Papers relating to chronology and 'Theologiæ Gentilis Origines Philosophicæ'

Megacles a potent Athenian slew Cylon \& his friends \{illeg}// for offending his \attempting/ to be king of Athens & was afterwards w^th his family expelled Athens by the posterity of the slain. Alcmæon the son of Megacles enterteined & conducted the Messengers whom Crœsus sent to consult the Oracle at Delphos & for doing so was invited by Crœsus & rewarded w^th much riches. And in the of the Amphy|i|ctyons \in their war/ against Cyrrha be \by y^e made him advice of Solon made \this/ Alcmæon/ & Clisthenes king & Sicyon & Eurolycus king of Thessaly commanders of their army. And the Cyrrhæans were conquered Ann. 2 Olymp. 47 according to y^e Marbles. Megacles the son of this Ac Alcmæon Married Agarista the daughter of Clisthenes, & by her had Clisthenes II & a little before the tyranny of Pisistratus she & Pisistratus & Lycurgus commanded the three factions into w^ch the Athenians were then divided. But When Pisistratus obteined the tyranny (viz^t an 4 Olymp. 54) Alcmæon \Megacles/ & his friends were banished but soon after ejected Pisistratus & five years after Pisistratus by marrying the daughter of Megacles recovered restored him & gave him his daughter but a while after restored \ejected/ him again. Afterwards Pisistratus recovered y^e tyranny again & after the death of Megacles \& Pisistratus his sons/ was|ere| again ejected by Clisthenes the son of Megacles & Agarista. an 1 Olymp 67, anno Darij 10^mo.

The Amphictyons by the advice of Solon made Alcmæon the son of Megacles an Athenian & Clsithenes kings of Sicyon & Eurolycus king of Thessaly commanders of their army in their war against Cyrrha & the Cyrrhæans were conquered an 2 Olymp 47 according to y^e Marbles. This Alcmæon entertained & conducted the Messengers w^ch Crœsus sent to consult the Oracle at Delphos & for doing so was sent for invited by Crœsus & rewarded w^th much riches. And Clisthenes proposing proclaiming that he would marry his daughter Agarista within a year to the most deserving, there came to court her Megacles the son of this Alcmæon, & Leocides the son of Phidon \the Argive/ & several others & Clisthenes gave his daughter to Megacles. This was that Phidon king of Argos who appointed the weights & measures |& coined silver money in Ægina, & invading Clis presided in the Olympiads, as Herodotus sufficiently describes|. A Megacles by Agarista had a son called Clisthenes who Megacles wa Phidon therefore was of contemporary to Clisthenes & Alcmæon |Alcmæon both of them to Clisthenes| & Solon & their son|s| Megacles was \& Leocides were/ contemporary to \one another & to/ Pisistratus. ffor a little before y^e tyranny of Pisistr Megacles, Pisistratus & Lycurgus commanded the three factions into w^ch y^e Athenians were divided a little before y^e tyranny of Pisistratus & when Pisistratus obteined the tyrrany m|h|e married y^e daughter of Megacles & he & Megacles ejected one another by turns & at length Clisthenes the son of Megacles & Agarista expelled the posterity \sons/ of Pisistratus An 1 Olymp 67 according to the Marble. So then Phidon flourished in y^e 47^th Olympiad, that is about 6|7|0 years before the reign of Darius Hystaspis \death of Cyrus/ or 240 years after \Temenus &/ y^e return of y^e Heraclides: w^ch space being & in this time [& in this time there were 10 generations from Temenus to Phidon inclusively, or nine intervals, w^ch is \a reasonable proportion being/ after the rate of about 28 years to a|n| generation interval or generation. But Chronologers make the reccon about 511 years from y^e return of the Heraclides to y^e 47^th Olympiad w^ch is after the rate of 57 years to a & account Phidon the seventh from Temenus which is after the rate of 85 years to a generation & therefore not to be admitted. <1v> After his example Solon regulated the weights & money of y^e Athenians. for ffor the pound weight w^ch before conteined 73 drachms Solon appointed to consist of 100 drachms. And [in law his laws he appointed mulcts of \in/ drachms of silver] whereas the mulcts in Dracos laws (w^ch were made about 100 years before y^e reign of Darius Hystaspis) were called Oxen, Solon appointed mulcts in drachms of silver. ffor the Greeks at first used only rude masses of metal of the value of Oxen {illeg} for the convenience of buying & selling sheep & Oxen & sheep recconing about ten Sheep to an Ox & thence they called these masses of metal \were calld/ Oxen & Pecunia. These masses were usually of in the form of long barrs {illeg} \&/ from their shape were called Oboli. Such was the iron money of Lycurgus & the iron obolus of & from their shape {illeg} they usually were \were they/ called \them/ Oboli they being usually in the form of long barrs. Such money Homer & Draco call Oxen, & but Solon calls his money drachms, w^ch implies that when he regulated weights he also regulated the Athenian money by {sic} {illeg} those weights \& such was the iron money of Lycurgus & the money of all Greece {illeg}/ before Phido & Solon regulated it by weight. [Asia minor abounded first in silver & gold & there coynage began. [For Crœsus had much coyned \gold/ money & the wife of Midas coyned gold & \in {Greece} the opinion of Herodotus Phidon was the first who coyned in Greece/ there is a \☾/ coyn of Atys a much older king of Lydia] Among the Greeks Phido is the first who coyned silver money & {illeg}|Philip| the father of Alexander the first who coyned any quantity of gold. The Romans were still poorer then y^e Greeks & therefore coyned no copper money before y^e reign of Ancus Martius, no silver money till about 300 years after \3 years before the first Punic war/, an 1 Olymp. 128, no gold money till about 62 years after that. Now Strabo tells us that Phido was the 10^th from Temenus not the tenth king \(for between {illeg} Phido & Cisus y^e son of Temenus they reigned not)/ but the 10 by generation from father to son including Temenus, or the 9^th excluding him & these 9 generations taking up the 250 years from Temenus to Phidon, there were about 28 years to a generation one generation w^th another w^ch is a moderate rate. But if w^th Chronologers {illeg} reccon {illeg} &c

