wife Laodice poisoned him & set her son Seleuus Callinicus upon the throne. And Callinicus in the beginning of his reign by the impulse of his mother Laodice beseiged Berenice in Daphne & slew her with her youg son & many of her weomen. Whereupon Ptolomeus Euergetes the successor of Philadelphus & brother of Berenice made war upon Callinicus, Phœnicia Syria Cilicia Mesopotamia Babylonia Susiana & some other regions & carried back into Egypt 40000 tallents of silver & 2500 Images of the Gods amongst which were the Gods of Egypt carried away by Cambeses. All which is thus signified by Daniel. And after certain years they [the kings of the south & north] shall make friendship: for the kings daughter of the south [Berenice] shall come to the king of the north to establish an agreement but she shall not retain the power of the arm & she shall not stand nor her seed, but she shall be delivered up & he [Callinus] that brought her & he whom she brought forth & they that strengthened her in [those] times [or defended her in the siege of Daphne] But out of a branch of her roots shall one stand up in his seat [her brother Eucrastes], who shall come with an army & shall enter into the fortress [or fenced cities] of the king of the north & shall act against them & prevail And shall carry captives into Egypt, their Gods with their Princes & pretious vessels of silver & gold, & he shall continue some years after the king of the north.

Chap. V
Of the Empire of the Greeks.

1. When the Heraclides returned into Peloponnesus under the conduct of Temenus Cresphontes & Aristodemus, Temenus became king of Argos & was succeeded by his son Cisus, & then the kingdom ceased & became divided among the posterity of Temenus untill Phidon conquered them & reunited the kingdom ffor Phidon subdued to himself the whole possession of Temenus till then divided into many parts. 3 Strabo tells us that Phidon was the tenth from Temenus not the tenth king (for between Cisus & Phidon they reigned not ) but the tenth by generation from father to son inclusively, so that there were 9 generations (or about 243 years{)} from the birth of Temenus to the birth of Phidon recconing 27 years to a generation & about as much from the expedition of Temenus with the Heraclides to the wars of Phidon upon his kindred. And therefore the Heraclides returning about 45 years before the beginning of the Olympiads, the wars of Phidon will fall upon the 50^th Olympiad or thereabouts, Or perhaps a little earlier ffor some tell us that Phidon was the seventh from Temenus. Now the posterity of Iphitus presided in the Olympic games till the 26^th Olympiad, & so long the Victors were rewarded with a Tripus. Then the Pisæans getting above the Elians began to preside & rewarded the victors with a crown & instituted the Carnea to Apollo & continued to preside till the wars between the Pisæans & Eleans which happened in 48 & 49 Olympiads. In the 48^th Olympiad the Elians entred the country of the Pisæans with an army suspecting their designes, but were prevailed with to return home quietly. Afterwards the Pisæans confederated with several other Greek nations viz Phidon & those under him) & made war upon the Eleans & in the end were beaten. In this way I conceive it was that Phidon presided in the Olympic games, suppose in the 49^th Olympiad. ffor we are told that <22v> he presided; & in the 50^th Olympiad, for putting an end to the contentions between the kings about presiding, two men were chosen by lot out of the city of Elis to preside, & their number in the 65^th Olympiad was increased to nine & afterwards to ten, & those judges were called Hellenodicæ. Pausanias tells us that the Eleans called in Phidon & together with him celebrated the eighth [he should have said, the 49^th] Olympiad, but Herodotus that Phidon removed the Eleans. And both might be true. The Eleans might call in Phidon against the Pisæans & upon overcoming them claim the presiding in the games & be refused by Phidon & then confederate with the Spartans & by their assistance overthrow the kingdom of Phidon & recover from the Pisæans their ancient right of presiding & set up the Hellenodicæ So then Phidon overcame his kinsmen who reigned as Princes in several parts of the kingdom of Tisamenus & reunited their Principalities into one Monarchy under himself a little before the 48^th Olympiad, suppose in the 43^th or 44^th Olympiad or thereabouts. And at that time the conquered Princes Caranus his brother & Perdiccas his kinsman & others fled from Argos with Colonies into Emathia & there founded the kingdom of Macedon. ffor Iustin tells us that Caranus with a great multitude of Greeks sought new seats in Emathia afterwards called Macedon & by the command of the Oracle following a flock of Goats took the city Aedessa made it the seat of a new kingdom & from the Goats called the city Aegeas, & subdued the neighbouring Princes Midas & others & was succeeded in the kingdom by Perdiccas

4. Herodotus tells us that three brothers who were of the posterity of Temenus & whose names were Gauanes, Æropus, & Perdiccas fled from Argos into Illyricum & thence into the upper Macedonia to the city Lebæa where they served the king of that city some time & then retired into another part of Macedonia neare the Gardens of Midas the son of Gordius, & there made war upon the neighbouring people & thereby Perdiccas came to the kingdom of Macedon & was succeeded therin by Argæus, Philippus, Æropus, Alcætas, Amyntas, Alexander, the last of which was contemporary to Xerxes. Now the reign of Carneus & these seven kings at about 18 years a piece amounts to 144 years which counted backward from the death of Xerxes will place the beginning of the kingdom of Macedon upon the 43^th Olympiad or thereabouts as above. After Alexander reigned Perdiccas Archelaus Orestes & others unto Philip the father of Alexander the great.

2. The kingdom of Macedon was founded by Caranus the brother of Phidon & some make Phidon as ancient as Iphitus & tell us that the kingdom of Macedon was founded before the Olympiads: but Phidon was not so ancient by 200 years. The Amphictyons by the advice of Solon made Almæon – – – – – – – – or 240 after the return of the Heraclides

5 Alexander the great &c.

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Mæris is set immediately before Cheops three times in the Dynasty of the kings of Egypt composed by Eratosthenes & once in the Dynasties of Manetho & in the same Dynasties Nitocris is set after the builders of the great Pyramids. And thence I gather that the kings of Egypt mentioned by Herodotus ought to be placed in this Order. Ammon, Sesostris, Pheron or Orus,

The Egyptians originally lived on the fruits of the earth & absteined from animals & fared hardly. Menes taught them to adorn their tables & beds with rich carpets & brought in amongst them a sumptuous delicious & voluptuos way of life, & about an hundred years after his death was cursed for it by Gnephaitus one of his successors cursed him for it & caused the curse to be entred in the Temple of Iupiter Ammon at Thebes: & by this curse the honour of Menes was diminished among the Egyptians.

Si corpus vi tertia P in loco A impressa dato illo tempore ferretur ab A ad E: motus ex tribus viribus impressis resultans is esset qui coponeretur ex motibus AD et AE, & sic deinceps in infinitum.

Et motus composito vis insita quia corpus in motu illo perseverat, proportionalis est.

<24v>

Dⁿ Legatus, Exemplaria 2

Nobilis Venetus D. Trivisanus, Senator 1.

Christinus Martinellus Nob. Venetus, Astronomiæ studiosus, 1

Vrsatus Discipulus Reinaldini et Montenari, Astronomiæ studiosus 1.

Abbas Angloi, Astronomiæ valde studiosus, Parisiensis 1.

D^s Conti Nob. Venetus, Senator, 1.

Pater Grandi Pisanus Professor – 1

D^ns Bernoulli uterque – 2.

<25r>

Antæus who governed Libya had his royal seat at Hirassa or Irasa a city of Pentapolis neare the haven Apollonia For Pindar tells us that Hirassa was the city of Antæus. There Battus afterwards built the city Cirene the Metropolis of the Province. In all the sea coasts of Egypt from Ioppa in Palestine to Parætonium in Libya for the space of above 600 miles there was not one safe harbor to be found except Pharus, but from Parætonium along the sea coasts of Marmarica & Cyrene were several good ones & And therefore the Egyptians before the conquest of Libya could not be potent at sea for want of Ports but upon the conquest of Libya meeting there with convenient ports & plenty of timber they set out a potent fleet of long & tall ships & this region being at that time under the government of Antæus he was the Neptune of the ancients. For Neptune was first worshipped in Africa & from thence his worship was propagated into other countries & therefore he reigned in Afric & the Cretans affirmed that Neptune was the first that set out a fleet having obteined this Prefecture of Saturn, whence posterity recconed things done in the sea to be under his government & Mariners honoured him with sacrifices. By Saturn I understand here the father of Iupiter Belus Neptune & Pluto & shall presently shew that Iupiter Belus was Sesostris. Whence it follows that Neptune was the brother of Osiris & by consequence the Typhon of the Egyptians & therefor Ammon their father was the first king of Egypt who set out a fleet in the Mediterranean. ffor Typhon was the husband of Nephtys & was interpreted by the Egyptians to signify the sea & the Priests of Egypt abominated the sea & had Neptune in no honour. They said that Osiris signified the Nile which in overflowing copulated with the land of Egypt signified by Isis & in running into the sea & being dissipated therein perished by Typhon. And in telling the story of the war between the Gods of Egypt & the Giants they sometimes put Neptune for Typhon, where Lucian saith that Corinth being full of fables tells the fight of Sol & Neptune & where Agotharcides relates how the gods of Egypt fled from the Giants till the Titans came in & saved them by putting Neptune to flight. The outmost parts of the earth & promontories & whatsoever borders upon the sea the Egyptians called Nephtys. And in the sea coasts of Marmarica & Cyrene Bochart & Arius Montanus place the Naphtuim a people sprung from Misraim Gen. 10.13. And therefore Neptune & his wife Nephtys are also to be placed there the words Neptune Nephtys & Naphtuim signifying in the language of the Egyptians the King & Queen & people of the sea coasts. Certainly Neptune was contemporary to Sesostris & {Anc}æus; for in the reign of Laomedon king of Troy he & Orus assisted in building the walls of Troy that is fortifyed that city for Sesostris. His son Glaucus took Ariane from Theseus in the Island Dia & lay with her. Others of his sons as Euphemus Erginus Nauplius & Ancæus were in the Argonautic expedition, & his <25v> son Atlas was contemporary to the Argonauts being the father of Calypso who flourished in the time of the Trojan war & after that war convened with Vlisses. Neptune therefore being two generations older then the warriers at Troy & one generation older then the Argonauts was contemporary to Sesostris & therefore was his Admiral & he & Antæus reigned at once over the kingdom of Libya & so must be one & the same king, & his son Atlas must be his successor in the kingdom. For the gardens of the Hesperides were in the kingdom of Atlas & are placed by Ptolomy, Pliny, & Strabo neare Cyrene. And Atlas was skilled in sea affairs & had a potent fleet, for Homer saith of him Θαλάσσης πασης βένθεα οἰδεν He knows the depths of all the sea, & others that Phorcys who reigned over Sardinia & Corsica was overcome by Atlas in a sea fight & drowned, & Clemens Alexandrinus that Atlas was the first that built a ship & sailed upon the seas, that is in the reign & by the direction of his father Neptune. And in the war between the Gods of Egypt & the Titans Atlas was captain of the Titans & in the end of the war had the heavens placed upon his sholders, that is he assisted his father Typhon or Neptune in that war & then succeeded him in the kingdom of Afric. ffor the Ancients represented a kingdom by the frame of the world putting the sun moon & Stars for the king the people & the princes of the kingdom. The country of Cyrene was famous for the breed & management of good horses & Egypt was supplied with horses from thence, especially after the conquest of Libya by Ammon. And thence Neptune Pallas & the Amazons were called eques And Pamphus who is reputed the author of the oldest hymns amongst the Athenians calls Neptune

For before the conquest of Lybya by Ammon, horsmanship & long ships with sails were not known in Europe Horses were u

Pliny tells that ships of war were first rigged out by Ægæon & others make Ægeon the son in law of Neptune

When the Egyptians applied themselves to Navigation, that they might have the sea coasts by which men had hitherto sailed & guide themslves in the middle of the seas by the Sun Moon & starrs, their kings & Princes & chiefly their Admirals applyed themselves to the observation of the heavens & study of Astronomy . Atlas was eminent for his skill in this science, Antæus observed the course of the Moon which was the hardest part of Astronomy, was Tutor to Bacchus in Libya & came from thence into Greece & in the reign of Ammon, Aristæus who married the daughter of Cadmus, carried Astronomy from Libya into Greece The Atlantides a people of Libya say^[19] that Vranus was their first king who reduced them from a salvage course of life & taught them to live in towns & cities & that he reigned over a great part of the world & measured the year by the course of the Sun & the Months by the course of the Moon & divided the days into hours & was familiarly acquainted with the rising & setting of the stars, & after death for his merits & skill in Astronomy was honoured as a God. They say also that he married his sister Titæa or Terra & by her had many children called Titans two of which called Hyperion & Bisilea were the parents of Helio & Selene, & that the Titans asassinated Hyperion & drowned Helio in Eridanus (not in the Po but in the river Nile) & thereupon Selene threw herself from a house top & her mother Basilea went distracted & disappeared, & all of them were deified. By which circumstances its manifest that Cœlus Hyperion Helio & Selene were Ammon, Osiris, Orus & Bubaste, Ammon being deified by the name of Vranus or Iupiter Vranius. And the Cretans reported^[20] that Hyperion the son of Cœlus was the first that by his own industry found out the motions of the Sun & Moon & other stars & the seasons & distinctions of time measured out by them, that <26r> is he assisted his father in these matters for advancing navigation being instructed by Aristæus. And hence it appears that he was the Iupiter Belus of the Chaldeans. ffor Pausanias tells us that Iupiter Belus in Babylon had his name from Belus an Egyptian the son of Libya (as he is reputed) who built the temple in Babylon & Strabo: Durat ibi (Babylon) Iovis Beli templum: inventor hic fuit sideralis scientiæ. And Diodorus: the Egyptians report that many colonies out of Egypt were disperst over all parts of the world (viz^t by the wars of Sesostris) & that Belus the son of Neptune & Libya led a colony into the Province of Babylon & fixing his seat at the river Euphrates consecrated Priests & according to the custome of the Egyptians freed them from all public taxes & impositions. These Priests the Babylonians call Chaldeans who observe the motions of the stars in imitation of the Priests Naturalists & Astrologers of Egypt. Cheræas wrote that there was wine in Babylon which the inhabitants called Nectar & thence it appears that Bacchus & the Gods of Egypt were at Babylon this wine being their drink.

When Bacchus invaded the nations he found them without weapons of iron which made his conquests easy. When Ammon conquered Libya they used clubs. So Hyginus: Afri et Ægyptij primum fustibus dimicaverunt postea Belus Neptuni filius gladio belligeratus est, unde bellum dictum. In Europe Cadmus first found out Copper in Bœotia & then the Idæi Dactylj found out iron in Crete in the reign of Minos, & by the use of iron tools Minos was enabled to prepare a fleet by which he gained the dominion of the seas, The islands Cyclades were at first uninhabited but Minos & Rhadamanthus peopled several of them & Rhadamanthus giving to each of his captains some Island or City placed Thoas in Lemnus. There Thoas exercised the Smiths trade having perhaps learnt it of the Idei Dactyli in Crete & being furnished with iron from thence. He built & reigned in the city Hephæstion, & when Sesostris the great Mars of the ancients conquered the Greek Islands he made armor for him, & became the Hephæstus or Vulcan of the Ancients. ✝ < insertion from the right margin of f 26r > ✝ Apollonius taking Thoas for the son of Bacchus saith that Bacchus left his purple cloak to his son Thoas & Thoas left it to his daughter Hypsipyle Queen of Lemnus. Apol. Argonaut IV. v. 426. < text from f 26r resumes > He married Calycopis the daughter of Otreus king of Phrygia & taking Mars (that is, Sesostris) in bed with his wife composed the matter so as to obtein the government of Cyprus & Byblus. Then Mars went presently with violence (that is, with his army) over the Hellespont into Thrace & Calycopis sailed in rich apparrell to Cythara & thence to Cyprus & landed at Paphus where she was washed & adorned by her weomen called the Graces & lived splendidly in costly aparrel adorned with gold, & where Vulcan afterward married Agalia the youngest of the Graces. In her way to Cyprus she sailed first to Cythara an Island of Greece between Peloponnesus & Crete. Thoas for his skill upon the harp was called Cinyras. ffor Cinyras lived with Venus in Cyprus & was an inventor of arts & found out tiles, & copper in Cyprus, & the hammer & anvil & tongues & laver, & impoyed workmen in making armour & other things. – – – – – – times of the Trojan war. And after the death of his wife he deified her with lustful Orgia whereby she becam the Cyprian Venus – – – – – – huc appulsam Tacit Hist. 2. p. 238. This Venus before she went to Cyprus lay with Anchises on mount Ida & at Cyprus she lived in adultery with Gingris the son of Cinyras; & when Cinyras deified his Venus he deified also his son by the name of Adonis

<27r>

The names of the Gods Moloch Milcom Adramelech Anamelech, Melecartus.

^{[Editorial Note 8]}

building Temples to Venus & Adonis in Cyprus & at Byblus in Phœnicia & instituting their worship with orgia & lamentations for the death of Adonis much after the manner that Osiris was worshipped in Egypt. Or rather, he instituted the worship of his great benefactor Osiris under the name of Adonis & the Cyprians applied the name & worship to his son. ffor Adonis signifies The Lord & so agrees to Osiris but not to Gingris, & Lucian tells us that he saw at Byblus a great Temple of Venus Byblia – – – – – – – – called Dea Syria as well as Dea Cypria. And from the Temples built to her in several places she was called Cytharea, Paphia, Amathusia Byblia &c. So then Sesostris was the Adonis of the Syrians & his mistress was their Venus, & the maker of his armour was their Vulcan

So then the great Gods of Egypt viz^t Ammon, Osiris – – – – – – – – – Antæo eripui.

But after some further broiles the war was composed & Isis & Orus reigned in Egypt for some time till the Ethiopians under Hercules invaded Egypt & Libya drowning Orus in the Nile & taking Libya from Atlas & then came out against Asa king of Israel with a very great army of Ethiopians Libyans & Troglodytes & were beaten by him & driven out of the lower Egypt by the revolting Egyptians untill the reign of Amenophis.

Pliny tells us: Ægyptiorum bellis attrita est Ethiopia – – – – – – – – Philstims from Caphtor Amos 9.7. And thus by the civil broiles in Egypt & the revolt of the nations, the great Empire of the Cophtites seated at Thebes, came to a period.

This Empire may be distinguished into four ages according to the reign of their kings Thmosis, Ammon Osiris & Orus. For these were the ages of the great Gods of Egypt these seem to be the four ages of the Gods of Egypt, in imitation of which the Greeks formed the four ages of their Gods.

In those days the Egyptians using to write in Hieroglyphick affected to represent all things by symbols as by putting a trident in the hand of an Admiral to represent the three squadrons of his fleet, a rod writhen about with two serpents for the symbol of an Embassador reconciling two nations, a man with a syth for a king of a corn-country, a man with rams horns for a king a country abounding with sheep a man riding upon an eagle with a thunderbolt in his hand for a great warrior soaring high in dominion, the world for a kingdom, a giant for a man great in power a man with many heads & hands for a king with his kingdom or a Captain with his army water for people a flood for an invasion, &c a new world after a flood for a new kingdom after an invasion, golden apples for {scar}ce & precious & valuable fruit, a Dragon keeping the gardens of the Hesperides for an army keeping a country abounding with fruit-bearing trees, a horn of the sea for a river, the horn of Amalthea for a river with fertile meadows on both sides given by Ammon to his Queen for her maintenance. And So when Hercules took the Globe from Atlas it is to be understood that he took his kingdom from him, & by Deucalion are to be understood the ages of a kingdom erected by an invasion. < insertion from between the lines > a golden age for a happy age golden apples for pretious apples. a man or Beast with two or more faces or heads for a king with two or more kingdoms collateral or successive. And

And from these & such like symbols truly interpreted the history of the mystical ages may receive some light. ffor Saturn has a sith to signify that he conquered the lower Egypt, a country abounding with corn. The Egyptians painted him with two faces becausse he reigned over two kingdoms an old one & a new. Iupiter Ammon has ram's horns because he conquered Libya a country abounding with sheep. Iupiter Belus has a thunderbolt in his hand to signify that he was a great warrior. He rides upon an egle to signify his soaring high in dominion. Mercury has an Embassadors rod writhen about with two serpents in memory of his composing the wars between the nations of Egypt & Libya. Hercules has a club because he was of the nation of the Megabar Ethiopians next above Egypt who fought with clubs. He took the sphere from Atlas, that is the kingdom of Libya A dragon kept the gardens of the Hesperides, that is, an army kept the kingdom of Libya. Amalthea the mother of Bacchus had a horn filled with flowers & fruit, that is a river with fertil meadows on each side given her by Ammon for her maintenance. Greece was overflowed in the days of Ogyges & Deucalion that is overspread with forreigners.

< text from f 27r resumes > <27v>

before Psammiticus reigned over all Egypt. Menes & his succesors reigned afterwards at Memphis & built that city sumptuously. And therefore Menes was Amenophis the Ethiopian called Amenophis. Memphis was by the Egyptians called Menoph, Moph, Noph, from the founder whose name Amenoph easily passed into Menoph & Menoph into Menes.

After the death of Asserhadon (or soon after) reigned at Babylon Saosduchinus, Chiniladon Nabopolassar & Nebuchadnezzar, at Ecbatane D{illeg} Phraortes, Astyages Cyaxeres & Darius & at Nineveh I think Nebuchadonosor, Anacyndaraxis, & Sardanapalus. ffor the history of Nebuchadonosor king of Assyria mentioned in the book of Esther suits with these times. For Nebuchadonosor in the 12^th year of his reign &c.

And by his reigning next after the Gods of Egypt & placing his throne at Memphis you may know that he is the Menes of the Egyptians who reigned next after the Gods & built Memphis. As Thebes was called by the Egyptians No-Ammon from Ammon who made it the seat of his Empire, so Memphis was by them called Menoph, Mnoph, Moph Noph from Amenoph who first reigned there. And Menoph by an easy change became Menes. He was succeeded by Ramses or Rhampsinitus, Mœris, Cheops Cephren, Mycerinus, Nitocres, Asychis Anysis & perhaps some other intermediate kings. All these reigned at Memphys & adorned the city & there built

Menes built the

^{[Editorial Note 9]}

enter ino open rebellion & become false churches called in scripture Synagogues of Satan & Antichrists. These are they that separate themselves, saith Iude of

– on the other side Iordan, & there they began first to be called Ebionites

They gloried in this name & said that they knew of no such man as Ebion – – – a poor man. This is the account which they gave of themselves, but Epiphanius Ierome & some others took Ebion for the name of a man. Vpon the commencing of the Iewish war the Christian Iews or Nazarens fled from Ierusalem into other countries & chiefly into Peræa on the other side of Iordan And there by the number of those who refused to communicate with the uncircumcised beleivers, the name of Ebionites became at length appropriated to the Nazarenes of this opinion.

Sect. II.

I have hitherto considered the Church of God or host of heaven as an aggregate of men united into one body by mutual friendship love & charity & into one kingdom by subjection to the laws of one God their supreme king & of one Christ their Lord. It remains that I say something of their unity in the forms & ceremonies of worship & government. For the Iews had but one Tabernacle & one Temple & one High Priest for sacrificing & one Sanhedrim or great Council of seventy Elders seated in the Temple for governing the whole nation, & under these were synagogues in every city for praying & preaching & in every synagoge a Council of Elders for governing the city, & the Council anciently sat in the Gate of the city Ruth 4.1, 2, 11.

<28r>

omnia regit cum potentia cui resisti non potest.

Pag 433 l 1, 2, 3. Æternus est et Infinitus, Omnisciens & Omnipotens id est, durat ab æterno in æternum omnia cognoscit quæ fiant & sciri possunt & omnia regit quæ sunt. et adest ab infinito in infinitum. Non est æternitas vel infinitas sed æternus & infinitus. Non est duratio vel spatium sed durat & adest Durat semper & adest ubique & existendo semper et ubique durationem et spatium æternitatem & infinitatem constituit. Cum unaquæque spatij particula sit semper, & unum quodque durationis indivisibile momentum ubique; certe rerum omnium Fabricator ac Dominus non erit nunquam nusquam. Omnipræsens est non per virtutem solam sed etiam per substantiam. Nam virtus sine substantia subsistere non potest. In ipso *^[21] continentur et moventur universa, sed absque mutua passione Deus nihil patitur ex corporum motibus: illa nullam sentiunt resistentiam ex omnipræsentia Dei. Deum summum necessario existere &c.

Pag 484 lin. 17. Adjicere jam liceret nonnulla de Spiritu quodam subtilissimo corpora crassa pervadente & in ijsdem latente; cujus vi et actionibus particulæ corporum ad parvas distantias se mutuo attrahunt & contiguæ factæ cohærent, &

^{[Editorial Note 10]} <28v>

After this war Nebuchadonosor in the 18^th year of his reign sent his captain Olofernes with a great army to avenge himself on all the west country because they had disobeyed his commandment, & Olofernes went forth with an army of 12000 horse & 120000 foot & reduced Cilicia & Mesopotamia & Syria & Damascus & part of Arabia & Madian & then came against Iudæa. And this was done when the government was in the hands of the High Priest & ancients of Israel (Iudith 8) & by consequence when Iosiah was a child. In times of prosperity – – – from danger. When the king of Assyria was reducing the western nations & prepared to come against Iudea, then were the Iews terrified & they fortified Iudea – – – – Ierusalem from Idolatry. Herodotus tells us that the Medes revolted before the rest

☉ Misphragmuthosis was the first man who reigned over all Egypt including Thebais. Ammon or Amenemosis extended the Empire over Libya thence called Ammonia & over Ethiopia & the coasts of the red sea on both sides. Sesac added the rest. Sesac or Sesostris going westward to the straits mouth & eastward to Persia & Media & northward into Syria Assyria Mesopotamia Anatolia Thrace & setting up pillars in all his conquests. ✝ < insertion from lower down f 28v > ✝ He built Temples & set up Oracles to his father Ammon at Thebes & in Libya & Ethiopia # < insertion from lower down f 28v > # & perhaps in Arabia Felix. For all these nations worshipped Iupiter Ammon. He divided Egypt & Thebais into Nomes, cutt channel < text from higher up f 28v resumes > & divided Egypt & all Thebais into Nomes &, cutting channels from the Nile to the head cities of all the Nomes, raised the cities high with the earth dug out, built a Temple in every city for the nome, appointed the God, the religion & the annual festivals of every nome, & sett up an Oracle in the Temple to the God of the Nome causing his several Princes to be worshipped in the several Nomes & himself & his wife in them all. Whence came the several Gods & religions of the several Nomes of Egypt. Some of their Oracles remained till the days of Herodotus. < text from higher up f 28v resumes > After this death of Sesac Libya revolted & invaded Egypt but was repelled repulsed by the army of Egypt & Ethiopia. Then the Ethiopians invaded Egypt slew the Son & successor of Sesak, & under Zera came out against the Iews. For while these things were doing Asa revolted & had rest ten years & fortified Iudea & raised a great army Zerah being beaten by Asa so that he could not recover himself the people of the lower Egypt under the conduct of Osarsiphus called in a great body of the victorious Iews, & drove back the Ethiopians. But after 15 years Amenophis with his son Ramesses came down from Ethiopia with a great army, subdued all Egypt & drave out the Iews And this was the second expulsion of the shepherds. Amenophis by this conquest founded a new Dynasty of Kings of Egypt who reigned at Memphis. ffor he is Menes who reigned next after the Gods or deified kings of & Thebes who built Memphis from him called by the Egyptians Menoph, Mnoph, Moph, Noph. Menoph is Menes. After him reigned Ramesses or Rhampsinitus, Mœris, Cheops – – – at Memphis & there they built the sumptuous temple of Vulcan & the Labyrinth & the Pyramids & made the great lake of Mœris with two Pyramids in it. In the reigns of Asychis & Anytis – – – – by Asserhadon.