^{[Editorial Note 1]}

Now So then the Greeks have made the reigns of their kings too long & by that means have raised their antiquities. The Olympiads being quadrennial al could not be stirred stirred, but in adjusting the reigns of their kings to the Olympiads they have made them reign earlier then they did. ffor Iulitus who restored the Olympiads they have made \above an/ 100 years older then the first Olympiad \wherein Gordæus was victor/ & to reconcile the difference they have suppose that there were many Olympiads before y^e 1^st the memory of w^ch has been buried in oblivion lost. that is they ground their Chronology upon suppositions of things w^ch they know nothing of. And by the \same/ means they make the return of the Heraclides into Peloponnesus about 328 years older then the Olympiads whereas it was scarce above 60 or 70 years older.

$\begin{array}{l}\phantom{0}\mathrm{x}+\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{x}+\frac{1}{6}\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{x}}^3,+\frac{1}{24}\mathrm{n}{\mathrm{x}}^4+\frac{1}{120}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{x}}^5\\ \phantom{00}-\frac{1}{12}\mathrm{n}\phantom{00}-\frac{1}{72}\mathrm{O}\\ \phantom{0}\\ 2\mathrm{k}\mathrm{x}+\frac{12\mathrm{m}-\mathrm{O}}{36}{\mathrm{x}}^3+\frac{1}{60}\mathrm{O}{\mathrm{x}}^5\\ \phantom{0}\\ \mathrm{k}={\mathrm{A}}^5\text{.}\phantom{0}\mathrm{m}={\mathrm{A}}^4-2{\mathrm{A}}^5+{\mathrm{A}}^6\text{.}\phantom{0}\mathrm{O}={\mathrm{A}}^3-{\mathrm{A}}^{4}4+6{\mathrm{A}}^5-4{\mathrm{A}}^6+\mathrm{A}7\\ 2{\mathrm{A}}^5\mathrm{x}+\frac{1}{3}{\mathrm{A}}^4-\frac{2}{3}{\mathrm{A}}^5+\frac{1}{3}{\mathrm{A}}^6-\frac{1}{3}{\mathrm{A}}^3-\frac{1}{3}{\mathrm{A}}^7\phantom{00}{\mathrm{X}}^3+\frac{1}{60}{\mathrm{x}}^5\\ \phantom{000000}+\frac{1}{9}\phantom{0.0}-\frac{1}{6}\phantom{0.0}+\frac{1}{9}\\ \phantom{0}\\ 4{\mathrm{A}}^5-\frac{8}{3}{\mathrm{A}}^3+\frac{32}{9}{\mathrm{A}}^4-\frac{20}{3}{\mathrm{A}}^5+\frac{32}{9}{\mathrm{A}}^6-\frac{8}{3}{\mathrm{A}}^7+\\ \phantom{0000}+\frac{8}{15}\phantom{0.0}-\frac{32}{15}\phantom{0.0}+\frac{48}{15}\phantom{0.0}-\frac{32}{15}\phantom{0.0}+\frac{8}{15}\\ \phantom{0}\\ -\frac{32}{15}{\mathrm{A}}^3+\frac{64}{15}{\mathrm{A}}^4+\frac{8}{15}{\mathrm{A}}^5+\frac{64}{15}{\mathrm{A}}^6-\frac{32}{15}{\mathrm{A}}^7\\ \phantom{0}\\ \mathrm{k}\mathrm{x}+\frac{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{x}}{2}+\frac{\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{x}}^3}{6}+\frac{\mathrm{n}{\mathrm{x}}^4}{24}-\frac{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{x}}{12}+\frac{\mathrm{O}{\mathrm{x}}^3}{72}=\\ \phantom{0}\\ \phantom{00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}\mathrm{k}=\mathrm{c}\\ 2\mathrm{k}\mathrm{x}-\frac{\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{x}}^3}{3}-\frac{\mathrm{O}{\mathrm{x}}^3}{36}+\frac{\mathrm{O}{\mathrm{x}}^5}{60}\phantom{0000000000000000000000000000}\mathrm{m}=\mathrm{b}-2\mathrm{c}+\mathrm{d}\\ \phantom{00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}\mathrm{O}=\mathrm{a}-4\mathrm{b}+6\mathrm{c}-4\mathrm{d}+\mathrm{e}\\ 4\mathrm{k}-\frac{8}{3}\mathrm{m}-\frac{2}{9}\mathrm{O}+\frac{8}{15}\mathrm{O}=4\mathrm{k}-\frac{8}{3}\mathrm{m}+\frac{14}{45}\mathrm{O}=4\mathrm{c}\frac{-8\mathrm{b}+16\mathrm{c}-8\mathrm{d}}{43}+\frac{14\mathrm{a}-56\mathrm{b}+84\mathrm{c}-56\mathrm{d}+14\mathrm{d}}{45}\\ \begin{array}{lll}\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{a}\\ \phantom{0}\mathrm{a}-{\mathrm{b.