For it was hitherto in fashion for the eastern nations to deify the founders of their kingdoms. An instance of which we have in the kings of Damascus founded by Rezon or Hezion in the latter end of Davids reign. [After Hezion reigned Tabrimon, Benhadad, Hazael, Benhadad, ** Rezin successively at Damascus till the Assyrians conquered Rezin. And the Syrians of Damascus] & enlarged by Benhadad & Hazael. For Iosephus lets us know that the Syrians worshipped Adad & his successor Hazael as Gods for their benefactions. And so by the Gods of the other nations <28r> conquered by the Assyrians are to be understood their kings who founded or enlarged their kingdoms. / in these & some other institutions he seems to have copied from those of the Iews, his sister having been Solomons Queen. The High Priest of the nome judged the people & ware a badge hanging about his neck by a golden chain adorned with gemms & named Truth.

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Iosephus tells us out of Manetho & Choeremon that in the reign of Amenophis the son of Rhampsis & grandson of Sethos a great body of leprous Egyptians revolted at Pelusium & had their polity & laws given them by Osarsiphus priest of Heliopolis & called in the Iews from Ierusalem to their assistance & that Amenophis fled to Ethiopia where the King of Ethiopia was freely subject to him & after thirteen years returned & with his young son Ramasses (so called from his Grandfather Rhampses) drave out the rebells & Iews to the borders of Syria This story Manetho & Cheremon have distorted applying it to the time of Moses as if Moses was Osarsiphus & the Israelites which Moses led out of Egypt were the Iews & Egyptians now expelled by Amenophes. Let the story be purged from what belongs to that fiction & it will amount to this that after the Ethiopians were routed at Maresah, the Egyptians called in the victorious Iews to their assistance & then Amenophis leaving a competent force at Pelusium pursued the flying Ethiopians with his main army as far as Ethiopia staid in those parts 10 or 12 years till he had reduced them to obedience & then returned & with his young son Rhampses [either by perswasion or by force] obliged the Iews to withdraw into Syria. And to this action Ramesses seems to relate when he inscribed on his Obelisk (according to the interpretation of Hermapion that he had saved Egypt by expelling forreigners.

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^[22]In this or the next kings reign & in the 14^th year of Asa Zerah king of {Egypt} with an army of a thousand thousand Ethiopians & ^b[23] Lybyans invaded Iudea Their way was through Egypt & they seem to have made a considerable stay there. ffor Asa king of Iudah had peace 10 years before they invaded him & long expected their coming. ffor while the land was yet before him he destroyed {Idolatry &} sought the Lord & fortified the cities of Iudea with walls & towers & gates & bars & prepared an army of 500000 This he did without any help from the Egyptians & they had work enough at home. & At length when they advanced from Eypt Asa met & routed them, so that they could not recover themselves. Azariah the Prophet went out to meet him & said ^[24]Hear ye me Asa & Iudah & Benjamin. The Lord is with you while ye be with him & if ye seek him he will be found of you but if you forsake him he will forsake you. Now for a long season Israel hath been without a true God & without a teaching Priest & without Law. And in those times there was no peace to him that went out nor to him that came in but great vexations were upon all the inhabitants of the countries & nation was destroyed of Nation & city of city: for God did vex them with all adversity [viz^t during the wars & dominion of Sesack.]. But when Israel in their trouble did turn unto the Lord & sought him he was found of them. Israel was therefore in trouble about the Ethiopians when asa sought the Lord & fortified the Cities of Iudah. Thus did the King of Iudah shake of the dominion of Egypt For now he brought into the Temple the silver & gold & vessels which he & his father had dedicated since the spoiling of the temple by Sesak: & henceforward – he & his son Iehosaphat had peace & flourished in power & wealth for 50 years together. The Ethiopians & Libyans being thus routed were probably expelled by the Egyptians. ffor Ramestes inscribed on an Obelisk (according to the interpretation of Hermapion) that he had saved Egypt by overcoming forreigners. Yet by this invasion the dominion of Egypt was shaken so that Herodotus was not much out when he wrote that Sesostris was the only King that enjoyed the Empire. However a considerable part of the nations conquered by Sesostris continued still in subjection to Egypt.

By this action Iudah shook of the dominion of Egypt. ffor whereas Sesak had taken away all the treasures of the Temple Asa now brought into the Temple the silver & gold & vessels which he & his father had dedicated in the room of what Sesak had taken away & henceforward he & his son Iehosaphat – – – together.

The Ethiopians & Libyans being thus totally routed were probably expelled by the Egyptians ffor Ramestes –

His mother was a Queen & therefore we may reccon him of the royal race of Sesostris. By the riches of his predecessors – – musical voice.

He built also the Labyrinth – – end of which was a square – – –

structure like a temple ten furlongs in circuit with several stately Porticos & Galleries. At the entrance of one of the Porticos were three very great statues, his own his mothers & his daughters with this Inscription

Iosephus tells a story out of Manetho & Chœremon of a body of leprous Egyptians revolting at Pelusium in the reign of Amenophis ~ ~ ~ ~ the son of Rampses & grandson of Sethos & calling in the Iews from Ierusalem to their assistance & that Amenophis fled with his army from them into Ethiopia because the king of Ethiopia was freely subject to him & after some time returning with his young son Remesses out of Ethiopia vanquished the rebells & drave them out of Egypt to the borders of Syria.

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– – – – – – – – greatness of their tribute & their army of a thousand thousand. But these inscriptions being upon seveal structures & {Obelisks} in the City Thebes & giving an account of the power & dominion of that city are to be understood of the power & wealth of more kings then one & chiefly of the kings which reigned in Thebes before the translation of the Empire to Memphis & Ramesses here may be Sesostris: for Sesostris is sometimes called by that name.

Pliny tells us that the first Obelisk was made by Mitres who reigned in Heliopolis & afterwards other kings – – – – – – – one of 80.

Herodotus who travelled into Egypt & is the oldest author who has given us an account of the kings of that place, tells us that the Priests of Egypt read to him out of a book the names of 330 kings who reigned after Menes, amongst which was Nitocris a famous Queen & that nothing memorable was told him of any of the rest except the last of them called Mœris, & that after Mœris reigned Sesostris, Pheron, Proteus, Rhampsinitus, Cheops, Cephren, Mycerinus, Asychis, Anysis, Sabacus, Anysis, Sethon, twelve contemporary kings, Psammiticus Nechus, Psammis, Apries, Amasis. This is the best account of the kings of Ægypt now extant, but not without some faults. Menes Nitocris & Mœris were later then the Gods & reigned at Memphis, & there did great works & therefore are to be placed after Sesostris & his son Pheron who reigned at Thebes & were two of the Gods. Menes built the magnificent temple of Vulcan at Memphis & Mœris built the northern Portico of that Temple & therefore reigned soon after Menes so that there is not room for 330 kings between them. For it is not to be imagined that the temple of Vulcan could be 5 or 6 thousand years in building. The last of the three great Pyramids was built some say by Nitocris others by Rhodope others by Mycerinus. Mycerinus died before it was finished & therefore she is to be placed after him. Proteus reigned in the time of the Trojan war & therefore was contemporary to Memnon. Proteus is not an Egyptian name but a Greek word translated from the language of Egypt as Herodotus tells us. It signifies a Prince & so may be either Memnon himself or his deputy governour of Egypt. Proteus reigned at Memphis & if he was the father of Remphis as Diodorus affirms, he must be Memnon himself. As Memnon built the temple of Vulcan so Proteus on the south side of that temple built the Temple of Venus Kospita the wife of Vulcan & the relation between those Temples & time of their building import that they were works of the same king, but Memnon might imploy his Vice-roy to see the buildings erected. Instead of Sabacus Anysis & Sethon Manetho has Sabacon, Sevechus & Taracus which names agree better with Scripture. ffor when Senancherib lost his army Sethon reigned over Egypt according to Herodotus & Tirhakah according to scripture & the predecessor of Tirhakah was So or Sua according to Scripture that is Sevechus. Let all these corrections be made, & the Canon of the kings of Egypt set down by Herodotus will be as follows. Sesostris, Pheron, Menes, Rhampsinitus, Mœris Cheops, Cephren, Mycerinus, Nitocris, Asychis, Anysis, Sabacon, Seoschus, Taracus, twelve contemporary kings, Psammiticus, Nechus, Psammis, Apries, Amasis. And according to this recconing there reigned 18 kings between the death of Sesostris & the beginning of the reign of Amasis, that is in the space of about 390 years, which one reigne with another making about 21$\frac{2}{3}$ years to a reign, answers to the course of nature, especially if another king or wo be inserted.

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Between Osimanduas & Miris, that is Memnon & Mœris, Diodorus places Vchoreus – – – – – – – – – – By these works Vchoreus seems to be the same man with Echerophes the first king of Memphis in the Dynasties of Manetho. Memnon built Memphys but resided for the most part in other places, as at Susa, & Abydus: Vchoreus enlarged & beautified the place & made it his seat. Vnder Echerophis the Libyans revolted but upon an extraordinary increase of the Moon out of {relief} returned to obedience.

Among the stupendious works of – – – – – long staff.

After these kings reigned Gnepharthus – – – – under his dominion.

Anysis was blind & in his reign & the reign of Boccharis Sabacon the Ethiopian – – was called Rhinocolura.

The reign of the Ethiopians over Egypt according to Herodotus b

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Tatian in his book against the Greeks relates that amongst the Phenicians flourished three ancient historians Theodotus Hypsicrates & Mochus who all of them delivered in their histories (translated into Greek by Lætus) that under one of the kings happened the rapture of Europa, the voyage of Menelaus into Phœnicia & the league & friendship between Solomon & Hiram when Hiram gave his daughter to Solomon & supplied him with timber for building the Temple, & that the same is affirmed by Menander of Pergamus. Vnder one of the Kings, that is within the compass of the age of a man. For so the phrase is used by Isaiah, chap. XXIII.15. Iosephus lets us know that the Annals of the Tyrians from the days of Abibalus & Hiram were extant in his days, & that Menander of Pergamus translated them into Greek, & that Hiram's friendship to Solomon & assistance in building the Temple was mentioned in them. And by the testimony of Menander & the three ancient Phenician historians the rapture of Europa happened not long before the building of Solomons Temple . The voyage of Menelaus might be in pursuit of Paris and Hellena twenty years before the destruction of Troy. Solomon therefore reigned in the times between the raptures of Europa & Helena. And

Europa & her brother Cadmus flourished in the days of David & Minos the son of Europa flourished in the days of Solomon & the children of Minos namely Androgeus his eldest son, Deucaleon his youngest son, Ariadne the mistress of Theseus & Bacchus, & Phædra the wife of Theseus flourished in or neare the days of Rehoboam, [Phlias & Eumedon the sons of Bacchus & Ariadne were Argonauts, & Idomeneus the son of Deucaleon was at the war of Troy, & therefore the Argonautic Expedition was] & Phlias & Eumedon the sons of Bacchus & Ariadne being also Argonauts the

The great conquerors Osiris & Bacchus agree in their actions Dicæarchus represents them two generations older then Sesolstris, saying that after Orus the son of Osiris & Isis reigned Sesonchosis.

Osiris was also king of all Egypt & a great conquerour & conquered Thrace & there killed Lycurgus, & his history agrees with that of Bacchus. B

Osiris was also king of all Egypt & a great conquerour & reigned not above three generations before the Arg exp as above & the sacred history admits not of such a conquering king of Egypt in the days of Samuel Saul David & Solomon. Sesac is the first king of this kind.] Osiris conquered Thrace & killed Lycurgus & therein he agrees with Bacchus, & by the consent of all antiquity both Egyptians & Greeks Osiris & Bacchus were one & the same king of Egypt. The histories of Osiris Bacchus & Sesostris agree with one another. All three by the relation of historians were kings of all Egypt & there were no kings of all Egypt including Thebais before the expulsion of the shepherds. All three reigned at Thebes about the same time, & were very potent by land & sea. All thre were great conquerors & conquered the same regions & carried on their conquests by land through Asia as far as India. All three came over the Hellespont & were there in danger of losing their army

^{[Editorial Note 11]}

Apollodorus tells us that Cinyras married Metharme the daughter of Pygmaleon king of Cyprus, & th

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¹Celeus was the son of Rharus the son of Cranaus the successor of Cecrops ²Car the son of Phoroneus the son of Inachus built a temple to Ceres in Megara ³Arcah the son of Callisto the daughter of Lycaon the son of Æzeus received corn from Triptolemus & taught his people to make berad of it. ⁴Myles the son of Lelex was the first who set up a hand mill or Quern in Greece to grind corn, & ⁵Polycarn the brother of Myles married Messene the daughter of Tropas the son of Phorbas the brother of Pirasus. ⁶Pelops came into Peloponnesus in the reign of Epeus the son of Endymion the son of Aethlius the son of Æolus & Ætolus the brother of Epeus slew Apis the son or grandson of Phoroneus. And by these circumstances Cecrops, Inachus, Æzeus, Lelex, Phorbas Pirasus & Æolus flourished two or three generations before the coming of Cadmus & Europa into Europe. Certainly they could not be earlier because Cadmus brought in letters & it is not likely that any thing done in Europe could be remembred above three generations before the use of Letters. These men came with colonies from Egypt & began to build towns soon after their coming & these towns seem to be the oldest in Europe. ffor before the seas were navigated, Europe could be peopled only by Scythians from the north side of the Euxine sea, & the Scythians long after those days lived without towns or houses.

The ancient Greeks who made the fables of the Gods relate that Io the daughter of Inachus was carried into Egypt & there became the Egyptian Isis & that Apis the son of Phoroneus after death became the God Serapis. And others represent that Epaphus, that is Osiris, was the son of Io. And therefore Osiris & Isis in the opinion of the ancient Greeks who made the fables of the Gods, were not above two or three generations older then the Argonautic expedition. // The ancients, both Egyptians & Greeks, agree that the great conquerors Osiris & Bacchus were one & the same king of all Egypt & they agree in their actions. Both conquered {illeg} came over the Hellespont conquered Thrace slew Lycurgus king of Thrace & there put a stop to their victories. Now this Bacchus loved two weomen, Venus & Ariadne Venus {in her youth} was the mother of Æneas & thus was not above or 60 or 70 years before the destruction of Troy, & the sons of Bacchus & Ariadne were Argonauts as above. This Bacchus was potent at sea – – – – – – one & the same man.

Plutarch tells us that the people of Naxus, contrary to what others wrote, pretended that there were two Minoses & two Ariadnes, & that the first Ariadne married Bacchus & the last was carried away by Theseus. This opinion seems to have arisen from hence that some of the Greeks made Osiris & Isis three generations older then the Argonautic expedition as above. But Homer Hesiod – – – – – were Argonauts. Osiris Bacchus & Sesostris were contemporary, & by the relation of historians were all of them kings of all Egypt, & were very potent by land & sea. All three were great conquerers & conquered the same regions & carried on their conquests by land through Asia as far as India – – – – – – – – – no conqueror of Syria India Asia & Europe before Sesak.

^[25]Leek. And this sort of Idolatry was older then the days of Moses as is manifest by the second commandment, & gave occasion to the Thebans & Ethiopians who in the days of Samuel Saul & David conquered the lower Egypt to set up the worship of their own kings in the same manner.

– in Hieroglyphicks. And this way of writing seems to have spread into the lower Egypt before the days of Moses. ffor thence came the worship of their Gods in the various shapes of birds beasts & fishes forbidden in the second Commandment. Now this emblematical way of writing gave occasion to the Thebans & Ethiopians who in the days of Samuel David Solomon & Rehoboam conquered Egypt Libya & Asia & erected a great Empire, to represent their conquering Kings & Princes by various Hieropglyphick figures, as by painting Ammon with rams horns &c.

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^{[Editorial Note 12]} <32v>

{illeg}y find in history that ^a[26] Osiris the first king of Egypt dedicated a Temple to his father Iupiter Hammon. ^b[27] That his widdow Isis or Balilea Queen of Egypt, after the death of her son & daughter Helius & Selene or Orus & Bubaste required her subjects to worship them as Gods & that the Egyptians so soon as she was dead {ad}ed her worship to that of her children. That Thoth or Mercury who was secretary & Counseller to Osiris & Isis & reigned next after them in Egypt ^c[28] ordeined the worship & sacrifices of the Gods & ^d[29] invented the figures of their images . And his institutions were so well observed as to become the religion of that nation till it was succeeded by Christianity. For these Gods & these their figures obteined in Egypt all that time. Thus ready was the ambition vanity or superstition of Princes to introduce &c. Here then we may with more reason place the rise & original of idolatry after the flood then amongst the inferior people as you do without any ground in history. For we shall scarce find any other footsteps of Idolatry so ancient.

* That the solemn worship of Osiris every 4^th year by lamenting he death seeking his scattered members & drowning the Ox which was consecrated to him, was nothing else then his funeral solemnity instituted at first to be observed every 4^th year in honour of his memory & by consequence that it was instituted by the authority of the nation soon after his death. That when Osiris was drowned by Typhon his wife Isis gathered up his scattered members & entombed them in wooden ox & that ^g[30] she & Mercury in memory of these things instituted the above mentioned divine honours & sacred rites adding many other things mystically to his worship by which they might magnify the power of this God. That Mencheres the 12^th King of Memphis who (according to Marsham) reigned in Egypt about the time that Abraham went from Vr of the Chaldees into Canaan & who is called Mencherinus by Diodorus & Mycerinus by Herodotus, ^h[31] did in imitation of Isis intomb his daughter in the belly of a wooden guilded Ox & placed it in a room adorned for that purpose that odors might be daily offered to her & a lamp burn in the night. That the same Isis ^k[32] erected a stately Temple to her parents Iupiter & Iuno that is to Iupiter Hammon & two other temples one of which was to the same Iupiter Hammon & that she erected Temples to other Gods & instituted honours & Priests to them. That Basilea (she is the same Isis) after the death of her son & daughter Helius & Selene (that is Apollo & Diana or Oris & Bubaste) required her subjects to worship them as Gods & that the Egyptians so soon as she was dead added the worship of her to that of her children. And that Thoth or <32r> Mercury – – – – all that time. And thence it became a tradition of Egyptian Priests ^a[33] that the worship of the Gods was commanded them by their kings from the beginning. So then if the Ægyptian Priests understood the originalls of their own kingdom (& what nation I pray had more ancient records then they?) the Worship of their Gods crept not in by degrees among the inferior people as you conjecture, but was ordeined by their first Kings & conserved by all the rest in honour of their family. So ready was the ambition vanity & superstition of Princes to introduce their predecessor into the divine worship of the people to secure to themselves the greater veneration from their subjects as descended from the Gods & erect such a worship & such a Priesthood as might awe the blinded & seduced people into such an obedience as they desired. Here then we have the true original of the corruption of the religion of Noah & the true cause of its spreading so early & so generally. ffor this policy of the kings of Egypt soon took with the kings of other nations.

Was not the great God of the Eastern nations Baal or Iupiter Belus the first king of Assyria? And which I pray is more likely that the Court should promote the honour of Kings among the people or the people find out these refined ways of doing it & introduce them into Courts? Was it the interest of the people to cheat themselves into slavery by such kinds of state policies or was it not rather the business of the court to do it? Diodorus^[34] tells us that Belus brought colonies out of Egypt & instituted Priests there after the manner of the Egyptians. And will you say that he & his successors did not by these Priests introuce the Egyptian superstitions & apply them to their own family for establishing their kingdom?

What Idolatry does your History tell you of among the Greeks before Phoroneus & Danaus kings of the Argivi, Cecrops & Theseus kings of Attica, Cadmus king of Thebes Epopeus king of the Sicyonij & some others introduced it? And why did they introduce it but to deify their ancestors by applying to them the ffables & worship of the Egyptian Gods? For what else were the Gods of the Greeks but their ancient kings? And whence came that custome of the ancient Greeks of calling even their living Kings ἰσόθεοι & ἰσα Θεω but from the state polity of raising their estimation among the people by an opinion of divinity?

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And if any Plate shall be bespoken eleven ounces ten penny weight fine the same may be then made of that fineness & not coarser upon the penalty aforesaid, & it shall be marked with                                                    & the Diet thereof shall be kept in a Box of Diet apart And as often as the Diets of the Goldsmiths of York, Bristol, Exeter, Norwich, Chester, & Newcastel have not been tried at the trial of the Pix of the new coined moneys within two years before; the Assaymasters of those towns shall annually upon notice in writing from the Wardens of the said Company of Goldsmiths or any three of them, bring or send their several Diets to the Hall of the said Company in London, to be there tryed by the Committee of the said Company at the same time & in the same manner with the Diet of the said Company: all which Diets shall be of one & the same standard

shall not be made unless

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became Tutor to the child & then travelled into Crete & Asia till the child grew up & brought back with him the Poem of Homer suppose about the 21 or 22 Ol. & the public by his {Rams} suppose about the 22 Oymp [& this was in the reign of Agesilaus the son & successor of Dosissus or Doriagus in the other race of the kings of Sparta.] And therefore Lycurgus might publish his laws about the 22^th Olympiad. Terpander < insertion from lower down f 33v > ^{[Editorial Note 13]} & then travelled into Crete & Asia till the child grew up, & brought back with him the Poesy of Homer & published it in Greece, suppose about the 20 or 22^th Olympiad, & soon after published his laws. Terpander was a Lyric Poet < text from higher up f 33v resumes > Torpender was a Lyric Poet & imitated Orpheus & Homer & sung his own verses & Homers & wrote the Laws of Lycurgus in verse & therefore flourished after Lycurgus returned out of Asia This Poet was the first who distinguished the modes of Lyric music by several names. And Ardalus & Clonas soon after did the like for wind music. And from henceforward several eminent Musicians & Poets flourished in Greece as Archilochus, Polymnestus, Thaletas, Xenodamus, Xenocritus, Sacadas, Tyrtæus, Tlesilla, Alcman, Arion, Stesichorus, Mimnermus, Alcæus, Sappho, Theognis, Anacreon, Pindar, by whom the Musick & Poetry of the Greeks was brought to its perfection.

Lycurgus published his laws in the reign of Agesilaus the son & successor of Dorissus or Doriagus in the other race of the kings of Sparta From the return of the Heraclides – – – Olympiad as above.

When Lycurgus

<34r>

God & altars for offering oyle & drink offering. For as we build temples & set apart the places so its reasonable to beleive that the Ancients before they began to build such temples set apart certain places for Gods worship & marked the places by erecting only stones or altars. For when God had appeared to Iacob in his way to Haran Iacob said surely the lord is in this place & I knew it not. How dreadful is this place. This is none other but the house of God & this is the gate of heaven. And then to mark the place he took the stone he had slept upon & set it up for a pillar & poured oyle upon it & called not only the stone but the whole place & the adjacent city Bethel, that is the house of God & vowed that if he returned in peace that stone should be Gods house & he would there give the tenth of all he had to God. This offering of tenths shews that he set the place apart for Gods worship by continual sacrifices as in the prytaneum or temples of those days. ffor after his return he went & dwelt there & built an altar to God that is he built a prytaneum. And indeed the pillar it self was nothing else then an altar for such things as could be offered upon it. ffor when Iacob was returned thither & God appeared again to him, he set up another pillar of stone & poured a drink offering & oyle upon it, & called the place Bethel as before. Now the heathen Betyls or Bethels were no doubt originally of the same kind with Iacobs as the name imports & therefore they were at first nothing else then marks of places set apart for the worship of the true God & altars set up for drink offerings & oyle offerings to him And the erecting such altars seems to have been in use from the beginning. ffor such no doubt were the pillars erected by Hercules & Bacchus & from this practise the name Bætylus was given to Canaan & to the stone which Rhea gave Saturn instead of her son Iupiter. But when the heathens began to worship fals Gods they abused these Bethels & feigned them to be the houses of their fals Gods animated by them λίθους ἐμχύχους animated stones as Sanchoniatho calls them that is animated by the souls of their Gods dwelling in them, & on this account they made them the objects of their worship. These Bethels were at first such rude stones as Iacob found in the feild but afterwards they gave them regular Geometrical figures forming them either ^a conically or ^b square or ^c Oval & at length & when men grew still better artists they shaped them like men & weomen & sometimes like bruit beasts. And this I take to be the true original of the worship of Idols. For Porphyrius tells us ☉ < insertion from the left margin of f 34v > ☉ Porphyrius tells us that Damascans a people of Arabia did every sacrifice a boy & bury him υπὸ βομὸν χρωνται ὡς ξοάνης under the altar, which they used as a statue. This altar was therefore a Betyl. ffor < text from f 34r resumes > And because the nations turned this sort of Altars into Idols Moses commands that the great Altar should be made of unhewn stones.

Now whilest the Nations feigned the stars & elements & columns & statues & certain Beasts & Birds & other things to be inhabited by the souls of their Gods & by means of those souls to be Gods & govern the world, they recconed that these things by their motions & operations were significative of things to come & thence invented divers divinatory arts (as Astrology Augury Haruspicine Necromancy, conjuring Southsaying) by which & the crafty artifice of Oracles & figments of statues & columns fallen from heaven & such like tricks the superstition of the people toward these Gods was extreamly increased & the whole world deceived. I name conjuring because that seems to have had its rise from the practice of animating pillars & statues by certain forms of consecration. And these were the heathen superstitions from which Moses made a reformation.

Chap. III.
The History of the first Ages.

The passage in the ℞ is to be thus mended. – et hujus sublimati partes tres abstrahantur primum a duabus Vitrioli deinde a tribus vel quatuor cerussæ. Postea de cerussa illa cum aqua pluvialia (addito si opus est aceto destillato q.s. sed præstat aceto non uti) extrahatur saccharum. I have seen M^r Craigs new piece but had not time to read it. If your friend should go into fflanders or any thing else should fall out so that you cannot go to work this winter, what if you should spend the winter here. About a fortnight since I was taken ill of a distemper which has been here very common, but am now pretty well again.

<34v>

Gods: but the worship of statues was of a later date. Bardesanes < insertion from f 34r > For g^[35] Bardesanes who lived in the reign of the Emperor Marcus tells us that the Taini & Saracens & those of the upper Lybya & the Moorers & inhabitants of the Mouth of the Mediterranean Sea & those in the further parts of Germany & in the upper Sarmatia & Scythia & the nations on the north of the Euxine Sea & those in all Alania Albania, Otenes Saunia & the golden Chersonesus had neither Carver nor Painter nor Architect & by consequence neither Pictures nor images nor Temples but contented themselves with; such Prytanea as the Persians used. < text from f 34v resumes > ffor the ^a[36] Romans worshipped them not till after the reign of Numa and the Greeks not till the reign of Theseus king of Attica & Lucian tells us that anciently the temples not only amongst the Assyrians but also amongst the Egyptians were without Statues. Their original in Europe & Asia minor is thus described by Athenagoras. The Images of the Gods saith he were not so much as named until the plastic arts or art of forming images of clay, that of painting & that of making statues were found out, Saurias the Samian, Craton the Sicyonian Cleanthes the Corinthian & Core a Corinthian woman then flourishing. ffor Saurias found out the way of delineating by the shaddows of things, describing a horse by his shaddow in the Sun; & Craton found out painting describing in a white table the shadows of a man & woman & Core found out the Coroplastick art for when she had described in a wall the picture of one whome she was in love with while he slept, her father who was a Potter, being delighted with the exact likenes of the piece, copied it & filled it out with clay. And this effigies is still conserved in Corinth. After these came Dædalus & Theodorus the Milesian & found out the statuary & plastick arts. And so little a time is it since the invention of Statues that we can recite even the very names of the Artificers who made the Gods. ffor the old statue of Diana in Ephesus & that old one of Minerva made of an olive tree & sitting were made by Endyus the scholar of Dædalus. The Pythian Apollo is the work of Theodorus & Telecles. The Delian Apollo & Diana of Idectæus & Angelion. The Iuno in Samos & Argos of Smilis. The rest of the Statues were made by Phidias. Venus Hetæra in Chydus was the work of Praxiteles The Æsclapius in Epidaurus of Phydias. And in short all statues every where were made by men. So then there were in those regions no Statues in Temples before the age of Dædalus who was contemporary to Minos king of Crete & Theseus king of Athens. Yet by the golden calf & the Cherubims in the tabernacle & the Images of Laban we find that the Statuary art was grown to sufficient perfection in the East before the days of Iacob ^c[37] Epiphanius tells us that in the days of Serue the son of Rehu Idolatry began in pictures & that afterwards Thara the father of Abraham found out the art of making statues of clay & proposed them to be worshipped.

But the worship of Idols began first in rude stones. ffor Clemens tells us^[38] that before the making of statues accurately the ancients erected columns & worshipped them as the statues of the Gods. And ^e[39] Pausanias gives us some instances of rude stones anciently worshipped by the Greeks, one for the statue of Hercules another for that of Cupid others for those of the Graces. < insertion from the right margin of f 34v > And ^q[40] speaking of a certain statue of Mercury he saith: Neare the statue of this God are erected slmost 30 stones of a quadrangular figure They worship each of them calling them by certain names of the Gods. ffor indeed anciently rude stones instead of images were honoured as Gods by all the Greeks < text from f 34v resumes > Such stones they worshipped also at first in Syria calling them Bætyls & saith ^f[41] Damascius they dedicated several Bætyls to several Gods, Saturn, Iupiter, the Sun & others. And Cedrenus tells us that in the age of Serach when solid Images were not yet invented Men began to honour their ancestors ἀνδριάσι στηλων with statues of columns & to adore them as Gods & sacrifice to them. And such pillars as these Moses forbids in Levit. 26.1. These stones seem to have been originally nothing else then marks of places set apart for the worship of the true

<35r> <36v>

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<36r>

Alania, great Russia, Chersonesus, Dacia, Poland, Germany Denmark Sweden Vntill the times of the Council of Constantinople the Bishop of Cæsarea sent bishops to govern the Christians in the regions of Caucasus & beyond it, the principal of which regions was Alania seated upon the river Tanais: & the bishop of Heraclea in Thrace did the like to the Christians in great Russia & Chersonesus. ffor the Christian religion had been propagated into these regions by the Christians who in the times of persecution & particularly in the persecutions of Decius, Dioclesian & Maximinus had fled out the Empire into those parts & continued in subjection to the Churches from which they fled.

<37r>

About two years after the death of Codrus was the Ionic migration under his sons Neleus & Androclus into Asia, & about 20 or 30 years after was a common Council called Panioniun set up over these new Colonies, & convened from the twelve cities Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephesus, Colophon, Lebedus, Teos Clazomenæ, Phocea, Samus, Chius & Erythrea. Herod. l. 1.

About two years after the death of Codrus was the Ionic migration into Asia under his son Neleus & soon after also under his younger sons Androchus & Cyaretus. And about 26 years after his death, these new colonies set up over them a common council called Panionium composed of Counsellours sent from the twelve cities Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephesus, Colophon, Lebedus, Teos, Clazomenæ,Phocea, Samus, Chius, & Erythrea.

<37v>

And the Ionic migration under the sons of Codrus king of Athens might be about 186 years earlier [or about ] & the death of Codrus about twelve fifteen twenty years earlier then that migration or about 16 years after the return of the Heraclides into Peloponnesus.

And the Ionic migration under the sons of Codrus might be about ten or 15 years after their fathers death, at which time Ephesus was built by Androclus the son of Codrus.

^{[Editorial Note 14]}

So Arnobius: Tyrine Hercules in finibus sepultus Hispaniæ.

An Account of the Observations upon the Chronology of Sir I. Newton

<40r>

the fables of the Gods, have feigned that Apis the son of Phoroneus & Io his sister went into Ægypt & became the Apis & Isis of the Egyptians that is their Osiris & Isis. ffor the Egyptians worshipped Osiris in the Ox Apis & feigned that his soul resided in the Ox. So then Osiris, Isis, Apis & Bacchus of the Egyptians in the opinion of the ancient Greeks were not above two generations older then Sesostris or Sesac, & by consequence they could not be older then the reign of David. And if their wars & conquests suit not with his reign nor with Solomons they must be those of Sesac in the reign of Rehoboam. //9. And yet the fabling Egyptians have made them older then the world, feigning that their Gods 9000 years before the days of Solon shared the earth & that in the history of the wars of those Gods mention was made of many Greeks as Cecrops Erechtheus Erechthonius Eripichthon & others whose names resembled theirs who flourished long after in the times next before Theseus, & that the habit & statue of Pallas (the foundress of Sais & Athens) was also there described the weomen in those days warring with the men & in the division of the earth between the Gods the Island Atlantes (a part of which seated at the straits mouth was called Gador) fell to the lot of Neptune who left it to his son Atlas. But Homer lets us know that Calypso the daughter of Atlas reigned there in the times of the Trojan war; & therefore the wars of the Gods of Egypt in the days of her grandfather being but two generations older, must fall in with the wars which Sesostris & his Princes made upon the earth. Homer places Calypso in the Ogygian island 18 or 20 days sail westward from the island Pheacia or Coryra. And so many days sail Gades or Gadin is from Corcyra, recconing with the ancients a thousand stadia to a days sail. Her grandfather Neptune had several children who were either Argonauts or contemporary to them & he with Apollo ( or Orus the son of Osiris) built the walls of Troy in the days of Laomedon the father of Priamus.

10 The great Bacchus loved two weomen Venus & Ariadne. Venus was the mistress of Anchises and mother of Æneas both which lived till the destruction of Troy, & two of the sons of Bacchus & Ariadne were Argonauts. This Bacchus was potent at sea, conquered eastward as far as India, brought his army over the Hellespont, conquered Thrace & killed Lycurgus the king thereof & killed also Pentheus the son of Echion the contemporary of Cadmus & gave the kingdom of Lycurgus to Tharops, & one of his minstrells called by the Greeks Calliope to Oeagrus the son of Tharops & of Oeagrus & Calliope was born Orpheus who sailed with the Argonauts in his youth. And by all these arguments this Bacchus was but one generation older then the Argonauts & so was contemporary to Sesostris or Sesak; & both being kings of Egypt & potent at sea & great conquerors & carrying their conquests into India & Thrace they must be one & the same man. And the same thing is to be said of Osiris. The Egyptians relate that he was king of all Egypt & a great conquerour & subdued Thrace & there killed Lycurgus & therefore his expedition falls in with that of Bacchus. Osiris Bacchus & Sesostris were all of them by the relation of historians kings of all Egypt & reigned about the same time & were very potent by land & sea: All three were great conquerors, & conquered the same regions, & carried on their conquests by land thro' Asia as far as India. All three came over the Hellespont & were there in danger of losing their army: All three conquered Thrace & there put a stop to their victories & returned back from thence into Egypt: & all three left pillars with inscriptions in their conquests: & therefore they must be one & the same king of Egypt, & this king can be no other then Sesak. All Egypt including Thebais, Æthiopia & Libya had no common king before the expulsion of the Shepherds, no conqueror of Syria India Asia & Europe before Sesak. The sacred history admits of no Egyptian conqueror of Palestine before this king.

11 The Greeks reccon Osiris & Bacchus to be the sons of Iupiter, & the Egyptian name of Iupiter is Ammon. – – – – – – – & all three one & the same king with Sesak.

12 The lower part of Egypt being yearly overflowed

<41r> < insertion from the left margin >

Et vice rectæ HX duci potest per punctum I recta ipsi BD parallela.

< text from f 41r resumes >

Hypermnestra the daughter of Danaus Priestess of Iuno Argiva.

1 Callithyia

*

3 Alcinoe in tertia ante Troica ætate

4 Hypermnestra Danai filia

5 Admeta Eurysthai filia.

6 Cydippe.

7 Chrysis

8 Phainis

^{[Editorial Note 15]}

The first Priestess of this Goddess was Callithyia the daughter of Pirasus or Piranthus called Criasus by Castor. And Pirasus was the son of Argue the son or brother of Niobe the daugher of Phoroneus. Callithyia was succeeded by Alcinoe about three generations before the taking of Troy, that is about the middle of Solomons reign. In her days the Siculi passed out of Italy into Sicily. Then Hypermnestra the daughter of Danaus became Priestess of this Goddess. She flourished in the times next before the Argonautic expedition And Admeta the daughter of Eurystheus was Priestess of this Iuno about the times of the Trojan war.

<41v> < insertion from the left margin of f 41v >

In pag. 19. l. 11. after Lemmate XXIII, add the words ejusque Corollina

Pag. 22 l. 15 for hujus ætatis write ætatis novissimæ

Pag. 23. lin 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 may stand.

Pag. 23. lin 32. for corpus B put corpus B quiescens

Pag. 24. lin. 32. for in write In

< text from f 41v resumes >

where Phemonoe became Priestess of Apollo & gave answers in

Bochart (in Canaan l 1. c 15) deduces them from Palestin & thinks that they had the name of Curetes from the people among the Philistims called Crethim or Cerethites Ezek. XXV.16 Zeph. 11.5, 6. 1 Sam. XXX.14, 16.

And so Curtius lib. 5: Semiramis eam condiderat, vel ut plerique credidere Belus, cujus regia ostenditur And ^b[42] Abydenus Fama est Babylonem Belum mœnibus cinxisse, quæ cum tempus abolerisset, nova mœnia struxisse Nebuchadonosorum. And Abydenus Ferunt, inquit, [loca hæc omnia jam inde ab initio aquis obruta fuisse, marisque nomine appellata: verum suam singulis regionem &c] Belum Babylonem mœnibus cinxisse ac deinceps mortalium oculis ereptum esse: postea vero Βηλον Βαβυλονα τείχει περιβαλειν τω χρόνω δὲ ἰχνευμένω ἀφανισθηναι. τειχάσο() δε ἀυθις Ναβουχοδονοσορον &c Belum, ferunt, Babylonem, mœnibus cinxisse, quæ tempora abolita fuerunt, & Nebuchadonosorum deinceps nova mœnia æneis portis distincta struxisse quæ ad usque Macedonum imperium steterunt. Euseb. Præp. l. 9

<42r>

But the Greeks had corrupted their Chronology before the Marbles were made, so as to add to the antiquity of all things done before the wars of the Persians against them . And therefore the war against Cyrrha may have been a little later suppose an 1 Olymp. 52 & the message of Crœsus to the Oracle at Delphos an 1 1 Olymp 58. & the expulsion of the sons of Pisistratus an. 1 Olymp. 68 or bef{ore} And suitably to these recconings the Legislature of Draco may bee in the 50 Olympiad, that of Solon in the 54^th Olympiad & the taking of Sardes by Cyrus in the 59^th Olympiad The first annual Archon of Athens in the 48^th Olympiad. The first decennial Archon of Athens about 40 years before, some of these Archons dying in their regency. And the Ionic migration under the conduct of the sons of Codrus 20 years before the Olympiads, & the death of Codrus 5 or 10 years before that migration

And therefore the war against Cyrrha may have been a little later suppose an. 1. Olymp. 53 & the message of Crœsus to the Oracle at Delphos an. 1 Olymp 58 & the expulsion of the sons of Pisistratus an 1. Olymp. 69. And suitably to these recconings the Legislature of Draco may have been in the 51 Olympiad, that of Solon in the 55^th Olympiad & the taking of Sardes by Cyrus in the 59^th Olymp. The first annual Archon of Athens in the 49^th Olymp. The first decennial Archon in the 39^th Olymp. or not long before, some of the 7 Archons dying in their regency. The death of Codrus may have been about 30 or 40 years before the Olympiads. And the Ionic migration under the sons of Codrus within 5 or 10 years after his death.

Diodorus tells us that the Egyptians sent many colonies out of Egypt into other countries & that Belus the son of Neptune & Libya carried colonies thence into Babylonia & seating himself on Euphrates instituted Priests free from Taxes & publick expences after the manner of Egypt, who were called Chaldæans & who after the example of the Priests & Astronomers of Egypt might observe the starrs. By calling him the son of Neptune he is here represented a seaman like Oannes; ☉ < insertion from f 42v > ☉ And by his being King of Egypt & Lord of Chaldea & that Belus who was the son of Neptune & Libya, he can be no other then Ammon or Sesac. For Apollodorus tells us that Belus the son of Neptune & Libya & king of Egypt was the father of Ægyptus & Danaus, & this Belus was Ammon. He tells us also that Busiris the son of Neptune & Lisianassa [lege Libyanassa] the daughter of Epaphus was king of Egypt: & Eusebius calls this king Busiris the son of Neptune & Libya the daughter of Epaphus: & here by Busiris they seem to mean Osiris. Ammon went not out of Egypt, & therefore the Bel{us} who carried colonies into Chaldea & seated himself upon Euphrates must be Osiris. And hereby it appe{ars} why the Chaldeans made Oannes older then the flood of Xixuthrus: for the Egyptians made Ammon & Sesac as old. So then Astronomy, Letters, Agriculture, Architecture cohabitation in cities & erecting of temples to the dead were carried into Chaldea by the Edomites who fled by sea from David & Egypt in the days of David & Solomon, that is about the same time that the same things came from the same countries into Libya Asia minor & Europe. In Persia they erected no Temples to the Gods till above 500 years after these days.

By his being the son of Neptune he was a seaman like Oannes. By his being the Belus of the Chaldeans & the son of Neptune & Libya & a king of Egypt which carried Colonies thence into Chaldea he must be either Ammon or Sesac. For Apollodorus & this was in the days of David & Solomon. < text from f 42r resumes >

^{[Editorial Note 16]} <43r>

– the beginning of his reign

Astyages ^a[43] married his daughter Mandanes to Cambyses a Persian & of them was born ✝ Cyrus < insertion from the right margin of f 43r > ✝ who commanded the armies of the Medes & Persians & after various warrs first overcame Crœsus King of Lydia < text from f 43r resumes > who commanded the armies of the Medes & Persians overcame Crœsus king of the Lydians & thereby added all Asia minor to the kingdom of the Medes & Persians. For Crœsus reigned at Sardes over all Asia minor on this side the river Halys except Cilicia & Lycia & his kingdom was rich & flourishing as well as large & potent. At that time Nabonedus reigned in Babylon. Herodotus calls him Labynitus the son of Labynitus & Nitocris King & Queen of Babylon & by Labynitus the father understands that king of Babylon by whose meanes peace was made between Abattes king of Lydia & Cyaxeres king of the Medes that is the great Nebuchadnezzar. In the 17 year of Nabonidus the son, Cyrus invaded Babylonia, beat the army of the Babylonians & beseiged Babylon & took it either that year or the next (Ier. 51.46) in Summer (v. 39) in the time of a ffeast when the Babylonians were dissolute & in drink (Herod. l. 1 Xen. Cyrop. l 7 Ier. 51.39, 57) by diverting the river Euphrates & entring the City through the emptied Channel (Herod. l. 1. Xenophon Cyrop. l 7.) & by consequence after midsummer. ffor the river – – – – – designe in execution.

<43v>

Herodotus Ctesias & the Author of Bel & the Dragon make Cyrus the immediate successor of his Grandfather Astyages in the kingdom of the Medes, Daniel makes him the immediate successor of Darius the son of Achsuerus of the seed of the Medes that is of the race of their kings And Xenophon makes Cy-Axeres or Achswerus the son & successor of Astyages. Whence there seem to have been six kings of the Medes Dejoces, Praortes, Cy-Achswerus, Astyages, Cy-Achswerus & Darius. ffor Darius might well be the grandson of Astyages, being contemporary to Cyrus.

Cyrus therefore took Sardes & Babylon during the reign of the Medes ffor Babylon was destroyed by a nation out of the North (Ier 50.3, 9, 41) by the kingdoms of Ararat Minni & Ashchenaz (Ier 51.27) by the Medes (Isa 13.17, 19) by the Kings of the Medes & the captains & rulers thereof & all the land of his Dominion (Ier. 51.11, 28) And accordingly Daniel (chap. 5) told Belshasser that his kingdom was divided (from him) & given to the Medes & Persians, first to the Medes under Darius the Mede who after Belshazzer was slain took the kingdom being about 62 years old, & then to the Persians under Cyrus & his successors. And the Angel told Daniel (chap. 10.20 & 11.1) that he returned to fight with the Prince of Persia, for when he was gone forth the Prince of Greece should come & that in the first year of Darius the Mede he stood to confirm & to strengthen him, that is he stood to assist Darius in conquering the kingdom of Babylon as he should afterwards assist Alexander the great in conquering the kingdom of Persia. And this is further confirmed by the laws by which Darius reigned over Babylonia. ffor he preserved not the laws of the Babylonians but introduced the immutable laws of the conquering nations the Medes & Persians (Dan 6.8, 12 15) & the Medes in his reign are set before the Persians (Dan. ib. & 5.28) as the Persians were afterwards set before the Medes (Esther 1.3, 14, 18, 19) which shews that Cyrus & the Persians reigned not over the Medes till after the death of Darius but warred under him at the taking of Babylon. And therefore Xenophon (who having learnt some things concerning Cyrus feigned all the rest so as to write his life as particularly as if he had lived in his court) was not mistaken in producing the reign of the Kings of the Medes till after the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus, & making Cyrus king of neither Media nor Persia till after that conquest but only the Commander of the armies of those nations under their kings. And if many of the Greeks have recconed him king of those nations before, it was because he was most known to them & in those early ages the name of King was usually given to every head Commander of an army.

This Darius the Mede (not the father of Xerxes but another earlier king) coyned a great number of four square pieces of pure gold called Darics or Stateres Darici each worth twenty Attic drachms of silver & five of them worth a pound of silver. & he was the first King of the Medes or Persians who coyned such money. They had the Effigies of Darius on one side & an Archer on the other. The following kings of Persia coyned only silver money. See Brissonius de Regn. Pers. Lib 11. pag 277, 278. The occasion of this coynage seems to have been the example of the Kings of Lydia conquered by the Medes & Persians. ffor the Lydians coyned money before the Medes invaded them, & being very rich might not only teach their conquerers the art & use of money but also supply them with gold. Whence it's probable that they were conquered by Cyrus in the reign of Darius.

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For the antiquity of these institutions appears by the names & founders of the cities of Egypt & also by the ancient fable of the Egyptian Gods hiding themselves from the Gyants in the shapes of various beasts at the death of Osiris the father of Hermes in which shapes they were afterwards worshipped by the Egyptians ffor whereas the Gods are by Homer & the Mythologists accounted to be born out of the Ocean Diodorus tells us that the Egyptians account their Nile to be that Ocean. ffor in Egypt only, saith he, among all the countries in the world are many cities built by the ancient Gods, as by Iupiter Sol Mercury Apollo Pan Elithia & many others. Diodor l. 1. c. 1. It appears also by the ancient fable of the Gods hiding themselves from the Giants in the shapes of various beasts at the death of Osiris the father of Hermes in which shapes they were afterwards worshipped by the Egyptians.

^{[Editorial Note 17]} <44v>

Iosephus (Antiq. l.    ) makes Babylon overthrown by Darius King of the Medes & Cyrus of Persia.

– the beginning of his reign.

Astyages married his daughter Mandanes to Cambyses a Persian & of them was born Cyrus who leading the armies of the Medes & Persians conquered the Kingdoms of Sardes & Babylon. By the first conquest he added – large & potent.

About 40 or 50 years before the overthrow of Crœsus the Medes had invaded this kingdom & after five years warr uppon a great eclips of the Sun which was predicted by Thales & turned day into night in the time of a battel, they made peace by the meanes of Labynitus king of Babylon as Herodotus relates. This Labynitus was the great Nebuchadnezzar as is manifest by the {ti}me of the action. And in the reign of another Labynitus the son of this Labynitus & Nitocris an eminent Queen of Babylon, (as Herodotus also relates) in the 17^th year of his reign Cyrus invaded Babylonia routed the army of Labynitus beseiged Babylon & took it – execution. This Labynitus is by Iosephus called Nabonidus & Naboandel & Balthazar Some reccon Laboasardach the predecessor of Labynitus to have been Belhassar but he was a child when he reigned whereas Balhasar was born before the 5^t year of Zedekiah (Baruch 1.11, 12) & therefore was above 33 years old at the death of Nebuchadnezzer.

Herodotus Ctesias & the author of Bel & the Dragon & most of the Greeks make Cyrus the immediate successor of his Grandfather Astyages: according to which recconing the dominion of the Medes must have ceased before the taking of Sardes & Babylon. And yet by the scriptures tis certain that the Medes reigned till after the taking of Babylon as Xenophon also writes. ffor Babylon was destroyed by a nation out of the north (Ier 50.3, 9, 41) by the kingdoms of Ararat Minni & Ashchenaz, (Ier. 51.27) by the Medes (Isa 13.17, 19) by the kings of the Medes & the captains & Rulers thereof & all the land of his dominion (Ier 51.11, 28) & Darius the Mede reigned over Babylon before the kingdom came to Cyrus the Persian (Dan.      ) The kingdom of Belthasar was broken & given to the Medes & Persians (Dan      ) first to the Medes under Darius & then to the Persians under Cyrus & his successors. ffor Belthasar making a great feast was slain that night & Darius the Mede took the Kingdom (Dan 5.31 & 6.28) & reigned like a conqueror for he observed not the laws of the Babylonians but like a conqueror introduced the forreign laws of the reigning nations the Medes & Persians (Dan 6.8, 12, 15) & the Medes in his reign are set before the Persians (Dan ib & 5.28 & 8.20) as the Persians were afterwards in the reign of Cyrus & his successors set before the Medes (Dan 10.1, 20 & 11.2 & Esther 1.3, 14, 18, 19)

Darius was therefore king of the Medes & by the assistance of Cyrus conquered Babylon & this is further confirmed by the Angel who told Daniel that he would return to fight with the Prince of Persia for when he was gone forth the Prince of Greece should come, & that in the first year of Darius the Mede he stood to confirm & to strengthen him (Dan. 10.20 & 11.1) that is to say he assisted & strengthened Darius in the conquest of Babylon as he was afterwards to assist Alexander the great in the conquest of Persia.

Vpon the overthrow of the Kingdom of Babylon Daniel in the first year of Darius understood by books the number of years whereof the word of the Lord came to Ieremiah that he would acomplish 70 years in the desolations of Ierusalem Dan 9.2. ffor upon the overthrow of that kingdom the Iews were to be released Ier 24.12.

Iosephus tells us that Cyrus king of the Persians & Darius king of the Medes made war upon Belthasar in the 17^th year of his reign & that while Babylon was beseiged Belthasar made a great feast & saw the hand-writing upon the wall which Daniel interpreted to him, & then the city was taken. Ioseph. Antiq. l 10. c 12.

Xenophon writes that Astyages left the kingdom of the Medes to his son Cyaxares & that Cyrus only led the Armies of Media & Persia against Babylon & was not king of either nation till after the taking of Babylon & that he entred Babylon through the river in the night of a great feast when the Babylonians were in drink & slew the king of Babylon the same night. Xenophon produces the reign of Cayxires to the taking of Babylon, but Daniel tells us that the king of the Medes who then reigned was Darius the son of <44r> {Achswerus} that is of Oxyares or Cy-Axeres. So that there were six kings of the Medes before Cyrus namely Dejoces, Pharaortes, Cy-Achswerus, Astyages Cy-Achswerus & Darius. ffor Darius might well be the grandson of Astyages being contemporary to Cyrus.

This is that Darius who coyned a great number of square pieces of pure gold called Daricts or stares Darici. ffor these were coyned not by the father of Xerxis but by an earlier Darius, the first king of the Medes or Persians who coyned such money. They had the Effigies of Darius on one side & an Archer on the other & were of the same value with the Attic stater or piece of gold money weighing 2 Attic drachms or with 20 Attic drachms of silver. Its probable that he learnt the art & use of money from the conquered kingdom of the Lydians, & coyned their gold. ffor they were exceeding rich. See Brissonius de Regn. Pers. Lib. 11. pag. 277, 278.

In those early ages the name of Kings was more common then at present being given to commanders of armies & inferior Princes. The King of Persia stiled himself King of Kings & the great King. In this sence Cyrus might be recconed a king from the time that he first began to command the army of the Medes & Persians. And this might give occasion to many of the Greeks to reccon him the successor of Astyages tho he reigned not till after the taking of Babylon & death of Darius. Then he succeeded in the throne of the kingdom & set the Persians above the Medes & from that time (saith Xenophon) spending the seven winter months at Babylon the three spring months at Susa & the two winter months at Ecbatane he came the seventh time into Persia & there died. Xenophon Cyrop. l. 8.

By the Canon & consent of all Chronologers Cyrus died in the year of Nabonassar 218 & therefore since he reigned seven years he succeeded Darius in the year 211. And thereby it may be understood how Daniel continued (or lived) to the first year of Cyrus (Dan 1.21) & yet prophesied in the 3^d year of the same king, Dan 10.1. ffor the year 212 was the first year of Cyrus alone & his third year in common with Darius. ffor as the Iews recconed the reign of Nebuchadnezzar from his conquest of Iudea in the life time of his father, so they might sometimes reccon the reign of Cyrus from his conquest of Babylon in the life time of Darius, & so Ptolomy reccons it in his Canon.

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By Belus I understand Ammon. For

Whom the Phœnicians Syrians & Babylonians call Belus & the Europeans Iupiter & the Egyptians call Ammon. And thence I seem to gather that Ammon was king of Egypt when Cadmus came into Europe.

Ægyptus & Danaus are by the Greeks recconed among the sons of this Belus & therefore they flourished after the coming of Cadmus into Europe. Manetho tells us that Ægyptus & Danaus were Sethosis & Armais & that Sethosis having forces by sea & land left the government of Egypt to his brother Armais while he invaded & conquered Cyprus Phenicia Media, Persia & other Nations. Whence its plain that Sethosis was the same conqueror with Sesostris. The Greeks have transmitted to posterity many things concerning the wars & actions of Sesostris, all which must have been forgotten had those warrs been ancienter then the use of letters brought in by Cadmus. And therefore Sesostris reigned after ✝ < insertion from f 45v > ✝ reigned after the days of Samuel, & by consequence after the Days of David & Solomon. For Herodotus saw some of Sesostris his Pillars erected in Palestine in memory of his conquering that country, & such a conquest cannot agree to the warlike & victorious reign of David nor to the peaceable & flourishing reign of Solomon, nor is there any mention of an invasion of Iudea by the Egyptians in the days of the Iudges or at any time before the fift year of Rehoboam. Nor could it be long after: for all antiquity make Sesostris older then the Trojan war; & I reccon him a little oder then Argonautic expedition because the Greeks built the Ship Argo in imitation of the long ship in which Danaus upon the return of Egyptus or Sethosis into Egypt sailed with his 50 daughters to Greece. Sethosis therefore returned into Egypt about 10 or 20 years before the Argonautic Expedition & by consequence invaded the nations in the reign of Rehoboam, & so can be no other king then Sesak.

Well therefore doth Iosephus^[46] affirm that Herodotus ascribes to Sesostris the actions of Sesak & particularly his invasion & conquest of Iudea erring only in the name of the King. Which is all one as to say that Sesak was that conqueror whom Herodotus calls Sesostris. < text from f 45r resumes > the coming of Cadmus into Europe ✝. All Antiquity make him older than the Trojan war & I reccon him a little older then the Argonautic expedition because the Greeks built the ship Argo in imitation of the long ship in which Danaus upon the return of Ægyptus or Sethosis into Ægypt sailed with his 50 daughters to Greece. So then Sethosis or Sesostris lived in the age of Solomon & Rehoboam & therefore can be no other king then Sesak.

We are told in Scripture that Sesak – – – – answers to it. Sesostris in memory of his victories set up pillars in the conquered countries with the genitalls of a man if the conquered people resisted & behaved themselves valiantly, otherwise with the genitals of a woman & Herodotus tells us that he saw pillars in Iudea with the genitals of a woman. Iudea therefore submitted with little or no resistance & this cannot agree to the warlike & victorious reign of David nor to the flourishing & peaceable reign of Solomon. Nor is there any mention of an invasion of Iudea by the Egyptians in the times of the Iudges or at any time before the 5^t year of Rehoboam but in that year Sesak came out of Egypt with an army of Libyans Troglodites & Ethiopians which had been subdued before & subdued Iudea & the kingdoms of the earth the Iews submitting & thereby preserving their king & government. Well therefore doth Iosephus^[47] affirm that Herodotus ascribes to Sesostris the actions of Sesak & particularly his invasion & conquest of Iudea erring only in the name of the king. Which is all one as to say that Sesak was that conqueror whom Herodotus erroneously calls Sesostris.

^{[Editorial Note 18]}

Menes was the first of the kings who reigned at Memphys: those before him reigned at Thebes, & their history is as follows.

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– – – Volcanus, the God of Canaan

Cinyras having been very beneficial to the kings of Egypt in their wars by making them armour, was after his death honoured by them with a very sumptuous Temple built at Memphys by Memnon, & adorned with magnificent Porticos by following kings. And on the south side of this Temple was built a smaller Temple to his Venus, whom the Egyptians called Venus hopsita because she was a forreigner. The Priests told Herodotus that Venus hospita was Hellena. But if Helena ever was in Egypt she did nothing to merit such a Temple there. The building of this Temple by the Temple of Vulcan discovers that she was Vulcan's Venus.

Diodorus tells us.

– Memnonia & returning into Egypt built several magnificent structures there. He built Memphys & there made a bridge over the Nile turning the river into a new channel & in Memphys he built the magnificent Temple of Vulcan as above. At Abidus he built a stately Palace – –

Whether Zerah was Sardus or one of his captains is not material The names do not much disagree.

CHAP. III
The Monarchy of Egypt at Thebes.

Herodotus in giving an account of the ancient state of Egypt tells us that the Priests of Egypt affirmed Menes to be their first king & that they read to him out of a book the names of 330 kings of Egypt who all reigned before Sesostris & amongst whom were 18 Ethiopians & a forreign woman named Nitocris. – – – – – – – of her childhood had no breasts.

After Amosis had expelled the shepherds & established his kingdom at home, Amon sent an army under the command of his son Sesostris into Arabia – – – – –

She had also a Temple at Memphys in Ægypt built on the south side of the temple of Vulcan & dedicated to her under the name of Venus Hospita. Some took this Venus to be Helena

And as he ends the fourth age with the wars of Thebes & Troy, so he seems to end the third age with the invention of iron by the Idei Dactyli in Crete in the reign of Minos, saying that in the third age iron was not yet found out.

Antæus, Atlas, Typhon & Neptune neare kinsmen to Sesostris if not one & the same man.

Sardius & Zerah the same man.

Memphys built by Menes after the expulsion of the Iews & restauration of the Monarchy, & return of Memnon into Egypt from his conquests in Asia.

Asterisms formed between the Argonautic expedition & Trojan war. The beginning of the 12 signes fell upon the middle of the Asterisms of the Zodiac. The story of Perseus in Cepheus, Cassiopea, Andromeda, Perses, Pegasus, Cete; of the Argonauts in Argo, Hydra, Crater, Corvus, Chyron, Ara Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Lyra Orphei, : of Icarus in Auriga, Plaustrum majus, Erigone or Virgo & Bootes; of Hercules in Hercule, sagitta, Vultus Leo nemeus, of Orion in Orion the two doggs the Hare & Scorpio. Ariadnes crown, Ophiuchses Bootes If these were formed by Orpheus soon after the Argonautic expedition, suppose 40 years after the death of Solomon in imitation of the Egyptian Sphere invented a little before by Atlas, or 2640 years ago, the Equinox will be moved backwards (after the rate of 50″ per annum) [2520 + 120] 36^gr 40′, & so much the vernal Equinox is now distant from the middle of the Asterism of Aries & the entrances of the rest of the signes from the middles of the other Asterisms of the Zodiac.

The 14^th & 15^th year of Hezekiah a sabbatical year & Iubile

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For Helladius^[48] tells us that a man called Oes or Oannes who appeared in the red sea with the tail of a ffish (so they painted a sea-man) taught Astronomy & letters And Hyginus^[49] that Euhadnes (that is Oannes) who came out of the sea in Chaldea was the first who taught Astrology the he means Astronomy. And Alexander Polyhistor from Berosus^[50] that Oannes taught the Chaldeans letters & Arts & agriculture. Oes, Oannes & Euhadnes are the same man, & therefore Letters & Astronomy & arts & agriculture came into Chaldea from the red sea.

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When navigation was so far improved that the Phenicians began to leave the sea shore & sail through the Mediterranean by the starrs it may be presumed that they began to discover the Islands of the Mediterranean & for the sake of traffic to sail as far as Greece, & this was not long before they carried away Io the daughter of Inachus. And Eratosthenes ^a[51] tells that Cyprus was at first so overgrown with wood that it could not be tilled; & that they first cut down the wood for melting of copper & silver, & afterwards when they began to sail safely upon the mediterranean, they built ships & even navies of it; & when they could not destroy the wood they gave every man leave to cut down what wood he pleased & to possess all the grownd which he cleared of wood So Europe at first abounded very much with woods, one of which called the Hercynian took up a great part of Germany being ful nine days journeys broad & above 40 long in Cæsar's days. And yet the Europeans had been cutting down their wood to make room for mankind ever since the invention of iron in the days of Minos,

Diodorus tells us further that the Cyclade Islands (those neare Crete) were at first desolate & uninhabited, but Minos the son of Europa having a powerfull fleet sent many Colonies out of Crete & peopled many of them & particularly that the Island Carpathus was first seized by the soldiers of Minos. Syme lay wast & desolate till Triops came thither with a Colony under Chthonius. Strongyle or Naxus was first inhabited by the Thracians in the days of Boreas. Samus was at first desert & inhabited only by a great multitude of terrible wild beasts. Aristæus who married Autonoe the daughter of Cadmus, carried a Colony from Thebes into Cœa an Island not inhabited before. The Island Rhodes was at first called Ophiusa being full of Serpents before Phorbas a Prince of Argos went thither & made it habitable by destroying the serpents: in memory of which he is delineated in the heavens in the Constellation of Ophiuchus. The discovery of this & some other islands made a report that they rose out of the sea. In Asia Delos emersit & Hiera et Anaphe et Rhodus: Ammian. l. 17. Claræ jamdudum insulæ Delos et Rhodos memoria produntur enatæ; postea minores, ultra Melon Anaphe, inter Lemnum et Hellespontem Nea, Inter Nebedum et Teon Alonæ &c. Plin. l. 2. c. 87.

Diodorus tells us also that the seven islands called Æolides between Italy & Sicily were desert & uninhabited till Liparus & Æolus about the time of the Trojane war went thither from Italy & peopled them. And that Malta & Gaulus or Gaudus on the south side of Sicily were first peopled by Phenicians, & so was Madera without the straits. And it is not likely that Great Britain & Ireland could be peopled before navigation was propagated beyond the straits mouth.

^{[Editorial Note 19]}

Dionius the Egyptian Hercules recruited his army with the people whom he conquered, & coming fom his war with Gerion in Spain to the costs of Piemont & endeavouring to pass the Alps into Italy was strenuously opposed by the Liguras, but afterward got into Italy & there slew Cacus, & [after the Sicanians had served him in Chuse] made some conquests in which he might seat the Sicanians.]

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Abraham was the fift from Peleg & all mankind lived together & spake one language in Chaldea under the government of Noah & his sons till the days of Peleg, & so long they were of one language & one religion, & then they divided the earth & began to spread themselves in the several countries which fell to their share, carrying along with the laws & customes & religion under whichthey had till those days been governed by Noah & his sons. And these laws were handed down to Abraham Melchisedec & Iob & for some time observed by the Iudges of the countries Iob 31.11, 28, & at length inserted by Moses into his laws

about the beginning of Solomons reign at which time Minos was 15 or 20 years old. For Minos lived long & was dead above 30 years before that expedition.

– ever since the days of Minos.

All these footsteps there are of the first peopling of Europe. Chaldea Assyria Syria Phenicia & Egypt were peopled some ages before. Abraham was the fift fom Peleg, & all mankind lived together in Chaldea under the government of Noah & his sons untill the days of Peleg. So long they were of one language & one religion: And then they divided the earth, being perhaps disturbed in Chaldea by the rebellion of Nimrod & forced to leave of building the tower of Babel. And from thence they spread themselves into the several countries which fell to their share carrying along with them the laws customes & religion under which they had till those days been educated & governed by Noah & his sons. And these laws were handed down to Abraham, Melchizedec & Iob & for some time were observed by the Iudges of the eastern countries Iob. 31.11, 28. Several of them are mentioned by Iob chap. 31, viz^t not to worship the Sun or Moon or other Gods then the supreme least you should deny the God above, not to deceive, nor steal, nor commit adultery, nor covet, nor trust in riches, nor oppress the poor or fatherless, nor curse your enemies nor rejoice at their misfortunes, nor defraud nor kill, but to be friendly & hospitable & merciful & to releive the poor & needy. This was the morality & religion of the first ages; this was the end of all the Law & the Prophets comprehended in the two great commandments of loving the Lord our God with all our heart & mind & strength & our neighbur as our selves & enjoyned to the strangers within the gates of Israel as well as to the Israelites: & this is the moral law of both Iews & Christians to this day. – this was the religion of Moses & the Prophets comprehended in the two great Commandments of loving the Lord our God with all our heart & soul & mind & our neighbour as our selves, this was the religion enjoyned to the stranger within the gates of Israel as well as to the Israelites, & this is the moral law & religion of both Iews & Christians to this day, & ought to be the standing religion of all nations, & without it all other religions are vain.

God is every where without being seen or felt Iob. 9.8, 11 & 11.7, 8, 9. & 22.12, 14. & 23.8, 9. Omnipotent & omniscient. Iob. 42.2

^{[Editorial Note 20]}

Some of these laws are recited by Moses as not to curse God nor blaspheme his name nor to kill nor injure but to make satisfaction for accidental injuries by paying the price & to loos an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth a breach for a breach Levit 24.15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22 & Gen 9.6 & to be merciful even to bruit beasts so as not to strangle them or cut of their limbs alive or eat them with the blood but to kill them for food by letting out their blood Gen 9.4. Levit 17.10, 12, 13. nor were they to eat any thing which died of it self or was torn by beasts Levit 17.15. Of the Laws see Selden concerning the 7 Precepts of the Sons of Noah.

These Corybantes danced at the sacrifices in armour as seized like the Idæi Dactyli & [thereby these mysteries appear to be Phenician.] the Godess was drawn by Lyons & had a Corona turrita on her head & a drum in her hand like the Phenician godess Astarte. And in

For Teutamus the father of Asterius went into Crete with a colony from Olympia & upon the flight of Asterius some of his friends might retire into their own country & be pursued & conquered there by Hercules Idæus.

^{[Editorial Note 21]} <48v>

For mankind lived together in Chaldea under the government of Noah & his sons till the days of Peleg; & then they divided the earth & began to spread themselves into the several countries which fell to their share, carrying along with them the Laws & customes under which they had been governed by Noah & his sons till that time which laws have been since called the Precepts of the sons of Noah [& the laws of nations & were observed by Abraham & his family, Melchizedec & his city Iob & his friends & the Iudges where he lived.] And Abraham was the fift from Peleg.

When the Phenicians began to leave the sea coast & sail through the Mediterranean by the help of the starrs, that is, when they began to sail as far as Greece for the sake of trafic & carried away Io the daughter of Inachus then the Islands of the Mediterranean remote from the continent, began to be discovered. For Diodorus tells us that the Cyclade Islands (those neare Crete) were at first desolate – – – – – straits mouth

I meet with no cities in Crete older then the arrival of the Phenicians there with Europa & her brother Atymnus. The first inhabitants of this Island are called Eteocretans: but whence they were & how they came thither is not said in history. Then sailed thither a colony of Pelasgians from Greece & soon after Teutamus the grandfather of Minos carred thither a colony of Dorians from the parts of Peloponnesus near Olympus. And these several colonies spake several languages & fed on the spontaneus fruits of the earth & lived quietly in caves & huts till the invention of iron in the days of Asterius the son of Teutamus, & at length were reduced into one kingdom & one people by Minos , who was their first Law-giver, & built many towns & introduced plowing & sowing

And the Island Cyprus was discovered by the Phenicians not long before. For Eratosthenes tells us – – – – – in Cæsars days. And Europe must have been much more woody when first discovered by the Phenicians. ffor the Europeans have been cutting down their woods ever since the invention of iron tools in the days of Asterius & Minos

The Laws customes & Precepts by which Noah & his sons governed all mankind in Chaldea till the days of Phaleg, & which upon the first division of the earth were propagated thence into other countries, were those observed by Abraham & his family, by Melchisedeck & his city, & by Iob & his friends & the Iudges of his country. & in general by the nations till they began to worship their dead Kings & Heros. Moses inserted them into his Law; & the strangers within the gates of Israel were to observe them, & the Iews still call them the Precepts of the sons of Noah. And they were, to worship no other God but the supreme Iob. XXV.26, 27, 28 not to blaspheme his name Levit. 24.16. not to commit adultery Iob. 31.9, 10, 11. not to deceive nor oppress nor steale nor covet nor defraud nor kill Iob. 31.5, 7, 13, 24, 25, 38, 39 & Num. 35.15. to be merciful even to bruit beasts so as not to kill them by strangling but only by letting out their blood. Levit 17.12, 13, 14, < insertion from the left margin of f 48v > not to deceive nor steale nor commit adultery nor oppress nor covet Iob. 31.5, 7, 9, 11, 13 24, 25. to be merciful & hospitable Iob. 31.16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 32. not to curse your enemy nor rejoice at his misfortunes Iob 31.29, 30. not to defraud nor kill Iob. 31.18, 39

< text from f 48v resumes >

Sicily was peopled before the death of Minos who was slain there, & the first inhabitants are called Sicani. Philistus saith that they were transplanted from the river Sicanus in Spain. They might be transplanted by Sesostris in the reign of his father Ammon when he returned by Spain from the {Sicani}. ffrom many cities of the Sicani each with its own king it may be gathered that they were not much ancienter.

<48r>

Lesbos lay wast & desolate till Xanthius the son of Triopas a prince of the Pelasgians who came from Argos, sailed thither from Lycia with a colony. Diodor l. 5. c. 4. – till Macarius the son of Crinacus peopled it, as he did also the islands Chius & Coos.

And Tenedos lay desolate till Tennes the son of Cyrnus or Cygnus a little before the Trojan war sailed thither with a colony from Troas & peopled it.

Clemens Alexandrinus (Admonitione ad Gentes) tells us that Dardanus instituted the mysteries of the mother of the Gods He was the brother of Iasion & Harmonia & Cybele was the daughter of Meones king of Phrygia & the wife of Iasion, & Corybas the son of Iasion & Cybele, after the death of his father going into Phrygia instituted there the worship of his mother Cybele in the reign of Dardanus. after the manner of the Egyptian Rhea & the Phœnician Astarte.

For Teutamus the father of Asterius & grandfather of Minos carried a colony of Dorians into Crete from the regions of mount Olympus & Laconia in Peloponnesus & this region afterwards (I think upon the expulsion of Saturn) became the Terra Curitum . And then Iupiter had a Temple & Altar erected to him in Olympia where the games were celebrated, & was thence called Iupiter Olympius. And Lucian tells us that it was the Cretan Rhea the mother of this Iupiter who was worshipped in Phrygia. But Diodorus tells us that the Phrygians worshipped Cybele the daughter of Meones king of Phrygia & the wife of Iasion who was the brother of Dardanus king of the Trojans & of Harmonia the wife of Cadmus; & that Corybas the son of Iasion & Cybele after the death of his father, going into Phrygia, instituted there the worship of his mother Cybele , & gave the name of Corybantes to her Priests, & these Corybantes danced in armour like the Idæi Dactyli. And she was represented in form of woman in a chariot drawn with Lyons & a corona turrita on her head & a drumm in her hand like the Phenician Astarte. And the Corybantes danced in armour like the Idæi Dactyli. When Cadmus came into Europe he landed in Samothrace & there married Harmonia the sister of Dardanus, Iasion; & after the death of Ceres the mistress of Iasion, the Phenicians instituted mysteries there to the Dij Cabyri of whom she was chief. And in the island Thasus where Cadmus left one of his brothers, the Phenicians built a Temple to Hercules not the son of Alcmena but an older whom Cicero calls ex Idæis cui inferias inferunt. And thus the Phenicians &c.

And Diodorus that Dardanus Iasion & Harmonia were born in Samothrace of the same parents, that Cadmus coming into that island married Harmonia, & learnt the Samothracian mysteries that Iasion married Cybele the daughter of Meones king of Phrygia & of her begot Corybas, that Iasion lay with Ceres & learned the mysteries in Samothrace that after his death Dardanus Cybele & Corybas went into Phrygia & carried thither the mysteries of the mother of the Gods, that Corybas called those that celebrated the sacred mysteries of his mother (in a furious rage like madmen) after his own name, Corybantes; & that Dardanus built the city Darnana afterwards called Troy & founded the kingdom of the Trojans. /But the mysteries of Ceres were instituted Elusis with Egyptian ceremonies by Eumolpus & Melampus, in the end of the reign of Eretheus, & other mysteries were instituted to her & her daughter & Pluto soon after in Samothrace by the Phœnician names of Dij Cabiri, Anieros, Axiokersa, & Axiokers, that is, the great Gods, Ceres, Proserpina & Pluto. ffor Cadmus landed in Samothrace with his Phœnicians & there married Harmonia this sister of Iasion & Iasion lay with Ceres & of her begot Plutus & Cadmus & Iasion were initiated in these mysteries. [Dardanus Iasion & Dardanus & Harmonia were born in Samothrace of the same parents &] Iasion married Cybele the daughter of Meones king of Phrygia & after the death of Iasion Dardanus Cybele & Corybas went into Phrygia & carried thither the mysteries of the mother of the Gods & Corybas called those that celebrated the sacred mysteries of his mother, Corybantes.

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– king of Assyria 1 Chron. V.26

1. The histories of the Persians now extant in the East represent that the two oldest Dynasties of the kings of Persia were those whom they call Pischdadians, & Kaianides, & say that the Dynasty of the Kaianides imemediately succeeded that of the Pischdadians. And the three last kings of the second Dynasty they name Ardschir Diraz, Darab his bastard son & Darab who was conquered by Ascander Roumi, that Artaxeres Longimanus, Darius Nothus & Darius who was conquered {by} Alexander the Greek. They omit the kings between these two Darius's which shews that their history of this kingdom is imperfect: but by the names of the kings here mentioned tis certain that by the second Dynasty they mean that of the kings of Media & Persia mentioned in scripture: & by consequence by the first Dynasty they mean either the kings of the Assyrian Empire or others who were contemporary to them & reigned in Persia beyond Assyria. And perhaps this might be the kingdom which carried the Assyrians captive to Kir. Amos 9.7.

2. The Saracen historians who write of the Persian affairs call Ardschir Diraz by the name also of Bahaman & ascribe to Bahaman the actions of Darius Hystaspis & Darius Medus taking perhaps Diraz & Darius for one & the same name. For they say that Bahaman went westward into Mesopotamia & Syria & conquered Balthazar the son of Nebuchadnezzar & gave the kingdom of Babylon to Cyrus his Lieutenant general over Media & Assyria & Chaldea: & there they take Bahaman for Darius Medus. They say also that Bahaman was the grandson of Kishtasp or Hystaspes & that Kishtasp was contemporary to Zaradust or Zoroaster the legislator of the Ghebers or fire-worshippers & established his doctrines throughout all Persia & that father of this Bahaman was not a king: & here they take Bahaman for Darius Hystaspis. And this confusion of persons makes it further appear that the oriental histories of those ancient kingdoms are very imperfect & uncertain.

3. And the same is further confirmed by the long reigns which the Oriental historians ascribe to the kings of these two Dynasties. For they tell us that some of the Pischdadian kings lived a thousand years a piece & that they reigned all together above three thousand years. And to the first king of the second Dynasty they assign a reign of 120 years; to the second a reign of 150 years; to the third a reign of 60 years; to the 4^th a reign of 120 years, to the fift as much, & to the sixt called Artaxerxes Longimanus a reign of 112 years. So then as the Egyptians have made the two first Dynastys of the kings of their Empire (those who reigned at Thebes & Memphis) much ancienter then the truth, so the Persians have done the like to the two first Dynasties of their kings. And we are to expect as little of certainty from the records of Persia concerning their two first Dynasties of kings as from the records of Egypt concerning theirs.

5 The Oriental historians tell us also that in those days the Scythians on the north side of the river Oxus having erected a potent kingdom which they call the kingdom of Touran or Turquestan, invaded Persia several times under their king Afrasiab, & that in the reign of the eighth king of the Pischdadians Afrasiab invaded & conquered Persia & reigned over it twelve years together, & then <49v> was repulsed by the tenth king of the Pischdadians & invaded it again in the reign of the 11^th & last king of the Pischdadians & was at length slain in the mountains of Media by the third king of the second Dynasty. If for reducing the reign of Afrasiab to such a length as exceeds not the course of nature, we may suppose that the Scythians by their first invasion of Persia gave occasion to that revolt of the Medes & other nations from the Assyrians which is mentioned by Herodotus: there will be but seven kings of the Pischdadians before the reign of Afrasiab & the revolt of the Medes & three more of the Caianides before the reign of Lohorasp or Cyaxeres & the taking of Nineveh by him & Nebuchadnezzar. And these ten reigns being recconed at about 18 or 20 years a piece will place the beginning of the Dynasty of the Pischdadians about 180 or 200 years before the fall of Nineveh. So then the Persians have no memory of any thing done in Persia above 200 years before the fall of Nineveh & the reigns of Cyaxeres & Nebuchadnezzar.

4 The Oriental historians say that the fourth king of their second Dynasty whom they call Lohorasp, was the father of Kischtasp & the grandfather of Cyrus & great grandfather of that Bahaman who was the grandson of Kischtasp that is, of Darius Hystaspis: & by these recconings they make Lohorasp as old as Cyaxes. They say also that Lohorasp was the first of their kings who reduced their armies to good order & discipline & Herodotus affirms the same thing of Cyaxeres. And they say further that Lohorasp went eastward & conquered many Provinces of Persia & had wars with the kings of Touran or Scythia beyond the river Oxus which runs westward into the Caspian Sea & that one of his Generals whom the Hebrews call Nebuchadnezzar & others call Rahan & Gudarz went westward & conquered all Syria & Iudea & took the city Ierusalem & destroyed it. And by these circumstances they take Lohorasp for one & the same king with Cyaxeres, calling Nebuchadnezzar his Generall because he assisted him in the taking of Nineveh before they separated & went, the one eastward against the Provinces of Persia & the other westward against Syria & Phœnicia. The second Dynasty of the kings of Persia began therefore about three reigns or sixty years before the fall of Nineveh & by consequence at that time when the Medes & other nations revolted from the Assyrians.

6 I have hitherto taken a view of the times reputed fabulous by the Greeks & Latines & shewed that before the reign of Pul & the beginning of the Olympiads – – –

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Many islands of the Mediterranean covered with woods & inhabited only by serpents & wild beasts have been peopled since the coming of Lelex & Cecrops with colonies from Egypt. The Hercynian wood covered a great part of Europe even till the days of the Roman Empire.

So then we need not wonder that the Egyptians have made the kings in the first Dynasty of their Monarchy (those who reigned at Thebes in the days of David & Solomon) so very ancient & so long lived, since the Persians have done the like to the kings who reigned in Persia above 200 years after the days of Solomon.

The earth in those days was overspread with woods, which have been since cut down to make room for mankind. Many Islands of the mediterranean have been {peopled since} the Egyptians & Phenicians brought navigation into Greece.

N{uma} was the first lawgiver of the Romans, Zeleucus of the Locri, Draco of the Athenians, Lycurgus of the Spartans, Phoroneus of the people of Argos, Minos of the Cretans Amon & Sesac of the Egyptians, & Moses of the Hebrews. And by the imposition of Laws {men} were by degrees reduced from a rambling vagabond salvage life to live to{gether} in towns & cultivate arts convenient for life.

{illeg} began to be built in Europe –– – Argonautic expedition. And

{The} first houses were small & rude there being no iron tools & in consequence no artificers in all {illeg} before the days of Minos king of Crete who was contemporary to Solomon {& the} first towns were small unwalled villages. Troy was not walled before the days of Laomedon the father of Priam. Thebes was not walled before the reign of Amphion & Zethus who were contemporary to Laius the great grandso{n} of Cadmus. And it will be difficult to name a town in all Europe which was walled before the death of Solomon. The founder of the town {illeg} first {illeg} [when these kings conquered {illeg} {illeg} which gained dominion over others {illeg} & the first city which reigned over a{illeg} {Rome} – – – – – between Egypt & Euphrates. Numa was the first lawgiver of the Romans – – – – & cultivate arts & imployments convenient for life. The first ships were small round vessels of burden with oars for sailing upon lakes & between the Islands of that shallow sea which lies between Egypt & Arabia: & the first long & tall ships with sails were built by Ammon & Sesostris in the days of David & Solomon & the Ship Argo which was the first long ship built by the Greeks was built 40 years after the death of Solomon in imitation of a ship which Danaus brought from Egypt. The earth in those early ages was overspread with woods & infested with wild beasts, & the first men lived in planes well watred with rivers such as were those upon Tigris & the Nile: & where kingdoms & civility began the beasts have been destroyed & the woods cut down to make room for man Phœnicia & the regions upon Tigris – – – – – – – fled from Ioshua conquered Egypt. Corn was not known in Europe before the days of David. And Diodorus tells us that the Libyans say that Vranus the father of Hyperion & grandfather of Helius & Selene that is Ammon the father of Sesac was their first king & caused the public who then wandred up & down, to dwell in towns & cities, & reducing them from a lawless & salvage course of life taught them to use & lay up the fruits of the earth, & do many other things useful for mans life.

& Arabia Petræa & Nabatea as well as Phœnicia have been peopled by the seed of Abraham besides the nations sprung from Keturah whom Abraham sent eastward. And the remoter regions of Libya & Europe were peopled & civilized still later, & a great part of Tartary is not yet civilized. Corn was not known

Of the Empire of the Greeks

When Amosis drave the Shepherds out of {illeg} all Egypt, some of them under the conduct of Cecrops Lelex {illeg} Inachus & others fled into Greece. Before that time Europe was peopled only from the north side of the Euxine {sea} {illeg}. Misphragmuthosis made the shepherds {go} out of Egypt into Phenicia where they made the armies of the Philistims very numerous against Saul. The victories of David over the Philistims C{arm}ites & other {nations} round about him, made many of them under the conduct of Cadmus {illeg}blyarius                                          seek new seats in Asia minor Greece & Libya. These nations brought into Greece their arts & sciences & the worship of the dead several of the posterity of Cadmus & his sister Europa being d{eified} [Cadmus brought letters into Greece & it is not likely that any thing done in Europe above an hundred years before the use of Leters could be remembred.] Sesak or Sesostris came out of Egypt in the 5^t year of Rehoboam & spent {a year in that expedition} was one {illeg} invaded Asia Thrace & Greece . ffor the ship Argo being the {first} long ship of the Greeks was built in imitation of the long ship in which Danaus with his 50. daughters fled from his {returning} brother Sesostris &           the son of Anymone the daughter of Danaus was one of the Argonauts. By the expedition of Sesostris the Gods & Oracles of the kingdom of Thebes in Egypt were brought into Greece in the days of Theseus & applied to the Heros of Greece. Cadmus was the father of Polydorus the father of Labdacus the father of Laus the father of Oedipus the father of Eteocles & Polynices, who slew one another in their youth in the war of the seven captains at Thebes which happened soon after the Argonautic expedition, suppose about 50 years after the death of Solomon. And therefore recconing about 28 years to a generation by the eldest sons, Cadmus was a young man in the beginning of Davids reign, & a little before the middle of his reign, might fly into Greece with his young son Polydorus The sons of many of the Argonauts were at the Trojan war & therefore that war was one generation later than the Argonautic expedition, & so might happen about 70 or 75 years after the death of Solomon. At that time flourished Memnon Amenophis or Menes the founder of the first Dynasty of the Ethiopian Kings of Egypt reigning at Memphys. Homer wrote soon after & celebrates Thebes, but makes no mention of Memphis. That city was not yet grown famous. The return of the Heraclides into Peloponnesus was about 70 or 80 years after the Trojan war, being in the fourth generation from Hercules the Argonaut ffrom the time of that return there reigned two races of kings at Sparta ; in one race nine kings, in the other ten In the end of the first Messenian war, & in the same interval of time there were ten kings of Messene & nine of Arcadia: which at 20 years to a reign one reign with another make up about 200 years. Between the said return & the battel at Thermopyle in the sixt year of Xerxes there were seventeen reigns in each race of the kings of Sparta which at 20 years a piece to a reign make up about 340 years. And therefore the destruction of Troy was about 420 years before the battel of Thermopylæ. For Kings reign one with another only about 18 or 20 years a piece at a Medium according to the course of nature. Accordingly Herodotus reccons Homer & Hesiod but 400 years older then himself But the {last} Greek Chronologers {reccon} the reigns of Kings equal to generations & recconing about 36 years to a generation have made the said 17 reigns equal to 622 years which is about 280 years too long. And this Chronology was feigned by Timæus Siculus sixty years after the death of Alexander the great. The former Chronologers, as Pherecides Athenensis, Epimedicdes, Acusilaus, Hellanicus, digested the antiquities of Greece only by Genealogies & the successions of kings or Priests. Timæus was the first who reduced these antiquities to the Olympiads & in {so} doing {he set do}wn what number of years he pleased to the reign of every {king} & made the number of years much too long for the course of {nature.} {illeg}

The Introduction

1 Ctesias & the ancient Greek & Latin writers – – – – – to please his reader. If these fables be layed aside, the Assyrian Empire will appeare no older then the days of Pul

The Greeks have made the kingdom of Sicyon as old as the flood within 200 years & above seven hundred years older then Cadmus, whereas letters were first brought into Europe by Cadmus & it is not likely that the actions or names of kings or any thing done in Europe could be remembred one hundred years before the use of letters. ‡ [ffor making this kingdom ancient the Greks have divided Apis the son of Phoroneus into two kings taking his two names Apis & Epopeus for two men & between them have inserted 12 feigned names of kings who did nothing memorable & made them reign 620 years which is above 50 years a piece one with another: whereas kings according to the course of nature reigne one with another at a medium but about 18 or 20 years a piece; & there is scarce an instance to be found in any kingdom where the reign of 12 kings taken together has equalled 300 years. So instead of one Minos & one Ariadne some of the Greeks have made two Minoses & two Ariadnes, & instead of one Pandion one Erechtheus kings of Athens they have made two, giving the name of Erechthonius to the first Erechtheus. And whereas Inachus had seveal sons Phoroneus                                          reigning in several parts of Argos & these again divided their dominions amongst their sons, the Greeks to make the kingdom of Argos look ancient have reduced several of these collateral into one race of kings reigning successively at Argos.

in the latter end of Davids

2 The kingdom of the Syrians of Damascus was founded in the end of Davids reign, & grew great under its kings Benhadad & Hazael in the reign of Iehosaphat & Ioas & Iosephus tells^[52] that they worshipped these two kings as Gods for their benefactions boasting their antiquity & not knowing that they were novel & lived not above 1100 years before his days. And Iustin tells us^[53] that the Syrians worshipped also Arathes (the wife of the founder of the city as a Goddes

In like manner the Ægyptians made their deified kings very ancient, though they were no older then the days of David Solomon & Rehoboam. These Gods reigned at Thebes & were the first kings who reigned over all Egypt including Thebais. And the next race of kings reigned at Memphys & adorned that city. Homer celebrates Thebes but makes no mention of Memphys & therefore the Gods of Egypt had adorned Thebes before Homers days but Memphys by the reign of her kings grew splendid & famous afterwards. The Egyptians reccon that Meres reigned next after their Gods & built Memphys & the magnificent Temple of Vulcan therein: & that one of his sons built his palace in that city. Menes was therefore the founder of the Dynasty of kings who reigned at Memphys & so could not be much earlier then Homers days. four of his successors Rhampsinitus, Mœris, Asychis & Psammiticus built four sumptuous Porticos to that Temple, & Psammiticus reigned above 300 years later then Sesak & it is not likely that that Temple could be above 300 years in building. & therefore Menes was not so old as Sesak. But the Egyptians for magnifying the antiquity of their Gods & Kingdom have made him older then the world & for making out this recconing have multiplied the names of their kings & given us a very confused account of their antiquities. Herodotus tells us that the Egyptians read out of their books the names of 330 kings who reigned between Menes & Sesostris who is Sesak, & yet Sesostris reigned at Thebes & Menes & his successors reigned afterwards at Memphis. ☉

In the days of the patriarchs kingdoms were but small & almost every city had its king. The lower Egypt – – – & made the great lake of Mœris with two Pyramids in it. In the reigns of Asychis & Anyses, Egypt became divided into several kingdoms. Gnephactus – – – – – – – – & then Egypt & Ethiopia were invaded & conquered by the Assyrians.

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4 Inachus had several sons who reigned in several parts of Peloponnesus, & there built towns as Phoroneus who built Phoronicum afterwards called Argos from Argus his grandson, Ægialeus who built Ægialea afterwards called Sicyon from Sicyon the grandson of Erechtheus, Phegeus who built Phegea afterward called Psophis from Psophis the daughter of Lycaon. And these were the oldest towns in Peloponnesus. Phoroneus had also several children & grandchildren who reigned in several places & as Car Spartus Apis. And this division & subdivision of territories has made great confusion in the history of the kingdoms of Peloponnesus. But the later Greeks to make the kingdom of Argos look ancient have collected several collateral Princes into one series of kings pretended to reign successively at Argos.

5B Apis was the grandson of Ægyaleus by the fathers side & the grandson of Phoroneus by the mothers side, being the son of Niobe the daughter of Phoroneus & Herodotus tells us that Apis in the Greek tongue is Epaphus. But the later Greeks to make the kingdom of Sicyon look ancient have made two men of these two names Apis & Epopeus & between them inserted 12 feigned names of kings who did nothing, making those kings reign 620 years which is above 50 years a piece one with another: whereas kings according to the course of nature reigne one with another at a medium but 18 or 20 years a piece, & there is scarce an instance to be found in any kingdom where the reign of 12 Kings taken together has equalled one half of 620 years.

6. And as of one Apis or Epaphus the Greeks have made two kings so of one Minos & one Ariadne some of the Greeks have made two Minoses & two Ariadnes, & of one Pandion & one Erichtheus king of Athens they have made two, giving the name of Erechthonius to the first Erechtheus, & of one Inachus & one Io his daughter they have made two, corruptly writing Iasus for the second Inachus.

3 The Greeks before the times of the seven wise men wrote only in verse & had no history or Chronology in prose but recconed times only by genealogies & by the number of kings reigning successively in any Kingdom & the number of Priests succeeding one another in any Temple; & the Greeks who first wrote of these things in prose made it their busines to collect the genealogies of men & the successions of Kings & Priests & Olympic victors: Then they conjectured the number of years by the number of generations or reigns between things done, & at length Timæus Siculus sixty years after the death of Alexander the great adapted these recconings to the Olympiads, & so framed a chronology which with very little alteration has been ever since followed by the Greeks. But in doing these things the Greeks have multiplied the number of reigns beyond the truth & made the reigns of single kings very much too long for the course of nature

5 The kingdom of Sicyon founded by Ægialeus the brother of Phoroneus, the Greeks have made as old as the flood within 200 years & above 700 years older then Cadmus whereas letters were first bought into Europe by Cadmus & it is not likely that the actions or names of kings or any thing done in Europe could be remembred one hundred years without the use of letters. Apis was the grandson of Ægialeus – – – – one half of 620 years.

7 The intervall between the return of the Heraclides into Peloponnesus & the invasions of Greece by the Persians, the Greeks have stated by the reigns of the kings of Sparta in that interval . There were two races of these kings & seventeen successive kings in each race. And recconing a reign equall to a generation, they have made these kings reign one with another about 36 years a piece, & thereby they have made this interval about 370 years too great. ffor kings according to the course of nature reign but about 18 or 20 years a piece one with another at a medium. And by this means all things done in Greece before the return of the Heraclides were represented 270 years older then they would otherwise have been

^{[Editorial Note 22]}

As the churches both Greek & Latin in the days of Tertullian accounted the Montanists guilty of polytheism: so here the Bishops of the Greek Church declare the opinions of Montanus about the Deity to be blasphemous & with relation to the opinions of Sabellius Paul of Samosat & Marcellus & such like heresies call him the ringleader of all the hereticks, that is of all which flourished after him. And this continued to be the opinion of the Greek church concerning Montanism till the middle of the fourth Century.

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☉ The chief of the Gods of Egypt were Osiris & Isis & the ancient Greeks who made the fables of the Gods recconed that they were not so ancient as Phoroneus. ffor they feigned that Apis the son or grandson of Phoroneus, & Io the sister or daughter of Phoroneus went into Ægypt & there became the Osiris & Isis of the Egyptians. The Gods of Egypt therefore reigned at Thebes & adorned that city between the days of Phoroneus & Homer.

# Because Sesostris cut channels from the Nile to all the cities of Egypt & thereby made that river very usefull, the Egyptians dedicated that river to him & after his death called him by its names Ægyptus, Sihor or O-siris, & Nilus.

decreed the supremacy of the Bishop of Rome over all the churches in cases of appeal & thereby actually set it up over their own churches in the west & in Egypt for four or five years. At the end of which time the Emperor Constantius conquered the western part of the Empire, & caused the western Bishops to desist from their pretence of superiority over the eastern – – – – & made him rest contented with his provincial authority over the suburbicarian Churches. An

^{[Editorial Note 23]}

Sesac called by the Greeks Sesonchosis & Sesostris, came of Egypt in the {illeg} of Rehoboam, spent 9 years in invading the nations, came over the Hellespont conquered Thrace & invaded Greece but was repulsed by the joynt forces of the Greeks commanded by Perseus & of the Scythians calling them by them & commanded by                 . Then he returned back into Egypt with many captives amongst which was Tethonius the sister & his brother Danaus at the same time fled from him into Greece with his 50 daughters in a long ship after the pattern of which the ship Argo was built. This was the first long ship built by the Greeks. The builder was Argus the son of Danaus; & Nauplius the son of Amymone one of the daughters of Danaus, born after her coming into Greece, was one of the Argonauts. The expedition or Embassy of the Argonauts was therefore above 20 years after the return of Sesac into Egypt & might happen about 36 or 40 years after the death of Solomon [being occasioned (as I conceive) by the civil wars of Egypt in the reign of Asa & the victory of Asa over Zerah whereby the Theban Empire was boke in pieces, ffor the Expedition looks like an Embassy to all the Princes upon the coasts of the Euxine & Mediterranean seas which had been subject to Egypt.] Cadmus was the father of – – – reigning at Mempys [Hesiod recconed up five ages or generations of men in the first of which Chiron the son of Saturn & Philyra was born, the third ended with the Argonautic expedition & death of Talus the brazen Son of Minos & last man of the brazen age, the fourth ended with the wars at Thebes & Troy & the fift was to end when the men who were contemporary to Hesiod should grow hoary & drop into the grave. Hesiod therefore & his contemporary Homer wrote within one generation after the destruction of Troy, & Homer celebrates the Egyptian Thebes but makes no mention of Memphys. That city was but newly founded by Menes & was not yet grown famous. Herodotus the oldest Historian of Greece tells that Homer & Hesiod lived but 400 years before him : & therefore the destruction of Troy could not be earlier then we have assigned.

The Romans who conquered Carthage & had opportunity to consult the records of that city, tell us that Carthage stood 7 years & was built by Dido who fled from Tyre & Virgil tells us that before her flight she conversed with            w       who in the end of the Trojan war came from that war to Cyprus in the reign of her father. Carthage was destroyed Ann     Olymp.     Count backwards        years & the Encœmia of Carthage will                         & by our recconing, the destruction of Troy was about      years before.]

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l. 2. p. 36 l. 11. – & saw him. He seems to be the same man with Atlas, for both of them were sons of Neptune & reigned over Afric, both of {them} made war upon the Egyptians & contended with Hercules, & the names agree. Antæus might by the Egyptians be called Atal-Antæus cursed Antæus, & by contraction Atlantes, Atlasis, Atlas. In his wars with Egypt Hercules took the Libyan world from his sholders & made him pay tribute out of his golden Orchard the kingdom of Libya & at length slew him. The invasion of Egypt by Antæus Ovid hath relation unto where he makes Hercules say, – sævoque alimenta parentis Antæo eripui

– eastward of Assyria. The name Kaianides or Kaianians, seems to be taken from the word Kai which signified a Giant or great King according to Herbedotius & is put before the names of several kings in this Dynasty recited by him as Kaicobad Kaicaus Kaicosroes. Whence we may reccon Cyaxeres or Kai-Axeres to have been a king of this Dynasty. He conquered the kingdom of the Persians called Elam in scripture & therein set up the Medo Persian Empire which makes it probable that the Dynasty of the Pischdadians was this Kingdom of Elam. For this kingdom & that of the Medes continued distinct till the fourth year of Iehojakim or first of Nebuchadnezzar (Ier. 25.25) but soon after the beginning of the reign of Zedekiah or eighth of Nebucadnezzar Elam with her King & Princes was conquered, Ier. 49.34.

So then the first great Empire in the world was that of Egypt founded by Ammon & Sesac & this Empire began to be shockt by civil wars in Egypt upon the death of Sesac & lost some Provinces upon the Euxin & mediterranean seas about the time of the Argonautic expedition, but kept its dominion over Chaldea, Elam, Assyria Armenia &c till the reign of Mœris or his successor Suphis. And then those nations becoming free set up the kingdoms of Elam, Assyria, Babylon & Media. And these are the first great kingdoms in the world on this side India. Great Empires are always accompanied with great imperial cities

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In Daniels vision of the four Beasts the first Beast agrees to the kingdom of Babylon including Susiana & his Eagles wings agree to the Provinces of Babylon & Susa And the 2^d Beast agrees to the Medo-Persian Empire, which raised itself up on one side, the Medes getting up first, & the three ribs in its mouth agree to the kingdoms of Babylon Egypt & Sardes. Those kingdoms were in its possession not as parts of its body but only as bones in its mouth. ffor the kingdom of Babylon was the body of the first Beast that of Egypt & Sardes belonged to the body of the third.

In Daniels vision of the Ram & he Goat the two horns of the Ram agree to the kingdoms of Media & Persia under one Monarch & the higher horn (that of Persia) rose up last.

The seventy weeks determined decided or cut out upon the people & upon the holy city of Daniel, to finish the transgression, & to make an end of sins, & to make reconciliation for iniquity, & to bring in everlasting righteousnes & to seal up the vision & the prophesy, & to annoint the most holy, agree to the intervall of time which ended with the death of Christ & began in the seventh year of Artaxerxes Longimanus (Anno Nabonass 291) when Ezra had a commission to return from Babylon with the captivated Iews & to restore the worship of God at Ierusalem & to set up Magistrates & Rulers which might judge all the people of Iudea according to the laws of God & the king. ffor thereby the Iews, after their body polytick had been dissolved by the captivity, were again incorporated & became again a people & a holy city: And from thence to the death of Christ were seventy weeks recconing a day for a year as was usual among the Iews. (Num 14.34. Ezek IV.4, 5, 6.) & a week for a week of years. For the Iews used a week sometimes for a week of days (Dan. 10.2) & sometimes for a week of years (Gen 29.27, 28.)

Now the history of these kingdoms is consonant to the description given of them by Daniel. In his vision of the four Beasts the first Beast answers to the kings of Babylon including Susiana & his Eagles wings to the Provinces of Babylon & Susa. And the second Beast answers to the Medo-Persian Empire which raised it self up on one side, the Medes getting up first. And the three ribs in its mouth answer to the kingdoms of Babylon Egypt & Sardes, which were in its possession but not as parts of its body, Babylon belonging to the body of the first beast & Egypt & Sardes to that of the third.

In Daniels vision of the Ram & he Goat the two horns of the Ram answer to the kingdoms of Media & Persia under one Monarch & the higher horn (that of Persia) rose up last.

Of all things which happened in the time of the Medo-Persian Empire the most memorable was the invasion of Greece by Xerxes, with an army of a million (some say two or three millions) of people: & this is thus described by Daniel There shall stand up yet three kings in Persia, & the fourth shall be far richer then they all: & by his strength through his riches he shall stir up all against the realm of Greece.

If from the seventh year of Artaxerxes Longimanus when Ezra came to Ierusalem with a Commission

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Herodotus tells us that all Media was peopled by δήμοι unwalled towns with their villages untill they revolted from the Assyrians & built Ecbatane the first city which they walled about Troy was not walled before the days of Laomedon the father of Priam. Thebes was not walled before the reign of Amphion & Zethus who were contemporary to Laius the great grandson of Cadmus. And it will be difficult to name a town in all Europe which was walled before the death of Solomon. For tools of iron for working in wood & stone were not known in Europe before the days of Cadmus & Europa. The antiquities of Libya were not much older then those of Europe: for Diodorus tells us that the Libyans had a tradition that Vranus the father of Hyperion & grandfather of Helius & Selene, that is Ammon the father {of} Sesak was their first king & caused the people who then wandered up & down to dwell in towns & cities & reducing them from a lawless & salvage course of life taught them to use & use & lay up the fruits of the earth & do many other things useful for mans life. And when Ioshua conquered the land of Canaan every city of the Canaanites had it's own king like the cities of Europe before the Olympiads: which is an argument that towns began to be built in Canaan not many ages before For the Patriarchs wandred in Tents through Canaan & fed their flocks wherever they pleased, the fields of Phœnicia being not yet appropriated. The eastern countries which were first inhabited by mankind were in those days so thinly peopled that four kings from the coasts of Shinar & Elam invaded & spoiled the Rephaims & the inhabitants of the countries of Moab Ammon Edom & Amalec & the kingdoms Sodom Gomorrah Admal & Zeboim & yet were pursued & beaten by Abraham with an armed force of only 318 men, the whole force which Abraham & the Princes confederate with him could raise. And Egypt was so thinly peopled before the birth of Moses that Pharaoh said of the Israelites, Behold the people of the children of Israel are more & mightier then we, & to prevent their multiplying & growing too strong, caused their male children to be drowned. [So the countries first inhabited by mankind were very thinly peopled in the days of Abraham, & the building of houses & towns which began upon the rivers Tigris & Euphrates was propagated thence into the neighbouring countries in the days of the Patriarchs & reached not Europe before the days of Eli Samuel & David.] These footsteps there are of the first peopling of the earth by mankind & of the overspreading it with towns & cities & their growing into kingdoms first smaller & then greater untill the rise of the great monarchies of Egypt, Elam, Assyria, Babylon, Media & Persia, Greece & Rome.

In the Vision of Daniels four Beasts the third Beast or Leopard answers to the Greek Empire & reigned with four wings & four heads till the Romans conquered Macedon, & the fourth Beast answers to the conquering Romans. The three first Beasts had their dominion taken away: yet their lives were prolonged for a season & time (Dan. 7.12,) that is untill the stone cut out of the mountain without hands falls upon the feet of the Image of four metalls & brake in pieces the iron the brass the silver & gold & they become like chaff & are carried away by the wind & the stone becomes a great mountain & fills the earth, ( Dan. 2.35) that is untill the saints takethe kingdom (Dan 2.44 & 7.18. And therefore all the four Beasts are still alive, the first being still the nations of Babylonia & Susiana, the second all the rest of Persia beyond Euphrates, the third the nations of the Greek Empire on this side Euphrates, & the fourth the nations of the Latine Empire on this side Greece. And the second & third are further represented in another vision by the Ram & He Goat, the four heads & four wings of the third Beast or Leopard denoting the same thing with the four horns of the Goat. Vpon the conquest of Macedon by the Romans the dominion of the third Beast began to be taken away; yet its life was prolonged & then under the type of the little horn of the Goat it grew exceeding great, but not by its own power, & upon the building of Constantinople & division of the Roman Empire between the Greeks & Latines it survived in the Greek Empire & still survives under that of the Turks.

In Daniels vision of the Ram & He Goat, these Beasts denote the same thing with the Bear & Leopard in the former vision. As the Bear raised himself up on one side so the higher horn of the Ram rose up last. And as the Leopard had four heads & four wings so the Goat had four horns which signify the same thing with the heads & wings of the Leopard. The great horn between the eyes of the Goat – into smaller kingdoms.       All Daniels Beasts are still alive & the Goat still reigns in his last horn but not by his own power.

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– but Hercules intercepted his recruits & at length slew him. In these wars Hercules took the Libyan world from Atlas & made Atlas pay tribute out of his golden Orchard the kingdom of Afric. Antæus & Atlas were both of them sons of Neptune, both of them reigned over all Afric between Mount Atlas & the Mediterranean to the very ocean, both of them invaded Egypt & contended with Hercules, & therefore they are but two names of one & the same man. [The Egyptians might call Antæus, Atal-Antæus, cursed Antæus, & by contraction Atlantes, Atlans, Atlas.] ② The invasion of Egypt by Antæus Ovid hath relation unto where he makes Hercules say – sævoque alimenta parentis, Antæo eripui. I rescued my fathers country Egypt from Antæus] ① The name Atlas in the oblique cases seems to have been compounded of the name Antæus & someother word put before it. Thu in

As far as the Mediterranean & the river Halys, & then turned their arms against the Persians. For the kingdom of Elam & that of the Medes continued distinct to the 4^th year of Iehojakim or first of Nebuchadnezzar (Ier. 25.25) & even unto the first year of Zedekiah or 8^th of Nebuchadnezzar (Ier 49.34.)

– at the taking of Babylon & therefore his grandfather Astyages was the father of Cyaxeres & his mother Mandanes was the sister of Cy{ana} & his father. – The Oriental Historians therefore between Cyaxeres & Darius Hystaspis omit Darius Medius Cyrus & Cambysses & confound the actions of Darius Medus with those of Artaxerxes Longimanus. And whilst they

Chap. IV
Of the Kingdom of Elam.

The three first kings of this Dynasty they call Kai Cobad, Kai Kaus & Kai Cosroes, & derive the name Kaianides from the word Kai which in the old Persian language they say signified a Gyant or great king. The three next they call Lohorasp, Kischtasp, & Bahaman & tell us that Bahaman was Ardshir Diraz that is Artaxerxes Longimanus, so called from the great extent of his power. And yet they say that Bahaman went westward into Mesopotamia & Syria & conquered Balthasar the son of Nebuchadnezzar & gave the kingdom to Cyrus his Lieuctenant general over Media Assyria & Chaldea: & here they take Bahaman for Darius Medus. By Kischtasp they mean Darius Histaspis ffor they say that he was contemporary to Zardust or Zoroaster the legislator of the Ghebers or fire worshippers & established his doctrines throughout all Persia.

And by Lohorasp they mean Cyaxeres: for they say that Lohorasp was the first of their kings who reduced – – – – – taking of Nineveh. The oriental historians therefore between Cyaxeres & Darius Hystaspis omit Darius the Mede, Cyrus, & Cambyses, & confound the actions of Darius Medus with those of Artaxerxes Longimanus. They say that Kischtasp was the son of Lohorasp whereas Darius whom they call Kischtasp was the son of Hystaspes a Persian who reigned not. By telling us that Lohorasp was the fourth king of the second Dynasty, they place the beginning of this Dynasty about three reigns or sixty years before the fall of Nineveh – – – an end to the first Dy

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Vpon the revolt of the lower Egypt under Osar{illeg} Council sent the flower of Greece in the ship Argo on an Embassy to {Darius &} many other Princes on the coasts of the Euxine & Mediterranean Seas subject to the king of Ægypt, to signify the distraction of Egypt & perswade them to take that opportunity to revolt & set up for themselves. And thus ended the great Empire of Egypt.

By the manufacturing of brass & iron & making of armour & of edged tools for hewing & carving of wood they brought into Europe a new way of making war & gave Minos an opportunity of setting out a fleet & gaining the dominion of the seas & set up the trades of Smiths & Carpenters in Greece which are the foundation of all other manual arts. ffor at time Dædalus & his Nephew Talus invented the chip-ax, & saw, & wimble, & perpendicular & compass & turning lath & glew, & therefore the trade of Carpenters was not older in Greece then the days of Dædalus who was contemporary to Minos. The fleet of Minos was without sails & Dædalus fled from it by adding sails to his vessel, & therefore ships with sails were not in use before the days of Minos. The Curetes were as active about religion & for their skill & knowledge & mystical practises were accounted wise men & conjurers by the vulgar. In Phrygia their mysteries were about Rhea called also Mater Deorum & Magna mater , & from the places where she was worshipped Idæa Phrygia & Cybele & Berecynthia & Pessinuntia & Dindyxene & Mygonia.

the Curetes who thus introduced Letters & Music & poetry & arts, being a sort of Priests were no less active about religion

& be High Priest before Ezra wrote the sons of Levi in the book of Chronicles (Nehem XII.3) & in his High-Priesthood slay his younger brother Iesus before the end of the reign of the same king (Ioseph. Antiqu. l. xi. c. 7.) & Iaddua might be High Priest before the death of Sanballat (Ioseph. ib) & before the death of Nehemiah (Nehem. XII.22) & also before the end of the reign of Darius Nothus, & thereby give occasion to Iosephus & the later Iews who took this king for the last Darius, to fall into an opinion that Sanballat Iaddua & Manasses the younger brother of Iaddua lived till the end of the reign of the last Darius . (Ioseph. Antiq l. XI c. 7, 8.) And the said Manasses might mary Nicaso the daughter of Sanballat & for that offence be chased from Nehemiah neare the end of the reign of Artaxerxes Longimanus (Nehem. XIII.28 Ioseph Antiqu. l. XI. c. 7, 8.) & Sanballat might at that time be Satrapa of Samaria & in the reign of Darius Nothus or soon after build the Temple of the Samaritans in Mount Gerazim for his son-in-law Manasses the first High-priest of that Temple (Ioseph. Antiq. l. XI, c. 7, 8) & Simeon Iustus might be High Preist when the Persian Empire was invaded by Alexander the great as the Iews represent taking him for the same High Priest with Iaddua (Ioma fol. 69. 1. Liber Iuchasis. R. Gedaliah &c) & be dead sometime before the book of Eccleiasticus was writ in Hebrew at Ierusalem by the grandfather of him who in the 38^th yeare of the Ægyptian Æra of Dionysius that is in the 77^th year after the death of Alexander the great met with a copy of it in Egypt & there translated it into Greek for the use of the Iews in that country Ecclesiast. in Prologo & cap. 50.) & Eliezer

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Hesiod reciting the fable of the four first ages of the world calls his own age the fift, & describes these ages to be so many generations each of which ended when the men then living grew old & drop into the grave, & that the fourth age was that of the Demi-Gods & ended with the warrs of Thebes & Troy The last man of the brazen age was Talus the son of Minos a brazen man who was slain in Crete by the Argonauts & therefore this age ended with the Argonautic expedition. Minos is called the son of Iupiter, but this phrase among the ancients signified nothing more then that he was the son of a king. Echemenes an ancient author cited by Athanæus (lib. 13 p. 601) tells us that he was that Iupiter who committed the rape upon Ganimede. He was also that Iupiter who was educated in mount Ida by the Idæi Dactyli & whose Sepulcher was shewn in Crete. Chiron was the Son of Saturn & Philyra, & begotten (according to Apollodorus) while the Curetes Idæi educated Iupiter in the Cretan cave, & by consequence in the golden age & lived to the times of the Argonautick expedition. This Saturn was at length expelled Crete by his son & fled to Greece & thence to Italy where he was received by Ianus & from his lying hid in that country was called Saturn. So then this fable seem to have been a Cretan invention & signifies nothing more then the four first ages of the Phœnician colonies which came with Cadmus & Europa into Europe, the first age comprehnding the reign of Asterius & Europa in Crete, the second that of Minos, the third the survivorship of the children of Minos till the Argonautic expedition & death of Talus, & the fourth the age of his grandsons till the end of the Trojan war, & Hesiod wrote in the fift. And these ages are nothing more then generations of an ordinary length, three of them making about an hundred years.

This is that Iupiter who was famous among the Greeks for justice & dominion & who (according to Echemines committed the rape upon Ganimede (according to Echemenes an ancient author cited by Athenæus lib. XIII. p. 601,) that Iupiter the son of Saturn whose sepulchre (according to Cicero (de natura Deorum l. 3.) was shown in Crete. ffor the Scholiast upon Callimachus lets us know that this was the sepulchre of Minos.

This is that Iupiter who expelled his father from his kingdom & was famous among the Greeks for justice & dominion, & who according to Echemenes ^a[54] an ancient Author committed the rape upon Ganimede. Lucian ^b[55] tells us that the Cretans did not only relate that Iupiter was born and buried among them but also shewed his Sepulchre And Porphyrius ^c[56] that Pythagoras went down into the Idæan cave to see his Sepulchre. {illeg}

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may understand that he reigned in Crete after letters were brought into Europe by the Phœnicians & by consequence was Asterius the father of Minos & first king of Crete. ffor Saturn was a king. Apollonius Rhodius^[57] tells us that while Iupiter was educated by the Idean Curetes in the Cretan cave, Saturn then reigning deceived Rhea & of Philyra begat Chiron. Here Saturn & Rhea & their son Iupiter are Asterius & his Europa & their son Minos. Europa dying first was deified first by the Curetes in Phrygia. Asterius not favouring the Curetes in Crete they deified her under the names of Rhea, Cybele & Magna mater: & after the death of Minos the Curetes in Crete deified him under the name of Iupiter & the Latines deified Asterius under the name of Saturn.

And as the Egyptians Phœnicians & Syrians in those {days} deified their own kings so upon their coming into Asia minor & Greece with Cadmus & Sesostris they taught those nations to do the like. Herodotus tells us that the Phœnicians who came with Cadmus brought many doctrines into Greece. For amongst those Phœnicians were a sort of men called Curetes – – – – instituted their mysteries.

Now Minos King of Crete is that Iupiter who was educate in a Cave by the Curetes & expelled his father from his kingdom & was famous among the Greeks for justice & dominion being in those days the greatest king in all Greece, & who according to Echemenes, an ancient author cited by Athenæus,^[58] committed the rape of Ganimede. Lucian tells us – – – – – – deified Asterius under the name of Saturn. In those days all kings were called Iupiters, & in that sense Minos was called the son of Iupiter but Minos himself was the great Iupiter of the Cretans.

And from these originals it came into fashion κτεριζειν parentare, to celebrate the funerals of their dead fathers – – – – them with sacrifices & invocations. The Curetes did it first to all the eminent Phœnicians & after their example the Greeks did it to all the eminent Greeks, & every man might do it to his ancestors. In this manner they honoured Europa the sister of Cadmus as above & Minos & Rhadamanthus his nephews & Ino his daughter & Melicertes the son of Ina, & Bacchus the son of his daughter Semele & Aristæus the husband of his daughter Autonoe & Iasion the brother of his wife Harmonia. & Hercules the son of Alcmena descended from Andromeda & Æsculapius the son of Apollo or Orus & Machaon the son of Æsculapius & Palemocrates the son of Machaon. In this manner they honoured Pandion & Theseus kings of Athens Hippolytus the son of Theseus, Pan the son of Penelope, Ceres, Proserpina Triptolemus, – – – – – – – – so as to be called Dij magni majorum gentium. Sesostris conquered Thrace & Amphictyon who was contemporary to Sesostris brought the twelve Gods from thence into Greece. By the names of the cities of Egypt dedicated to many of these Gods & by their hieroglyphical symbols you may knw that they were of an Egyptian original.

For in those days the writing of the Thebans &c

Europa dying first was first deified. She was deified by her countrimen the Curetes in Phrygia Asterius not favouring the Curetes in Crete . And about the same time or soon after Ceres was deified in Attica & Samothrace, & Asterius in Italy & Minos in Crete where they were buried & this was the original of Idolatry in Phrygia Greece & Italy.

Asterius not favouring the Curetes in Crete, Europa was deified by the Curetes in Phry

About the same time that Europa was & Asterius wer deified in Phrygia & Italy the Curetes in {illeg} deified in Attica & Samothrace. And from these originals {illeg} the Baalim & Asteroth, the Gods & Goddesses of the {illeg} Gentiles sometime worshipped by Israel in the {illeg}

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As the Egyptian Priests had the ages of their Gods & these ages lasted during the reign of Amosis, Amnon, Sesac & Orus, the first kings of all Egypt & Menes was recconed their first King who reigned after the Gods; ✝ < insertion from lower down f 55v > ✝ so the Curetes & Phœnician Colonies who came into Crete & Greece with Europa & Cadmus imitating the Egyptians had the ages of their Gods which lasted during the reign of Asterius, Minos, Deucalion & Idomeneus the four first kings of Crete the greatest kingdom then in Greece. For Hesiod < text from higher up f 55v resumes > so the Greeks had the ages of their Gods beginning with the Phenician Colonies & ending with the Trojan war & these they recconed by the reigns of Asterius, Minos, Deucalion & Idomeneus {successive} kings of Crete the greatest kingdom then in Greece. For Hesiod recconing up the four ages of the Gods & Demigods describes them to be so many generations each of which ended when the men then living grew old & dropt into the grave, & tells us that the fourth ended with the wars of Thebes & Troy. And Apollonius Rhodius saith that when the Argonauts came to Crete they slew Talus a brazen man & the last man of the brazen age. Talus was the son of Minos & therefore the sons of Minos flourished in the brazen age & Idomeneus the son of Deucalion & grandson of Minos was expelled the kingdom of Crete at the end of the Trojan war, & Chiron the son of Saturn born in the golden age lived till after the Argonautic expedition & therefore might be born in the reign of Alterius & not before.

Now Asterius & Minos were the two first kings of Crete & therefore the Saturn & Iupiter of the Cretans, ffor Saturn was a king & reigned in the same kingdom with his son & Minos was the greatest king of the Cretans & therefor their Iupiter. And Europa being the Queen of Asterius & mother of Minos, must be their Rhea. She came into Europe at the same time with the Curetes & therefore the Iupiter who was educated by the Curetes in the Idæan cave could not be older then her son. In those days all kings were called Iupiters & in that sense Minos is called the son of Iupiter: but he himself was the greatest king in all Greece in those days & by consequence their greatest Iupiter Apollonius Rhodius tells us that Saturn, while he reigned over the {Trion} Olympus & Iupiter was educated by the Idæan Curetes in the Cretan Cave, deceived Rhea & of Philyra begot Chiron. Now Chiron lived in the reign of Asterius & Europa & not earlier. Lucian tells us – – – – – Europe by the Phenicians & by consequence was not earlier then Asterius Europa dying first was first deified under the name of Rhea. She was deified by the Curetes in Phrygia, Asterius not favouring the Curetes in Crete. Afterwards Asterius became the Saturn of the Latines & Minos being buried in Crete became the celebrated Iupiter of the Cretans.

Now Asterius & Minos were the two first kings of Crete & Minos was their greatest king, & Europa was the Queen of Asterius & mother of Minos; the Curetes were her country-men & attendants & therefore these three must be the Saturn & Rhea & Iupiter of the Cretans. Minos is usually called the Son of Iupiter but Asterius could not be the Cretan Iupiter the Son of Saturn because he was the first king of Crete. In those days all kings were called Iupiters, & in that sense Minos was called the son of Iupiter, but he himself was the great Iupiter of the Cretans, being the greatest king in all Greece in those days. Europa came into Crete at the same time with the Curetes, if not before them & therefore – – – – – her son. Apollonius Rhodius – – –

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Such was the Moloch whose worship was forbidden by Moses Levit. 20.2, 5. the Baal Peor of Moab whom the Israelites worshipped in Shittim Num 25 & the Baalin & Asteroth or Gods & Godesses.

Such were the Baalim & Asteroth, the Gods & Godesses of the Gentiles in the days of the Iudges                      & the Dæmons or Ghosts whom the Israelites were not to worship       & the Moloch to whom they were not to sacrifice their children.

& people all first worshipped only its own Kings & Queens. Such were their Gods & Godesses caled Baalim & Asteroth, the Dæmons or Ghosts of dead men to whom they sacrificed, & the Moloch to whom they offered their Children, in the days of Moses & the Iudges. Levit. 17.7 & 20.2, 5. Num. 25.2, 3. Iosh. 24.2. Iud. 2.13 The worship of such Gods spread by degrees partly by alliances & partly by conquest untill Sesostris at length by conquest

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doves in the ancient fables of the Greeks are put for Priestesses, as Bochart has shewed. And, saith Herodotus, the Oracle at Dodona is the oldest in Greece & is very like that at the Egyptian Thebes, & the way of divining in Temples came from Egypt. ‡ < insertion from lower down f 57r > ‡ The chief use of Oracles was to back the authority of Lawmakers in matters both civill & religious with divine authority. Minos was a great lawmaker & went every eight years into the cave of the Cretan Iupiter pretending that his laws were at those times dictated to him by that God. Sesach was the greatest lawmaker of Egypt. And he had an Oracle of Iupiter in his royal city Thebes. [This Iupiter the Greeks called the Theban Iupiter meaning Iupiter Ammon. ffor the Egyptian name of Thebes was Ammon-no, which the Greeks translated Διόσπολις. Dio <57v> dorus tells us that the Temple of Iupiter Ammon in Libya, where Alexander the great consulted the Oracle of that God, was built by Danaus, & no doubt he built it in the reign of his brother Sesak for governing the Libyans & bringing them under the laws of Egypt. The Pelasgians erected the temple & Oracle of Iupiter Dodonæus, & this Temple was common to the whole nation, that is, the Deputies of their cities met at set times of the year to sacrifice & consider of the common welfare of the cities & consult the Oracle or cause it to be consulted for giving authority to their resolutions Before this Oracle was erected, the Grecians had no particular names of several Gods but called them all by the general name of Gods. By the dictates of this Oracle of Dodona the Pelasgians received the names of the Gods of Egypt & propagated them into all Greece.

One of the most famous Oracles of Greece was the Delphic – – – – Rehoboams when Sesostris was invading the nations but had not yet begun to invade Greece. By the dictates of this Oracle & the prophesying of Pegasus, Melampus & Orpheus the Greeks received the worship of Bacchus < text from higher up f 57r resumes > These being the Oracles of the Egyptian Iupiter were erected after the death of Ammon. For he was the Iupiter to whom the city Thebes (called Ammon-no by the Egyptians & Διος-πολις by the seventy) was dedicated; & Diodorus tells us that the Temple of Iupiter Ammon in Libya, where Alexander the great consulted the Oracle, was built by Danaus. And these examples were soon followed by erecting several other Oracles both in Egypt & Greece

One of the most famous Oracles of Greece was the Delphic. Acrisius founding an Amphictyonic Council of about twelve neighbouring cities to meet every spring & autumn at Delphos, built the Temple of Delphus for them to meet & sacrifice & make laws for the cities & set up this Oracle in it & committed the temple to their care. And the first Priestess was Phemonoe or Phanothea the wife of Icarius. She invented hexameter verses & gave her Oracles in them. Clemens saith that she began to give Oracles to Acrisius seven & twenty years before the days of Orpheus Musæus & Linus.^[59] She predicted that the God Bacchus should come in the days of Icarius, & when he came he presented Icarius with wine & lay with his daughter Erigona. From which circumstances I gather that this Oracle was erected neare the end of Solomons reign or in the beginning of Rehoboams when Sesostris was invading the nations.

^[60] Before Oracles were erected the Greeks had no particular names of Gods but called them only by the general name of Gods. By the dictates of the Oracle of Dodona the Pelasgians received the names of the Gods of Egypt before any other Oracle was erected & propagated them into all Greece,^[61] & soon after by the dictates of the Delphic Oracle & prophesying of M{eloipus}, Orpheus & Pegasus, the Greeks received the worship of Bacchus; but under these names they worshipped their own dead men, it being usual to consecrate the dead by new names, as by giving the name of Bacchus to the son of Semele, the name of Hercules to the son of Alcmena, the name of Pan to the son of Penelope, the name of Iupiter to Minos, the name of Neptune to Erechtheus & Æolus, the name of Mars to the father of Alcippa, The name of Mercury to the son of Maia, The name of Thetis to the mother of Achilles, the names of the Muses to the daughters of Pierus. And sometimes they gave them new Greek names, as the name of Leucothea to Ino the daughter of Cadmus & that of Palæmon to {her} son Melicertes. And this confusion of names & persons has very much clouded the history of the ages of the Gods.

The use of Oracles was to give laws to

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Oracles were set up to give laws to the people. For this end they were originally set up by kings & great men & used by lawmakers. Zeleuchus pretended to receive his laws from the Goddes Vesta, Numa his from the Goddess Egeria, Minos his from the Cretan Iupiter, Lycurgus backt his laws by the authority of the Delphic Oracle. When the Pelasgians built the Temple of Iupiter Dodenaus for all the cities of Pelasgia, & Acrisius built the temple of Apollo at Delphos for all the cities who met there in the Amphyctionic Council & committed the care of the Temples to the Councils who met in them to consult of public affairs: they would never have erected Oracles in those Temples without knowing how to make use {of} them. For if the weomen who delivered the Oracles should have given other laws to Pelasgia & to the Cities under the Amphictyonic council, then such as were agreeable to the mind of the Councils which met & presided in those Temples, the Counsellours would have met to no purpose. The Councils had the government of the Temples in their hands & were able to inquire into every thing done therin & to put in & turn out any of the Priestesses & therefore could not be imposed upon by them, but knew how by their means to impose upon the people who had it not in their power to inquire into what was done in the Temples. And the same is to be understood of the Oracles in Egypt & Libya from whence the Greeks had the use of them The king of Egypt who built the Temple of Iupiter in his royal city Thebes, & his viceroy Danaus who built the Temple of Iupiter Ammon in Libya, would never have permitted weomen to give laws to all Egypt & Libya by delivering Oracles in their Temples, had they not known how to give laws to the weomen. Ammon & Osiris being great conquerors gave laws to their people & so did Isis after the death of her husband by the assistance of Mercury & these Oracles shew what method was used to establish their laws. //Osiris divided all Egypt into 36 Nomes or Provinces & built a Temple for every Nome & ordered the Temples in such manner that the people of every Nome met in their own Temple at set times of the year to worship to their own God with sacrifices & feasting & to buy & sell & consult for the welfare of the Nome & several Nomes worshipped several Gods after several manners: & for Osiris to set up such a constitution of many religions in Egypt required the authority of an Oracle. Or, if you please, it required the authority of an Oracle in every Nome. And therefore he erected Oracles to the several Gods of the Nomes some of which continued in vogue till the days of Herodotus,^[62] as the Oracle of Hercules, that of Apollo, that of Minerva, that of Diana, that of Mars, that of Iupiter. But of all the Oracles that of Latona in the city Buti remained most in credit. These Oracles were not all alike, but delivered themselves after different manners. Whence it seems to me that as every Nome had its own God & its own Temple & its own way of worship & its own Council which met in the Temple of its God, so it had an Oracle of its own God by which the Council gave laws to the Nome till the religion of the Nome was established. And these were the means by which Osiris Isis Orus & Mercury set up the worship of their friends in Egypt as fast as they died.

And after the example of the Ægyptians the kings of Greece did the like in their kingdoms. Before Oracles began to be erected in Greece, the Greeks had not several names for several Gods but called them all by the general names of Gods.

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And for the same reason the principal temples of Egypt & Greece which were in the hands of lawmakers had Oracles in them, as the Temples of Delphos where the Amphictyonic Council met to make laws for Greece: the Temple at Dodona built by the Pelasgians for all their nation, the Tem

Oracles were set up by kings & great men for giving laws to the people Zeleucus pretended to receive his laws from the Goddess Vesta, Numa his from the Goddess Egeria, Minos his from the Cretan Iupiter Lycurgus backt his laws by authority of the Delphic Oracle. When Acrisius erected the Amphictyonic council & built a Temple at Delphos for them to meet in, to give credit to the Council he set up an Oracle in the Temple to give credit to the laws of that Council [not for the woman who delivered the Oracles to give laws to the Council, but for the Council by the Oracles to give laws to all the Cities. ffor the Amphictyons or Elders of the Cities who met & composed the Council had the management of the affairs of the Temple in their hands with authority to put in examin & turn out the Priestesses who delivered the Oracles.] And the same is to be understood of all the Oracles in Temples built by public authority such as were the Temple of Iupiter at Dodona built by the Pelasgians for all their cities, the temple of Iupiter Olympus in Olympia neare Elis, the Temple of Iupiter at Thebes built by the king of Egypt, the temple of Iupiter Ammon in Libya built by Danaus in the reign of his brother Sesostris, & as many of the Temples of the Nomes or Provinces of Egypt as had Oracles in them. For Sesostris divided Egypt into 36 Nomes & built a Temple for every Nome and all these Temples had their Councils of Elders who met at set times of the year to consult of the affairs of the Nome & government the people of the Nome also comming together to sacrifice & feast & buy & sell. ffor the severall Nomes had their several Gods & several ways of worshipping their Gods & these Gods had their Oracles, some of which continued in vogue till the days of Herodotus as the Oracles of Hercules Apollo in their cities, that of Minerva in the City Sais Diana in the city Bubaste, that of Mars in the city {Pamuretonis} that of Iupiter – {illeg} that in the {illeg} Iupiter: but of all the Oracles that of Latona in the City Buti remained most in repute. And these Oracles were not all alike but delivered themselves after different manners. And in{deed} I do not see how Sesostris could have set up so many religions in Egypt as there were Nomes & Temples if he had not furnished the Temple of every Nome with an Oracle in the beginning.

tells us that Before the Greeks began to set up Oracles they had no variety of names for various Gods, but called them only by the common name of Gods. By the dictates of the Oracle of Dodona – – – history of the ages of the Gods.

When Bacchus invaded Greece he was entertained by Amphictyon the son of Deucalion, & in memory thereof there were set up at Athens in a cell consecrated to Bacchus many earthen statues & amongst them the statue of Amphictyon enterteining Bacchus & the Gods . And that of Pegasus of Eleutheris who first introduced the worship of Bacchus amongst the Athenians, & did it by the authority of the Delphic Oracle. This is that Amphictyon who by the advice of Acrisius erected the Amphictyonic Council, appointing it to meet every spring & autumn both at Delphos in the Temple of Apollo & at Thermopylæ in the temple of Ceres or at one of those places in spring & at the other in autumn. They tell us that when the rain fell which overflowed Thessaly where he reigned & caused his flood, he fled from the rain to Athens & in memory of his escape built there a Temple to Iupiter Phixius. This cannot be understood litterally without a miracle, for Athens where the Temple of Iupiter Phyxius stood was lower then Thessaly & no man without a divine admonition would fly from rain before he was in danger by the rising of the water & then the water would <57v> hinder his flight. Iupiter Phyxius signifies the Iupiter of them that fly, [that is of them that fly from danger] And the flood from which Deucalion fled I take to be the invasion of his kingdom by Bacchus . He fled with his son Amphictyon to Athens & there they made their peace with Bacchus. For there Amphictyon entertained Bacchus & his great men at a feast & erected an altar to him & there Deucalion erected an altar to the 12 Gods of Egypt & in memory of his escape instituted an annual ffestival to [ Iupiter Phyxius ] And by these & such like practises the worship of the Dij magni majorum gentium was set on foot in Greece. Deucalion is reputed a scythian & probably with a body of Scythians invaded Thessaly & erected a kingdom there a little before the expedition of Sesostris. Some tell us that Hellen the father of Æolus Zathus & Dorus (from whom the Greeks were called Hellens) was the son of Deucalion others that he was the son of Iupiter. Certainly he was not the son of Deucalion the father of that Amphictyon who enterteined Bacchus.

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Herodotus tells us^[63] that the Phœnicians who came with Cadmus brought many doctrines into Greece. ffor amongst those Phenicians were a sort of men called Curetes^[64] who were skilled in arts & sciences above other men & setled some in Phrygia where they were called also Corybantes, some in Crete where from the mountain Ida & the use of their hands in manual arts they were called Idæi Dactyli, some setled in Samothrace where they were called Cabyri, some in Rhodes where they were called Telchines, some in Eubæa where before the invention of iron they wrought first in Copper in a city thence called Chalcis, & some in Lemnos, Imbrus & other places. And a considerable body of them setled in Ætolia which was thence called the country of the Curetes untill Ætolus the son of Endymion invaded it & called it by his own name. Where they setled they wrought first in copper & then in iron, & when they had made themselves armour they danced in it at the sacrifices with tumult & clamour & bells & pipes & drumms & wepaons with which they struck upon one anothers armour in musical time, appearing seized with a divine fury. And this is recconed the original of music in Greece. Studium musicum inde cœptum cum Idæi Dactyli modulos crepitu & tinnitu æris deprehensos in versificum ordinem transtulissent: Solinus Polyhist. c. 11. Studium musicum ab Idæis Dactylis cœptum. Origen l. 14. c. 6 Clemens^[65] calls the Idæi Dactyli barbarians & saith that they were reputed the first wise men to whom both the letters which they call Ephesian & the invention of musical rhimes is re
ferred. It seems that when the Phenician letters ascribed to Cadmus were bought into Greece they were at the same time brought also into Phrygia & Crete by the Curetes who setled in those countries. & called Ephesian from the city Ephesus where they were first taught. ^[66]For the Curetes & particularly the Idæi Dactyli who found out iron, invented & taught many other things usefull to life & for their skill & knowledge & mystical actions were accounted wise men & conjurers. In Phrygia their mysteries were about Rhea called Cybele & Magna mater: in Crete they were about her son Iupiter. They represented that when Iupiter was born in Crete his mother Rhea caused him to be educated in a cave in mount Ida under their care & tuition & that they danced about him in armour with a great noise that his father Saturn might not hear him cry & when he was grown up assisted him in conquering his father Saturn, & in memory of these things instituted their mysteries

And hence I conclude that the Iupiter of the Idæi Dactyli was Minos. For they came into Crete with Europa & her brother Atymaus just before Minos was born, attended on him all his life & went with him into Sicily & were left there at his death. Asterius & Minos were the two first kings of all Crete mentioned in history & on that account the Saturn & Iupiter of the kingdom. Minos was the most potent & famous of all the kings of Crete & so deserves the name of the Cretan Iupiter above them all. He was the greatest warrior & most potent of all the kings of Greece in his time & the first who gained the dominion of the seas & therefore deserves above them all to be painted with a scepter in one hand & a thunderbolt in the other. He was the Law maker of Crete & was so famous for justice as to be accounted the judge of hell & hence justice became the chracter of Iupiter. Europa being a Phenician would be apt to commit the care of her child to her countriemen the Curetes who came with her into the Island & by their instructions he became so wise & just. Mount Ida was excavated by art with many walks & <59v> intricate passages which they called the Labyrinth & there they might secure & educate the child. There they might dig minerals & make armour first of copper & then of iron & by the help of this armour after Minos was grown up they might overcome the native Cretans expell Asterius & set Minos on the throne, & then celebrate these actions by dancing in armour at the sacrifices. He was buried in the same cave where he was educated: for ^d[67] Pythagoras went down into the Idæan cave to see his sepulchre. Whence Lucian ^e[68] tells us that the Cretans do not only relate that Iupiter was born & buried among them but also shew his sepulchre. And Cicero ^f[69] in numbring three Iupiters saith that the third was the Cretan Iupiter Saturn's son whose sepulchre was shown in Crete & the Scholiast upon Callimachus ^g[70] lets us know that this was the sepulchre of Minos. By Saturn Cicero who was a Latine understands the Saturn of the Latines: for when Saturn was expelled his kingdom he fled from Crete by sea into Italy. In those days the Greeks called all kings Iupiters & all their bastard sons the sons of Iupiter & in that sense Minos was called the son of Iupiter. Minos was absolutely the greatest king of the Cretans & their lawgiver they worshipped him above all other kings & his worship under the name of ♃ remained after their other kings were forgotten. And because his father fled into Italy & there lay hid the Latines called hm Saturn & their country Saturnia Latium & themselves Latines. //About the same time, some other Greeks carried colonies into Italy as Oenotrus the younger son of Lycaon & Ianus who received Saturn into part of his kingdom. And this was the first memory of things done in Italy. For the reign of this Saturn was the golden age of the Latines.

The Saturn who according to the Latine Poets reigned in the golden age & was expelled by his father was the Saturn of the Latines, & therefore the Iupiter who reigned in the silver age was Minos. For Deucalion's flood which preceded the four ages, was, according to the Marble, about 10 years before the coming of Cadmus into Europe that is, just before the reign of Asterius or in the beginning thereof. And Apollonius tells us^[71] that Chiron was begot of Phylira by Saturn in the golden age when Iupiter was educated among the Idæi Dactyli, ^[72]& that Talus who was the son of Minos & guarded the Island Crete in copper armour was the last man of the brazen age & died when the Argonauts in returning home arrived at that Island. These three ages therefore had a particular respect to the kingdom of Crete in the days of Asterius, Minos & the sons of Minos, & by consequence the fourth age was the age in which the grandsons of Minos flourished: for Hesiod tells us expresly^[73] that the fourth age ended with the wars of Thebes & Troy.

Hesiod describes these four ages to be four generations of men every one of which ended when the men of the generation dropt into the earth & were deified & a new generation arose, & saith that he himself lived in the fift age which should be destroyed by Iupiter when the men of that age should grow hoary headed; & describing every age to be worse then the former he translates the name of the iron age from the fourth to his own as being the worst of the five. And since Chiron was born in the golden age & lived till the Argonautic expedition or a little longer, the silver age & copper age could not exceed the length of ordinary generations. {ffrom} the coming of Europa & Cadmus & the Curetes into Crete & Greece to the destruction of Troy was about 134 years which being divided into four equal ages allows about 33 or 34 years to an age or an hundred years to three ages & of this length were the two first ages together extending to the death of Minos the third age extending fom the death of Minos to the end of the Argonautic expedition & the fourth extending from thence to the taking of Troy. I begin these ages with the coming of the Idæi Dactyli into Crete because by what has been said above that seems to be a parable {feigned} by them in Crete in honour of their Iupiter.

In the first of these four ages men lived on roots, hearbs, berries apples, peares, acorns & & other spontaneus fruits of the earth without the labour of plowing & sowing. In the second the Greeks began to plow & sow & make bread & grow potent at <60r> sea & by the invention of iron to multiply arts. In the third they grew more warlike but used armour & weapons & utensils of copper, the use of iron, as Hesiod lets us know, being not yet spread abroad. In the end of the third & beginning of the fourth they invented the constellations & built a long ship & began to make long voyages at sea. In the fourth they increased their riches in metalls, improved navigation & grew more injurious & violent then before. And these are the characters of the four ages according to the Poets.

Before the first age men worshipped the supreme Iove. In the end of the first age, out of flattery, they began to call all kings by the name of Iupiters, & continued to do so till the beginning of the third: whence Niobe the daughter of Phoroneus is accounted the first woman & Alcmena the last with whom Iupiter lay. In this interval therefore we are to look for the reign of Iupiter & the silver age.

The people of Elis in giving an account of their own originals say ^[74]that Saturn reigned first in the kingdom of heaven & that the men who were called the golden age built a temple to him in Olympia, & that his wife Rhea when Iupiter was born committed the custody of the child to the Idæi Dactyli otherwise called Curetes & that five of these Idæi Dactyli (whose names were Hercules, Pæonius, Epimedes, Iasius & Idas{)} coming afterwards from Ida a mountain in Crete into Elis, there instituted the game of racing once in four years, which was the original of the Olympic games. The Iupiter of the Idæi dactyli & the Parable of the reign of Saturn & Iupiter in the golden & silver ages was brought by them into Greece & being formed by them commenced with their first coming into Crete.

And because they brought the celebration of the Olympic games into Greece, it may be concluded that they came from Phœnicia. For those games were celebrated at Tyre in honour of the Tyrian Hercules before the conquest of Phœnicia by the Greeks

And since those games were celebrated at the end of every four years & the space of eight years was the ^a[75] Annus magnus of Cadmus & ^b[76] Minos & was used ^c[77] in many religions of Greece as in celebrating the Ludi Pythici at Delphos we may reccon that the Octaeteris & Tetraeteris were brought from Phœnicia into Crete & Greece by the Curetes. The Dieteris was soon after brought into Greece by the Egyptians in celebrating the Bacchinalia. <60v>

The Greeks kept their monthly festivals according to the course of the Moon & their annual ^r[79] festivals according to the season of the year, the same festival being always kept at the same season. ffor several of their festivals related to the seasons of plowing & sowing, first fruits & harvest, the gathering of ripe fruits & the vintage, & for knowing upon what days of the year they were to keep their annual festivals, a calendar was necessary. ^[80] Now the ancient Calendar year conteined twelve months & every Calendar month 30 days, so that there were 360 days in the Calendar year. For they recconned 30 days to a Lunary month & 12 Lunary months to a year, & this is to be understood only of their Calendar Months & Calendar years. And from this form of the year it came to pass that the Athenians whose year was Lunisolar erected 30 statues to Demetrius Phalereus according to the number of days in their year, & that the Zodiac was divided into twelve signes answering to the months & every signe into 30 equal parts answering to the days, so that this Calendar year is as old as the division of a circle into 360 degrees In keeping an account of time they they recconed by the Calendar months when the Moon did not appear as in the time of Noahs flood ^a[81] but in fair weather dropt a day or two in the Calendar month too long for the course of the Moon & added a month to the year as often as they found 12 months too short for the return of the seasons, & this was ^b[82] every other year except once in eight years. For they added ^c but three Lunary months in eight years. ffrom the adding a month every other year came the Dieteris. ffrom the omitting the additional month once in eight years came the Octaeteris & the mean between these was the Tetraeteris. And this I take to be the constitution of the ancient Luni-solar year of the Egyptians Phœnicians Greeks & Latines before the Greek Astronomers began to alter it. ffor the ancient Lunisolar year of the Latines as well as that of the Greeks ^e[83] consisted of 360 days & ^f[84] had a month added every other year, .

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The Monarchy of Egypt at Memphys.

Herodotus & Diodorus tell us – – – – – for the use of the temples, & was therefore called the second Mercury

Menes reigning next after the Gods & semi-gods & being the sucessor of Orus, lived in the times of the Argonautick expedition & Trojan war & so was contemporary to Memnon. For Memnon being feigned by the Greeks to be the son of Tithonus, was born soon after Tithonus was carried captive into Egypt by Sesostris & being said by the Greeks to come from Susa to Troy {&} to be {there} slain by Achilles in the last year of the Trojan war, he reigned at Susa in the time of that war. And indeed the names Menes, & Memnon are but several names of one & the same king corruptly formed by the Greeks from his Egyptian name Amenoph. From Amenophor (with the Greek termination) Amenophis, were formed Menoph, Moph, Noph, Menphis Memphis, the names of his royal city, & Menes, Memnon his own names. The name Menes is by Eratosthenes interpreted Διόνιος Iovius & therefore came from the word Ammon or Amenoph the Egyptian name of Iupiter. This king is also called Amenephthes by Eusebius, Imandes, Ismandes Isimander by Strabo, Osimandes by Hecatæus, Osimandues & Mendes by Diodorus.

Iosephus tells us out of Manetho that this Amenophis was a contemplator of the Gods as was Orus a former king – – – – – the mistake that Osursiphus was Moses, & it will amount to this, that when the army of Zerah the Ethiopian was beaten at Mareseh by the Iews, the remainder of the shepherds in the lower Egypt (who being originally Phenicians were inclined to the leprousy) revolted from the Ethiopians, were forced by them to retire to Pelusium, called in the victorious Iews to their assistance & under the conduct Of Osarsiphus forced the Ethiopian army then commanded by Amenophis, to retire to Memphis, & that after Amenophis had fortified that pass, & built a Palace there for his Queen & son he left them there & went up into Thebais & Ethiopia {w}here he reigned 13 years. That India or some part thereof being in subjection to Egypt he sent for a body of Ethiopians from thence to strengthen him self & gave them seats above Egypt: for Eusebius tells us, sub Amenophe Æthiopes ab Indo flumine consurgentes juxta Ægyptum consederunt. And that after 13 years he returned with what force he & his young son Ramesses could make & conquered Osarsiphus & drove out the Iews with as many of the shepherds as were in arms against him. And to this action Ramesses seems to relate when he inscribed on his Obelisk (as Hermapion interpreted it) that he had saved Egypt by expelling forreiners.

Manetho saith that the shepherds obteined Egypt 511 years. If 5 or 6 years may be allowed between the victory of Asa & the retiring of Amenophis into Ethiopia for opposing the shepherds & Iews under Osarsiphus & for building & fortifying Memphis & 13 years more till the expulsion of the shepherds & Iews, their expulsion will be about the 33^th year of Asa. Count backwards 511 years <61v> and – – – – – by Ioshuah.

Amenophis having recovered – – – – – regulation of the year.

Before men began by astronomical observations to reduce the courses of the sun & Moon to a rule they kept time only by the returns of the Moon & seasons of the year, & this made the years of nations at first to be Lunisolar. But after they began to keep festivals upon certain days of the month & to distinguish days into fasti & nefasti, & by consequence to make Calendars for knowing what those days were, it became necessary to reduce the Calendar year to some certain form & this could not be done without putting a certain number of days for a month & a certain number of months for a year. And hence they framed a Kalendar year of 30 days to a month & 12 months to a year, reserving to the Priests of every nation a liberty of correcting this year by the courses of the sun & Moon so as to omit a day in the month whenever they found 30 days too long for the course of the Moon or to add a month to the year whenever they found 12 months too short for the return of the seasons of the year. And this Kalendar year seems to have occasioned the division of the Zodiac into 12 signes & of every signe into 30 degrees. Then finding by long observation that there were three months to be added in every eight years, they made the years to consist of 12 & 13 Lunary months alternately, omitting the intercalary month once in eight years & thence came the Octaeteris teraeteris & dieteris of the ancients. Afterwards the Greeks found out exacter rules of intercaling . But the Luni-solar years consisting of no certain number of days & so being unfit for Astronomical uses, the Egyptians after they began to apply themselves to Astronomy, tryed to reduce the year to certain length & for that end first took the Calendar year of 360 days, but soon finding that too short, they added five days to the end of it & so composed a year of 12 Kalendar months & five days, & the Romans added a day more once in four years to make this year answer more exactly to the course of the Sun.

For the Israelites brought a Lunisolar year out of Egypt, & Ammon used this year as above, but in the holy Isle of Nile neare Phylas was a sepulchre built to Osiris religiously reverenced by all the Priests of Egypt wherein they laid up 360 bowles – – – time by such a year. And the golden border or circle in the tumb of Memnon being divided into 365 days with the risings & settings of the stars in every day shews that they added 5 days to the 360 either in his reign or upon his death or consecration. For the Egyptians dedicated those five days to Osiris, Isis, Orus, Typhon & Nephthe the wife of Typhon & therefore these days were added to the year after the reign of those five Kings & Queens.

Tis agreed that this regulation of the year was first made by the Egyptians. So Herodotus: The Egyptians – – – – & 12 months & 5 days to a year.

The Lunisolar year of the Israelites in Egypt & by consequence of the Egyptians began in Autumn If upon forming a new year they began it {in} Spring, as Moses did the new year of the Iews, the Æra thereof will commence about the time that Amenophis died. For this Ægyptian year was the same with the year of Nabonassar <62r> and began always on the same day, & therefore in the year of the Iulian Period 3821, & for three years after, it began on the third of April which was then the first day after the vernal Equinox according to the suns mean motion, & that year of the Iulian Period was 55 years after the victory of Asa over the Ethiopians, & so long Amenophis might reign. For his reign in Ethiopia – – – – – reigned 62 years.

Censorinus tells us: Novissime Arminon ad tridecim menses & dies quinque annum Ægyptium produxisse. Here 13 months should be 12 (as Scaliger & Salmasius note) and Arminon should be Ammonem or Amenoph, that is Memnonem.

Next after Amenophis reigned his son Ramesses Rameses or Rhampses above mentioned. He is called Rhampsinitus by Herodotus & Remphis by Diodorus, & Pliny tells us that in his reign Troy was taken, – – – – of a thousand thousand

Pliny tells us that the first Obelisk was made by Mires who reigned in Heliopolis, & afterwards other kings – – – – – – – – one of 80.

Between Osimanduas & Miris (i.e. Memnon & Mœris) Diodorus places one Vchoreus – – – – – – By these works I take Vchoreus to be either Memnon himself or the successor of his son Ramesses.

Among the stupendious works of the kings of Egypt is to be recconed that vast lake of Mœris with two Pyramids – – – – – – – added porticos. He is called – – – – mistakes.

In the Canons, Suphis the founder – – – – of state.

The three great Pyramids – – – – long staff.

After these kings Gaephachthus & his son Boccharis reigned successively at Memphys – – – – – and afterwards by the Assyrians.

Sabacon invaded Egypt about the time that the Æra of Nabonassar began, & its probable that that Æra was set on foot by some Egyptians who fled from Sabacon. For that year is one & the same with the Egyptian & Astrology invented a little before by Nicepsos, was propagated to Babylon with that year & put the Chaldeans upon observing the heavens.

The reign of the Ethiopians over Egypt according to Herodotus – – – – Nabonassar as above.

The dominion of the Assyrians over Egypt lasted two or three years. Diodorus calls it an anarchy of two years. Isaias represents it by going naked & barefoot thee years. The Lord said, Like as my servant Isaiah hath walked naked & barefoot three years for a sign & wonder upon Egypt & upon Ethiopia: so shall the king of Assyria lead away the Egyptians prisoners & the Ethiopians captives young & old naked & barefoot Isa. 20.3. And now the Monarchy of Assyria was in its height for in the end of these three years upon a great incursion first of the Cyrreneans & & then of the Scythians into Asia several nations fell off from the Assyrians, Manasses returned from captivity & twelve Princes of Egypt by consent shared that kingdom amongst themselves & reigned 15 years. One of these Princes – – – – – – – became King of Egypt. He beseiged Azot – – – – – ever since in servitude.

In the 12 year of Darius Nothus the Egyptians revolted from the Persians & continued <62v> under their own kings Amyrtæus, Nepherites, Achoris, Psammites, Nepherites II, Nectarebis, Tyos, Nectanebos untill Artaxerxes Ochus king of Persia in the 14^th year of his reign conquered the last of them & reduced Egypt to obedience. At that time Artaxerxes carried away the records

The Egyptians in contending with other nations about their antiquities have made their monarchy many thousands of years older then the truth. And Manetho who wrote after Artaxerxes Ochus had carried away the records of the Egyptians, has given us the corruptest account of it. ffor he has set down many Dynasties of kings succeeding Menes, all which take up above five thousand years, & yet all his Dynasties began after the days of Moses.

The first & second Dynasties of Manetho – – – – – to make their nation look ancient.

for which end several kings who reigned after Sesostris are in the Dynasties of Manetho set before him & several names of the same king & even several corruptions of the same name are set down for several kings. Osiris is the same king with Sesostris & Menes reigned after Sesostris but in the Dynasties of Manetho Osiris & Menes reigned above 2000 year

Of the Empire of Egypt.

When Ioshua drove out the Canaanites, great multitudes of them fled into Egypt & through Egypt in Libya & Afric & two pillars erected by them in Afric remained there till the days of Procopius with this inscription: We are Canaanites & flee from the face of Ioshua the robber. Was not the kingdom of the sheppherds in Egypt erected by these Canaanites?

At length the Coptites, so called from the city Coptus, growing potent came down from the upper Ægypt & drave out the shepherds. in the days of Eli & Samuel, by which means the armies of the Philistims became exceeding numerous & Greece received also some colonies from Egypt & David afterwards driving out the Philistims Edomites & Syrians made new colonies of Phœnicians fly into Greece & Afric. Ammon in the reign of Solomon conquered Libya & all Ammonia Sesak prepared a fleet of long ships with sails in the red sea & another in the mediterranean & in his fathers lifetime conquered Ethiopia & Troglodytica & afterwards went as far westward as the straits mouth, & in the 5^t year of Rehoboam came out of Egypt with a great army & conquered all the East as far as India & past through Asia minor into Thrace

setting up pillars in all his conquests & these conquests God foretold by the prophet Shemajah, 2 Chron. 12.8.

When Sesak had spent 9 years in making these conquests he returned back into Egypt with great multitudes of captives which he employed in cutting channels from the Nile to all the great cities of Egypt, raising the grownd of the cities with the earth cut out of the channels & rebuilding the temples & particularly he rebuilt the City Thebes the seate of his father, calling it No-Ammon that is, the city of Ammon. And when he had spent about 11 years in these works Egypt & Libya were invaded & conquered by the Ethiopians. And then Zerah the Ethiopian came out with an army of a thousand thousand Ethiopians & Lybians. Their way was through Egypt & therefor Egypt was now subject to Zerah. Asa king of Iudah during the intestine broiles of Egypt had respite ten years in which time he built the fenced cities of Iudah & got up an army of 580000 men with which in the 15^th year of his reign he met & routed Zerah so that Zerah could not recover himself. And thus the great Empire erected by Ammon & Sesac fell. But the Ethiopians notwithstanding continued to reign over Ægypt & <63v> in the reign of Amenophes or Memnon (which I take to be the son of Zerah) built Memphis making it the metropolis of their kingdom. From him the city had its name Menoph & corruptly Moph or Noph & in the Greek idiom Memphis. The Greeks feigned that ◇ < insertion from the left margin of f 63v > ◇ he was the son of Tithonus the brother of Laomedon & therefore he was born soon after Tithonus was carried captive into Egypt & Egypt was invaded by the Ethiopians, that is soon after the {5}^t year of Asa. ffor Memnon was an Ethiopian. < text from f 63v resumes > So when David had conquered Syria Hadad       who founded a new kingdom at Damascus was ever after worshipped by the Syrians as their God.

It was the custome of the nations in those days to consecrate & worship their dead kings. The kings of cities were worshipped by the cities & the kings of Nations by the nations. Whence the largeness of their dominion may be conjectured by the extent of their worship. So from the extent of the worship of Ammon it seems probable to me that he subdued not only Libya & all Ammonia but also Ethiopia & the Indians above Egypt & Arabia fælix.

From his conquering Libya a country abounding in sheep they painted him with ramms horns. The eldest son of Iupiter was Hercules. And by the pillars which Sesostris set up in all his conquests he seems to be the great Egyptian Hercules. The several conquered nations worshipped him by several names. The Egyptians called him Osiris, the Arabians Bacchus, the Chaldeans & Assyrians Belus, the Thracians Mars, the Greeks Ægyptus & (if I mistake not) the Phœnicians Hercules

The Greeks wrote only in verse till the days of the seven wise men & when they began to write history in prose they recconed time only by the generations of men, But at length Chronologers counting the generations one with another to be the third part of an hundred years , & making no difference between the generations of men & the reigns of kings, conjectured at the years in which things were done & the later Chronologers following the conjectures of the earlier they have framed the Chronology now extant: whereas generations by the eldest sons make but about 27 years a piece & the reigns of king one with another make but about 18 or 20 years a piece. Recconing therefore the 4 generations in the family of Hercules till the return of the Heraclides into Peloponnesus at about 27 years a piece & the reigns of kings in the two races of the kings of the Lacedæmonians & the race of the kings of Corinth at about 19 years a piece till the middle of the reign of Darius Hystaspis when the Chronology of the Greeks began to be certain, the Argonautic expe < insertion from f 64r > in which Hercules was in his vigour

 And at this rate the four generations in the family of Hercules from the Argonautick expedition to the return of the Heraclides into Peloponnesus will take up about 108 years, & the                 reigns of kings in each of the two races of the kings of the Lacedemonians & in the race of the kings of Corinth be shortned in the proportion of 33$\frac{1}{3}$ to 19 between the return of Heraclides & the battel at Marathon when the Chronology of the Greeks began to be ascertained by that of the Persians that interval of time will take up about 348 years more, & so place the Argonautic expedition upon the middle of the reign of Asa & the Trojan war upon the middle of the reign of Iehosaphat. ffor the Trojan war was one generation later then the Argonautic expedition. And the expedition of Sesostris celebrated by the Greeks being one generation older then that of the Argonauts will fall in with that of Sesak mentioned in Scripture.

Herodotus the oldest historian of the Greeks affirms that Homer & Hesiod were not above 400 years before himself. Homer was the scholar of Demodocus who sung to the woers of Penelope the wife of Vlysses. Hesiod tells us that he lived in the age next after the taking of Troy, which age would end when the men then alive grew grey headed & dropt into the grave. And by this recconing the Trojan war could not be above 460 or 470 years before the age of Herodotus & so will fall in with the reign of Iehosaphat as above.

The Greeks wrote only in verse till the days of the 7 wise men & when they began to write history in prose, they recconed time only by generations of men & after the days of Herodotus they began by degrees to conjecture at numbers of years, & at length framed the Chronology now extant by the years of the Olympiads. This Chronology since the invasion of Greece by the persians & the battel of Marathon is ascertained by the chronology of the Persians but before the times of the Persian Empire there is nothing certain but the number of genealogies & of the kings which reigned in the several cities of Greece.

In framing the Chronology now extant the Greeks have recconed the ancient genealogies & the reigns of kings at about 34 years a piece one with another whereas genealogies by the eldest sons take up but about 27 years a piece & the reigns of kings but about 18 or 20 years apiece one with another according to the course of Nature. Hence it comes to pass that the Greeks have made the times of the expedition of Sesostris, the Argonautic expedition & the Trojan war much too ancient. Let the genealogies by the eldest sons be recconed at about 27 years apiece & the reigns of kings at about 18 or 20 years a piece & ³ the expedition of Sesostris with that of Sesac, & the ² the Argonautic expedition with the fall of the Empire of Egypt & ¹ the Trojan war will fall in with the reign of Memnon, ⁴ the colonies of Phenicians in the days of Cecrops & Lelex with the flight of the shepherds in Egypt from the Cophtites.

As the Greeks called Moph Memphis so they called Sesach Sesonchosis &            tells us that Sesonchosis left a colony of Egyptians at Colchos under Ætes with Geographical tables of his conquests. And therefore the Expedition of Sesach was not above one generation before the Argonautic expedition. The ship Argo was built after the pattern of the long ship in which Danaus fled with his daughters from Egypt into Greece &          the son of Amymone one of his daughters was an Argonaute & Danaus fled from his brother Sesostris when Sesostris returned into Egypt & Iosephus tells us that what the Greeks relate of Sesostris agrees with the history of Sesack.

The records of Carthage fell into the hands of the Romans & Solinus tells us that Carthage stood 737 years & Virgil that Teucer the son of Telamon & Hesione after the taking of Troy came to Cyprus when Belus the father of Dido the foundress of Carthage was conquering that Island. Therefore Troy was taken a little before the reign of Pigmaleon the Brother of Dido & by consequence in the reign of Iehosaphat as < text from f 63v resumes > the Sesostris of the Greeks who was one generation oldern then the Argonautic expedition, will fall in with the Sesak mentioned in the Scriptures & the Trojan war which was one generation later then the Argonautic expedition will fall in with the reign of Memnon; which synchronism gave occasion to the story of the Greeks that Memnon came to the Trojan war; & the coming of            from the Trojan war to the Island Cyprus will just precede the reign of Pigmaleon the brother of Dido, as it ought to do according to Virgil; & Tithonus the brother of Priam will be carried captive into Thebais at that time when Sesostris returned into Egypt with a great multitude of captives; which might give occasion to the Greeks to fable that he was the father of Memnon And the flight of Danaus with his daughters from his brother Ægyptus will fall in with the return of Sesac into Egypt as it ought to do: ffor          the son of Amymone the daughter of Danaus was one of the Argonauts. And the coming of Cecrops, Lelex & some others with colonies from Egypt into Greece will fall in with the expulsion of the shepherds by the Coptites. And the coming of many colonies of Phœnicians into Greece & Libya in the days of Cadmus will fall in with the flight of the nations from David. And the Argonautic expedition will be synchronal to the fall of the empire of Egypt, & might be an embassy sent by the Greeks to all the nations upon the sea coasts to promote their falling off from Egypt. And the Egyptian Thebes will be in its prime in the days of Homer, & the city Memphys not then grown considerable enough to be celebrated by him nor its Pyramids or labyrinth yet built.

If these things be so, they give some light to the sacred history & confirm it but whether they be so or not I leave to be examined.

In the religion propagated with mankind from Noah & his sons men worshipped one God with prayers & praises & giving of thanks accompanied with significant ceremonies, such as were sacrifices expressing praise & thanksgiving for benefits received, or prayer for pardon of offenses & other benefits desired. And as Abraham when he went to sacrifice his son Isaac & Moses in the Wilderness & Æneas in his voyage ‡ < insertion from lower down f 65r > ‡ voyage from Troy & the ancient kings of Persia in their Progresses < text from higher up f 65r resumes > carried with them the sacred fire & Nadab & Abihu were slain for offering strange fire which God commanded them not so it is to be conceived that upon the first peopling of the earth every family in travelling from place to place carried with them a sacred fire for sacrifices, the father of the family being as well Priest as king. Whence it became the custome of all nations to keep perpetual fires in their sacred places. The Iews did it in their Temple, the Egyptians & ✝ ✝ Chaldeans in theirs, the Persians in their Pyrethra, & the cities of the Greeks & Latines in their Prytanies & Vestal Temples. The sacrifices of the first nations were vegetables fit for food & clean beasts & birds. ffor the distinction of Beasts into clean & unclean was as old as the days of Noah. Of vegetables the first fruits & tenths were gods lot & of animals the first born. And this seems to have {been} the religion of the world before the rise of Idolatry. But after cities began to unite into kingdoms, the people began to flatter their kings & at length to carry on the flattery to them after death by supposing that their souls survived & resided about their graves & sepulchres & gravestones & could do men good & hurt & on that account they began to invoke them & build Altars to them & worshipp them with oblations & sacrifices & at length to worship the stones themselves as inhabited by these feigned Deities. And at length when men grew skilful in carving & casting figures, they made the images of the kings & building sepulchres in theform of Temples, set up the Images in the Temples & worshipped them as inhabited by the souls of the dead kings.

<66v>

Before the times of these four ages, the nations of Egypt Syria & Mesopotamia worshipped their kings & benefactors. The Egyptians worshipped theirs in the shapes of Birds Beasts & ffishes as appears by the prohibition in the 4^th Commandment. The Syrians of Mesopotamia had their Images Teraphims or household Gods before Abraham went from thence Gen 31 & Ios 24.14, 15 The Midianites had their Baal Peor, The Philistims their Dagon, the Zidonians their Asteroth, the Ammonites their Moloch & Milcom, the Moabites their Chemosh, & the several nations of Canaan their several Baals. But these Gods had not yet spread into Europe. As they were kings of small kingdoms so their worship was of small extent. & the Dij magni majorum gentium were not yet in being. In the times of the four Ages the Phœnicians brought Idolatry into Europe & the Egyptians by their conquests spread the worship of the Egyptian Gods into all their conquests. And about thtat time Amon & his children applying themselves to Astronomy & dividing the Zodiak into 12 signes & 360 degrees & froming the Constellations & twelve Asterisms of the Zodiak & naming them & the sun Moon & Planets after the kings & great men of Egypt, they set on foot the worship of their kings & great men in the Planets, signes & Constellations, as if the souls of those men resided in the Stars & animated them. So they feigned that souls of the daughters of Atlas resided in the Pleiades & Hyades, the souls of Orus & Bubaste or Apollo & Diana in the Sun & Moon, the souls of Ammon & his father in the Planets Iupiter & Saturn those of Hercules Venus & Mercury in the Planets of Mars Venus & Mercury & so of the rest: & according to the temper & disposition of the men they ascribed qualities to the stars. Orion is a tempestuous constellation becuase the man was turbulent, the Hyades signify rain because the weomen died weeping, one of the Pleiades or seven stars is a dull one because the woman married a mortal, the Planet of Saturn is malevolent because the old man was morose, that of Iupiter bengne because Ammon was prosperous & auspicious to the Egyptians that of Mars governs war & valour & that of Venus love because the man was a warrior & the woman amorous & that of Mercury rules Merchandise, Embassies, Thefts the high ways & Arts & Sciences because of the qualifications & actions of the man. At first the Egyptians had but eight celestial Gods, seven of which were the seven Planets , but soon afterwards adding the four Elements they made up the number 12. Without the Elements they recconed the Planets in this order Saturn, Iupiter, Mars, Sol, Venus Mercury Luna, & with the Elements in this; Saturn, Iupiter, Mars, Venus, Mercury Sol, Luna, Ignis Aer, Aqua, Terra, putting the sun always in the middle & concealing the earth. The twelve signes they dedicated to the twelve Gods making them their houses. Whence Homer^[86] makes all the celestial Gods go to feast with the Ethiopians & after 12 days to return to heaven & sleep in their several houses built for them by Vulcan. And Herodotus says that the Greeks had the 12 Gods from the Egyptians & others that Æneas brought them from Troy into Italy.

<67r>

driven out by the Cophtites or inhabitants of Thebais under the {illeg} {Mephres} or Mephamuthosis & Thmosis Thomotis Amosis or Ammon

Whence Pliny tells us: Ægyptiorum bellis attrita est Æthiopia vicissi{illeg} peritando serviendoque clara et potens usque ad Trojana bella Memnone regnante. Plin l. 6. c. 29. Memnon or Amenophis built Memphis calling it by his own name & there founded the magnificent temple of Vulcan, & his successors Rampses, Vchoreus, Mœris, Suphis, Cephren Mycerinus, Asychis, Gnephactus, & Boccharis did other great works in Memphis Rampses added the western portico of the temple of Vulcan, Vchoreus fortified Memphys & adorned it with palaces whereby it became the seat of the future kings. Mœris built the northern portico of the temple of Vulcan & made the great lake of Mœris with two large pyramids in it & a Labyrinth neare it. Suphis Cephrene & Mycerinus followed his example in building pyramids. & Asychis built the very beautiful eastern portico of the temple of Vulcan In his days Egypt became divided into several kingdoms. Gnephactus & Boccharis succeeded him at Memphis. Stephanates Nicepsos & Nechus reigned successively at Sais, & others reigned at Tanes or Zoan. In the days of Boccharis & Nechus Ægypt was again subdued by the Æthiopians under Sabacon. . . . . . . till the death of Assarhadon. ffor Assarhadon invaded Ægypt about three years before his death.

<67v>

$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{ccc}\begin{array}{r}1000=872\text{ oz}={218}^{\text{l}}\phantom{0}\mathrm{.0.0}\phantom{4}\\ 5.\phantom{0}9.0\phantom{0}\\ \mathrm{1.16.4}\phantom{0}\\ \overline{225.\phantom{0}5.4}\phantom{0}\\ \underline{-\phantom{0}1.\phantom{0}0.3\frac{1}{2}}\\ 224.\phantom{0}5.0\frac{1}{2}\end{array}& \begin{array}{r}\mathrm{222.1\colon\colon 225.5.4}\\ 65.4\phantom{0}\\ \underline{134\phantom{00}}\\ 784\phantom{00}\\ 118\phantom{00}\\ 7\phantom{00}\\ \phantom{0}\end{array}& \begin{array}{rrr}\overline{)1^{\text{l}}}& \text{a.}& \text{b.}\phantom{\mathrm{--}}\\ & 2000.& 359.\phantom{0}\\ 6\mathrm{b}-\mathrm{a}& \underline{2154.}& 179.5\\ & 154.& 20.5& 5\mathrm{b}-\mathrm{a}\\ \phantom{0}\\ & \frac{18}{100}\text{.}& \frac{9}{50}\phantom{0.}\end{array}\end{array}\\ \begin{array}{lllll}\begin{array}{ll}\frac{7}{39})& \\ & 310\\ & \underline{273}\\ & \phantom{0}370\\ & \phantom{0}\underline{351}\\ & \phantom{00}190\\ & \phantom{00}\underline{156}\\ & \phantom{000}340\\ & \phantom{000}\underline{312}\\ & \phantom{0000}280\\ & \phantom{0000}273\end{array}& \begin{array}{r}\mathrm{(017947}\\ 35894\\ \phantom{0}\\ \phantom{0}\\ 34.19\phantom{000}\\ 611.\\ 1833\phantom{0}\\ \phantom{7332}\\ \overline{)2444\phantom{0}}\\ 20774\end{array}& \begin{array}{l}4485.0\frac{1}{2}\\ \phantom{0}\\ 4.5\frac{32}{39}\text{.}\\ 1222\\ \phantom{1.11}\\ \mathrm{11609(341}\frac{1}{2}\\ 102\\ \phantom{0}140\\ \phantom{0}136\\ \phantom{00}49\end{array}& \begin{array}{ll}{4}^{\text{s}}\text{.}{6}^{\text{d}}-\frac{180}{1000}+\frac{1}{2000}=& 4.6-\frac{359.}{2000}\text{.}\\ & 4.5\frac{32}{39}\text{.}\\ \phantom{00}\\ \phantom{00}\\ \phantom{00}\\ \phantom{00}\\ \phantom{00}\\ \phantom{00}\\ \phantom{00}\\ \phantom{00}\end{array}& \begin{array}{lll}4.6-\frac{2}{11}=& 4.5\frac{3}{4}\text{.}\phantom{00}& \frac{12}{5\frac{4}{7}}\\ 4.5\frac{3}{4}\frac{3}{40}\\ \phantom{00}\\ \phantom{00}\\ \phantom{00}\\ \phantom{00}\\ \phantom{00}\\ \phantom{00}\\ \phantom{00}\\ \phantom{00}\end{array}\end{array}\end{array}$

<68r>

Strabo tells us that Phidon was the tenth from Temenus, not the tenth king, for between Cisus & Phidon they reigned not, but the tenth by generation from father to son including Temenus If 27 years be recconed to a generation by the eldest sons, the the nine intervals will amount to 243 years which being subducted from the 49^th Olympiad in which Phidon flourished they will place the return of the Heraclides about fifty years before the beginning of the Olympiads as above. But the artificial Chronologers reccon about 518 years from the return of the Heraclides to the 49^th Olympiad & account Phidon the seventh from Temenus, which is after the rate of 86 years to a generation & therefore not to be admitted.

The artificial Chronologers – – –

Macrisi an Arabian historian cited by Vansleb represents that Ischemun, Atrib, Sa & Coptus, four sons of Mizraim reigned over four equal parts of Egypt: Coptus over the upper part of Egypt from Isvan (or Siene) to the City Coptus, Ischemun over all the country below Coptus to the city Menuf (or Memphis, Atrib over the lower Ægypt now called Delta, & Sa over the continent of Libya between the Delta & Barbary. And that Coptus overcame all his brethren & Chose the city Menuf or Memphis for his royal seat, & that from him the race of the ancient Egyptians have been ever since called Coptites, & their country Ægypt or the land of the Coptites the Greeks giving it that name by changing K into G. And that Coptus continued the royal seat of the kings of Egypt untill Nebuchadnezzar sackt it If by the four sons of Mizraim you understand not four single men but four nations sprung from Mizraim whose kings reigned over the aforesaid four regions, there may be much of truth in this history. The people of Coptus might reign over all the uppper Egypt from Isnan or Siene to Coptus & afterwards conquer the middle part of Egypt down from Coptus to Menuf or Memphis, & afterwards the lower Egypt expelling the Shepherds & lastly the people of Libya as far as Barbary & give the name of Coptites to all their conquests. And in the time of these warrs the Coptites might remove their royall seat to Thebes suppose in the reign of their king Ammon, thence calling that city No-Ammon, the people of Ammon; & in the reign of Menes or Amenophis they might remove their royal seat to Memphis thence calling that city Amenoph or Menuf, as above, & continue to reign in that city till first the Ethiopians under Sabacon, then the Assyrians under Asserhadon & lastly the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar invaded them. And the Greeks might give the name of Αἰα Κόφτος Ægypt to all the Kingdom of the Coptites & that of αἰα Θεοφι, Æthiopia & Thebais to the kingdom of Thebes before the Coptites conquered it. For Homer gives the name of Ethiopians to the inhabitants of Thebais above Coptus & that of Egyptians to the people below Thebais, as where he introduces Menelaus speaking thus to Telemachus,

i.e. vini in Thebaida. For Homer saith that Menelaus came to Thebas. And the Temple & speaking statue of Memnon which was in Thebais, is placed by Philostratus in Æthiopia

<68v>

– – of the artificial Chronology of the Greeks.

The kingdom of Macedon was founded by Caranus & Perdiccas who being of the race of Temenus king of Argos fled from Argos in the reign of Phidon the brother of Caranus. Temenus entred Peloponnesus with the Heraclides & after him & his son Cysus the kingdom of Argos ceased & became divided amongst the posterity of Temenus untill Phidon reunited it, expelling his kindred. He grew potent, appointed weights & measures in Peloponnesus, & removing the Eleans presided in the Olympic games but was soon after subdued by the Eleans & Spartans Herodotus & Thucydides reccon Perdiccas the first king of Macedon Later writers as Livy Pausanias, Suidas make Caranus the first king Iustin calls Perdiccas the successor of Caranus & Solinus saith that Perdiccas succeeded Caranus & was the first that obteined the name of king. Its probable that Caranus & Perdiccas were contemporaries & fled at the same time from Argos & at first erected small principalities which after the death of Caranus became one under Perdiccas. Herodotus tells us that after Perdiccas reigned Aræus (or Argæus) Philip Aeropus, Alcetas, Amyntas, & Alexander. Alexander was contemporary to Xerxes & after Alexander reigned Perdiccas; & Pausanias tells us that there were eight kings before Archelaus the son of Perdiccas. Now by recconing above 40 years apiece to these kings Chronologers have made Caranus older then the Olympiads. Whereas if we should reccon their reigns at about 18 or 20 years a piece, the first seven reigns counted backward from the death of Xerxes will place the beginning of the kingdom of Macedon under Perdiccas & Caranus, upon the 45 Olympiad or thereabouts. It could not be older because Leocides the son of Phidon, & Megacle the son of Alcmæon an Athenian at one & the same time courted Agarista the daughter of Clisthenes king of Sicyon (as Herodotus tells us) & the Amphictyons by the advice of Solon made Alcmæon & Clisthenes & Eurolycus king of Thessaly commanders of their army in their war against Cyrrha & the Cyrrhæans were conquered an. 2 Olymp. 47, according to the Marbles. ② ^[87]This Alcmæon enterteined & conducted the messengers which Crœsus sent to consult the Oracle at Delphos & for so doing was sent for by Crœsus & rewarded with much riches. ① Phidon therefore & his brother Caranus were contemporary to Alcmæon, & all of them to Clisthenes & Solon. Megacles the son of Alcmæon married Agarista, & Pisistratus when he obteined the tyranny married the daughter of Megacles, & Clisthenes the son of Megacles & Agarista expelled the sons of Pisistratus An. 1 Olymp 67, according to the marble. And by all these circumstances, Phidon & Caranus flourished about the 48^th or 50^th Olympiad –

Iphitus presided both in the Temple – – – – – – right of presiding in the games.

<69r>

480 years from the coming out of Mesopotamia | Egypt to the building of the Temple

Ieroboam began in the 15^th year of Amaziah 2 King. 14.23

Azariah began in the 27^th of Ieroboam. 2 King. 15.1.

Zechariah began in the 38^th of Azariah. 2 King. 15.8

Shallum began in the 39^th of Vzziah or Azariah 2 King 15.13

Menahem began in the 39^th of Azariah 2 King 15.17

Pekaiah began in the 50 of Azariah 2 King 15.23

Pekah began in the 52^th of Azariah. 2 King 15.27

Iotham began in the 2^d year of Pekah 2 King. 15.32

Ahaz began in the 17^th year of Pekah. 2 King. 16.1

Hoshea began in the 12^th of Azaz. 2 King 17.1

Hezekiah began in the 3^d of Hoshea 2 King. 18.1

Abijam began in the 18^th of Ieroboam 1 King 15.1

Asa began in the 20^th of Ieroboam. 1 King. 15.9

Nadab began in the 2^d year of Asa 1 King. 15.25

Baasha began in the 3 year of Asa 1 Kin 15.33

Elah began in the 26^t of Asa 1 King. 16.8

Zimri began in the 27 of Asa 1 King. 16.10, 15

Omri reigned after Tibni in 31^th of Asa 1 King. 16.23

Ahab reigned in the 38^th of Asa 1 King. 16.29

Iehosaphat reigned in the 4^th year of Ahab 1 King 22.41.

Ahaziah began in the 17^th of Iehosaphat 1 King. 22.51.

Iehoram began in the 2^d year of Iehoram son of Iehos. 2 King 1.17

Iehoram son of Ahab in 18^th of Iehosaphat. 2 King. 3.1.

Iehoram son of Iosaphat began in 5^t of Ioram son of Ahab. 2 King 8.16.

Rehoboam 17$\frac{3}{4}$

Abija 2$\frac{1}{2}$

Nadab 1$\frac{2}{3}$

Baasha 23$\frac{3}{4}$

Elah 1$\frac{2}{3}$

Omri 5$\frac{1}{3}$ + 6$\frac{1}{3}$

<69v> ^{[Editorial Note 28]}

# And he tells us that from their first king (Menes) to Se{th}on, the Priests recconed 341 kings, So that according to their recconing, there were eleven kings from Sesostris to Sethon. To which if Psammiticus & his five su{ccessors} be added there will be 17 successive kings of Egypt from Sesostris to the invasion of Egypt by Cambyses, according to the recconing of the Priests of Egypt, 19 from Amosis who expelled the shepherds & thereby reduced all Egypt into one Monarchy. The same Priests of Egypt recconed to Herodotus from the reign of Pul to that of Amasis 15000 years & from that of Hercules to that of Amasis 17000 years & in recconing 341 generations from Menes to Sethon Herodotus put three generations equal to an hundred years, at which rate Menes will have reigned above 11300 years before Sethon repulsed Sennacherib & above 11500 years before Cambyses conquered Egypt. But we meddle not with the state of Egypt before it was reduced into a monarchy. Its probable that when the memory of the many little kingdoms into which Egypt (like all other nations) was at first divided began to be lost they collated into one list the names of as many of the old kings as they could meet with in the Archives of the head cities of those little kingdoms & perhaps inserted into the list the names of some famous men who reigned not, & repeated the names of some of the kings with a little variation till they had a list of 330 kings who reigned before Sesostris but did nothing memorable except Nitocris & Mœris & then in honour of their Gods prefixed their names to this list. But the kings who reigned before the Monarchy of Egypt was erected by Misphragmuthosis Amosis Ammon & Sesac we do not meddle with. Sesostris reigned in the age of the Gods being deified by the names of Osiris Bacchus & Hercules as above: & therefore Menes, Nitocris & Mœris are to be placed after him. They reigned over All Egypt & therefore are to be placed amongst the kings of that Monarchy. And being added to the rest will make up the number of 22 kings counted from Amosis inclusively. Mœris is set down – – – Amasis Psammiticus.

While the Shepherds reigned at Abaris over the lower AEgypt, that part of Ægypt anciently called Misraim was called also Aeria I think from the capital city Abaris or (Αούαρις) by a small corruption of the name, And Herodotus tells us that Thebais was anciently called Ægypt. But after the expulsion of the shepherds the name of Ægypt (Aiam Copti) was extended to the whole. Whence its probable that the kings of Coptos conquered all Thebais

before the reign of Misphamuthosis, who made war upon the shepherds & shut them up in Abaris. Then his successor Amosis made them retire out of Abaris & extended the name of Egypt to his whole kingdom, & then Ammon & Sesostris carried on the conquests westward to the mouth of the straits, eastward to India, & northward to Colchos Caucasus & Thrace.

Pheron is by Herodotus called the son & successor of Sesostris &c.

Archilachus (reputed the oldest of them ) flourished (according to Herodotus) in the reign of Gyges the fourt of the four kings of Lydia, who reigned {next} before Crœsus: & whose reign therefore began after the institution of the Carnea.

<70r>

These are the oldest historical books now extant & the only {illeg} which with the Chronical Canon of Ptolomy, & the books of {illeg} Tobit, Iudith, Herodotus Thucydides, the Annals of Tyre & Carthage, & what has been taken from ancient {command}ments & records by Diodorus, Strabo, Pausanias, Iosephus, & a few others, can give us light into the history & Chronology of the first ages down to the reign of Darius Nothus king of Persia.

History without Chronology is confused, & the Chronology of the first ages

The year of the Greeks consisted therefore of Lunar months & the civil months of thirty days & the last day of the month th

The last day of the civil month was called Τριακὰς by all Greece till the days of Thales. He called it by this name but Solon called it ἕνην καὶ νέαν the old & the new. ffor he introduced months of 30 & 29 days alternately, making the last day of every other month to be the first day of the next month. And this new way of recconing prevailed by degrees in a great part of Greece. To the Calendar-year of 360 days Cleobulus one of the seven wise men alluded in his Parable of one father who had 12 sons each of which had 30 daughters half white & half black. But as the Greeks corrected these months by the course of the Moon as often as they found them too long so they correc{ted} the year by adding a month to the end of it as often as they found it too short for the return of the four seasons. This they did every other year which made their Dieteris (as Herodotus Censorinus^[88] mention And because this recconing made the year too long by a month in eight years they omitted an intercalary month once in eight years, which made their Octaeteris, one half of which was their Tetraeteris consisting alternately of 25 & 26 months. And these Periods seem – – –

<71r>

{illeg}s, Gregorius, Barrones, Slusius rem Tangentium tractament per differentias Ordinatas {illeg}m fecit jam a multo tempore. & Cum vero a Newtono didicisset Clar{illeg} {illeg}lodum Tangentium nondum esse absolutam sed corollarium esse methodi generalis quæ {illeg} citra {illeg} ullum calculum ad abstrusiora problematum genera etiam jam Problemata methodi tangentium inversæ alio & ad quantitates surdas, & Curvas Mechanicas minime hæret: cœpit jam {illeg} methodum tangentium per differentias Ordinatarum jam longe generalius tr{illeg} superiore Problemata difficiliora ab æquationibus non pendere scripsit.

in his age & actions he agrees with Neptune {illeg} relation unto where {illeg} The invasion of Egypt by Antæus & his war with Hercules & t{illeg}

Hercules say,

But as its difficult to state these things exactly so its of small consequence.

{In} his age dominion & actions he agrees with Neptune himself. The invasion of Egypt by Antæus & {illeg} Ovid has relation unto where he makes Hercules say, – sævoque alimenta pare{ntis } Antæo eripui.

to state these things exactly is difficult & of small consequence.

<71v>

{illeg} Gods or ancient Kings {illeg} Egypt & Syria of Damascus have been made much ancienter then the truth, so ha{illeg} Assyria. For Ctesias & the ancient Greek & Latine writers who copy from him &c. – – – {illeg} & founder of his {illeg}

I have hitherto written of the Ages which the Greeks accounted fabulous, An exact {illeg} {is} not to be expected. If I have mended some of the principal errors {illeg} Chronology, {illeg} shewed that so far as appears in history there {illeg} great Empires in the world before the days of {illeg} it is all I designed. I proceed now to the times which began with the Olympi{illeg} of the Assyrian Empire.

{illeg}

<73r>

that is 100 years before the reign of Darius Hystaspis.

Plutarch tells us that the Philosophers anciently delivered their opinions in verse as Orpheus, Hesiod, Parmenides, Xenophanes, Empedocles, Thales, but afterwards left of the use of verses. And that Aristarchus did not make Astronomy the more contemptible by describing it in prose then Eudoxtes, Hesiod, Thales who wrote of it in verse. Among those that wrote in verse are to be recconed Pythagoras ^b[89] & Solon ^c[90] ffor Solon wrote in verse the Atlantic discourse as he had learnt it of the Priests of Egypt but did not finish it. {illeg} the Greeks wrote only in verse & while the {illeg} no chronology nor any other history then such as was mixed with Poetical fancies. Pliny ^e[92] in recconing up the inventors of things tells us that Pheresydes taught to {illeg} {discoveries} in prose in the reign of Cyrus & Cadmus Milesius to write History & in ^f[93] in another place he saith that Cadmus Milesius was the first who writte in prose. < insertion from the right margin of f 73r > And Anaximenes the successor of Thales affirmed that all the seven wise men were addicted to Poetry. < text from f 73r resumes > And Iosephus saith^[94] that there were no inscriptions in the temples & publick monuments of the Greeks so old as the Trojan war. And that the oldest publick wrting was the laws of Draco a little before the days of Pisistratus. Suidas that Draco made his laws in the 18^th Olympiad & that among the Greeks there was no public Table older then these laws. Iosephus saith further that the Greeks who first attempted – – – And that the Greeks who first attempted to write History that is Cadmus Milesius & Acusilaus Argivas & those that followed them were but a little before the expedition of the Persians against the Greeks. And that these first writers varied much from one another about the same things. Hellanicus frequently differed from Acusilaus about the Genealogies, & Acusilaus corrected Hesiod & Ephorus corrected Acusilaus & Timæus Ephorus very often. It seems that these first Historians endeavoured out of the old Poets to {state} the Genealogies of the ancient Greeks formi that by them & the {comi}ssions of kings or Priests conserved in some cities they might recover an account of times past. One of these Historians was Pherecides Atheniensis who in the reign of Darius Hystaspis or soon after wrote of the Antiquities & ancient Genealogies of the Athenians in ten books & was one of the first European writers of this kind, whence he had the name of Genealogus. Another was Epimenides who also wrote of the ancient Genealogies. Acusilaus Hellanicus digested his History by the ages (or successions) of the Priests of Iuno Argiva; others by those of the Archons of Athens or kings of the Lacedemonians & some other cities. And hence it came into fashion in those days to reccon times past either by the number of generations or successions of kings by round numbers of years gathered from thence as you may see in Herodotus. So Diodorus in his {Preface} tell us that from the name of Troy [: as when they tell us that Lycurgus was the 11^th from Hercules Pheidon the 11^th from Hercules, Archias was the tenth from Temenus, & Battus the 17^th from Euphemus, or that Naxus & {Megara} (the first great cities in Sicily) were built in the 10^th generation after the {illeg} of Troy, or that the laws of Lycurgus continued in use 500 years during the reign of the 14 kings succeeding him till the reign of Apis. <73v>

But about the end of that Monarchy [when the argument about genealogies & successions of kings was pretty well exhausted] the Greeks began to affect a more artificial sort of Chronology. ffor hitherto they computed by no Æra but now began to use the Olympiads & set down the lengh of every kings reign. And first Hippias, as Plutarch tells us, published a breviary of the Olympiads supported by {illeg} certain arguments. This having no foundation in antiquity was derided by Pla{to} & gained credit but slowly. ffor the Arundelian Marbles were composed 60 years after the death of Alexander the great & yet mention not the Olympiads: so that this Æra was not then received tho it became reputed the principal Æra of the Greeks. It seems the Greeks had no ancient Æra, for this author uses none but reccons upwards from his own He sets down but a few of the more principal periods of time. And in the next Olympiad Timæus a very learned author wrote a History in several books down to his own time according to the Olympiads comparing the Ephori the Kings of Sparta, the Archons of Athens & the Priestesses of Argos with the Olympic victors, so as to make all things suit with {illeg} according to the best of his judgment & where he left off Polybius began & carried on the History. And this seems to be the original of counting by the Olympiads, of the k{illeg}l chronology of the Greeks ffor chronologers were thereby set on work to examin & correct chronology & add to it till it came into the form we now have it: which how uncertain it is & how little credit it gained among the Greeks of those times may be understood by this passage of Plutarch. The congress, saith he, of Solon with Crœsus some think they can confute by Chronology: But a history so illustrius & ratified by so many witnesses &, which is more, so agreable to the manners of Solon & worthy of the greatness of his mind & of his wisdome, I cannot perswade my self to reject because of some chronical Canons, as they call them, which six hundred correcting, have not yet been able to constitute any thing certain in which they could agree amongst themselves about repugnances

Nor was the chronology of the Latines more certain. Numa was the scholar of Pythagoras & yet in the Canons is made much older. Plutarch represents great uncertainty in the originals of Rome, & so doth Servius. The old records of the Latins were burnt by the Gauls 64 years before the death of Alexander the great & Q. Fabius Pictor the oldest historian of the Latines lived 100 years later then that king.

Now it is to be considered that –– – all nations before they began to keep exact accounts of time – – – – – was about 88 years after the death of that king.

Pindar introduces Medea prophesying to the Argonauts that Battus the 17 from Euphemus the son of Neptune should lead a colony from the Island Thera into Liby & there build Cyrene. Euphemus was one of the Argonauts & his 17 successors seem to be reconed by the reign of so many kings. ffor some cities of Greece preserved the names of their kings for many successions, as in the instances abovementioned And the Greeks in the days of Pindar, in recconing times <74r> past took such successions for so many generations the fathers being usually succeeded by their sons. Now Battus was succeeded by Arcesilaus & he by Battus the second in whose days many Greeks sailed to Cyrene invaded the Carthaginians & beat the Egyptians in the last year of Vaphres king of Egypt, that is 49 years before the reign of Darius Hystaspis. ffom that time count backwards nineteen reigns inclusively or 18 intervals recconing 20 years to an interval & the reign of Euphemus & time of the Argonautic expedition will happen 34 years after the death of Solomon & by consequence the destruction of Troy about 65 or 70 years after his death.

Again from Æsclapius to Hippocrates – – – after the death of Salomon. Whereas according to the vulgar account Æsculapius & Hercules flourished about 750 years before the middle of the reign of Darius Hystaspis which make about 43 years apiece to the generations one with another by the fathers side, & 40 a piece by the mothers side, which is surely much too long.

Polydectes & his brother Lycurgus the Lawgiver in the race of the kings of Sparta were the tenth from Hercules inclusively, & according to Pausanias or the ninth if with Herodotus we omit {Sapus} one of the Kings. Polydectes died in the reign of Lebotas the eighth from Hercules in another race of the kings of Sparta, & Lycurgus flourished in the reign of Dorissus the successor of Labotas & ninth from Hercules inclusively & the eight intervals at 21 years a piece make 168 years the intervall from the time that Hercules was in his {illeg} to the time that Lycurgus was in his {illeg} that is from the Argonautic Expedition to the beginning of the Olympiads. ffor Phlegon tells us that the Olympiads were restored by Lycurgus Iphitus & Cleosthenes & together {illeg} that Lycurgus was the companion of Iphitus in restoring the Olympiads Aristotle gathered from the Olympic Dicus in which the name of Lycurgus was written. Now from the first Olympiad count backwards 168 years & the recconing will place the Argonautic expedition 38 years after the death of Solomon & by consequence the destruction of Troy (which was one generation later) about 74 years after the death of that King.

Plutarch tells us^[95] that they who collected the times from the successions of the kings of Sparta as Eratosthenes & Apollodorus shewed that Lycurgus was many years older then the first Olympiad. And hence {Eratosthenes} reccons 108 years from the {tuition} of Lycurgus to the first Olympiad & Phlegon reccons the space of 28 Olympiads from Iphitus {illeg} of the Olympiads to Coræbus the victor in the first Olympiad. But this disagreement proceeds from their putting the reigns of the kings of Sparta equipollent to generations & accordingly recconing three reigns to an hundred years, or about 33 years to a reign: whereas if they be recconned at 21 years apiece the history of Lycurgus & reign of Iphitus will fall in with the victory of Coræbus & first Olympiad as it ought to do.

Suidas reccons Homer two ages younger then Orpheus that is one age younger then the Trojan war. Crates saith that he flourished before the return of the Heraclidæ or within less then 80 years after the Trojan war. And Herodotus in the life of Homer tells us that Homers master was Phemio, that Phemio whom Homer in the first of his Odysses mentions to have sung at a feast of Penelopes Lovers within ten years after the Trojan war. He tells us also that Homer's mother <74v> married the same Phemio & that Homer when his sight began to fail lodged for some time with Mentor of Ithaca, that Mentor to whose trust Vlisses when he went to the war of Troy committed the care of his house & family, & that Homer there learnt of Mentor many things concerning Vlisses & in gratitude made an honourable mention of Mentor in his Odysses. ffom all which it follows that Homer lived in the age next after the Trojan war. Now Herodotus tells us that Homer & Hesiod lived not above 400 years before him. Herodotus flourished in the 84^th Olympiad. Count 400 years backwards & Homer will flourish not above 67 years before the Olympiads, that is about 140 years after the death of Solomon or about 60 or 70 years after the Trojan war.

Lycurgus the Legislator soono after the death of Homer going into Io{nia there met} with Homers verses copied them & published them in Greece. Some say that Lycurgus met with Homer himself, but this is certain that he was the first who collected his scattered verses & published them & therefore he lived in the times next after Homer. with {illeg} recconing interval of above 400 years between the Trojan war & the first Olympiad when Lycurgus flourished & of above 300 between that war & the Poets next after Homer namely Tyrtæus, Telesilla, Alcmæon, Sesicorus, Mianorinus, Arion, Alcæus &c, which is surely too great For if Homer lived in the age next after the Trojan war his verses would have been lost before the age of Lycurgus & his language grown obsolete before the age of the next Poets.

Altho the Greeks & Latines had no Chronology so old as the reign of Alexander the great, yet the Phœnicians had Annalls as ancient as the days of David. And therefore if we can find any synchronisms of the ancient actions of the Greeks with those of the Phœnicians w{hose} times are stated we shal by that means determine the ancient times of the Greeks with much more certainty then the Greeks could do by arguing only from their Genealogies & reigns of kings. Now some old writers (as {Plinius} – – – coasts of Afric presently after the wars of Troy. At the same time some of the Greeks {sailed} to Cyprus & there built cities. For Teucer after the destruction of Troy being {illeg} – – – call him Matgenus. And upon these & such like grownds Virgil makes Æneas contemporary to Dido & her father Belus. Now in what age Æneas Belus & Dido & {Camisses} lived the Greeks & Latins in the days of Virgil did not know but Iosephus has discovered it out of Tyrian annals. For according to those Annals as they are recited by Iosephus, Matgenus the father of Dido & Pigmaleon reigned nine years & died 83 years after Solomon. Whence it follows that Troy was taken about 70 or 75 years after the death of Solomon.

Again, Tatian in his book against the Greeks – – – before he fled as we shal shew hereafter.

And we