}}^{\mathrm{b}}\mathrm{b}-{\mathrm{c.}}^{\mathrm{c}}\mathrm{c}-{\mathrm{d.}}^{\mathrm{d}}\mathrm{d}-{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{e}}\\ \phantom{00}\mathrm{a}-2\mathrm{b}+\mathrm{c.}\mathrm{b}-2\mathrm{c}+\mathrm{d.}\mathrm{c}-2\mathrm{d}+\mathrm{e}\\ \phantom{000}\mathrm{a}-3\mathrm{b}+3\mathrm{c}-\mathrm{d.}-3\mathrm{c}+3\mathrm{d}-\mathrm{e}\\ \phantom{0000}\mathrm{a}-4\mathrm{b}+6\mathrm{c}-4\mathrm{d}+\mathrm{e}\end{array}& \phantom{00000000}& \begin{array}{l}\frac{14\mathrm{a}}{45}-\frac{176\mathrm{b}}{45}+\frac{504\mathrm{c}}{45}-\frac{176\mathrm{d}}{45}+\frac{14\mathrm{e}}{45}\\ \frac{2}{45}\text{ in }7\mathrm{a}-88\mathrm{b}+252\mathrm{c}-88\mathrm{d}+7\mathrm{e}\end{array}\end{array}\\ \phantom{\mathrm{k}\mathrm{x}+\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{l}+}\\ \mathrm{k}+\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{l}+\frac{1}{6}\mathrm{m}=\mathrm{c}+\frac{\mathrm{b}-2\mathrm{c}+\mathrm{d}}{6}=\frac{\mathrm{b}+4\mathrm{c}+\mathrm{d}}{6}\\ \mathrm{r}\mathrm{\pi }{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }-1}=\mathrm{s}\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{\phi }}^{-1}\mathrm{x}+\mathrm{x}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{\phi }\phantom{000000}{\overline{)\mathrm{e}{\mathrm{z}}^{\mathrm{r}}+\mathrm{f}{\mathrm{z}}^{\mathrm{r}+\mathrm{n}}+\mathrm{g}{\mathrm{z}}^{\mathrm{r}+2\mathrm{n}}+\text{ \&c}}}^{\mathrm{\pi }}=\mathrm{x}\\ \mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}\mathrm{R}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\phi }}\mathrm{x}+\mathrm{x}\mathrm{R}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\phi }+1}\phantom{000.}\overline{)\mathrm{k}+\mathrm{l}{\mathrm{z}}^{\mathrm{n}}+\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{z}}^{2\mathrm{n}}}\mathrm{\phi }\\ \mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{S}}^{-\mathrm{\phi }}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }-1}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\mathrm{x}=\mathrm{x}=\mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{S}}^{-\mathrm{\phi }}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }-1}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-\mathrm{\phi }-1}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }}=\mathrm{x}=\mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{-1}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\text{ in }\frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }}}{{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\phi }}}\\ \mathrm{x}\frac{\mathrm{\lambda }-\pi }{\mathrm{\pi }}\times {\overline{)\mathrm{a}+\mathrm{b}{\mathrm{x}}^{\mathrm{\sigma }}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\times \overline{\mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{-1}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}}\text{ in }\frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }}}{{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\phi }}}\text{.}\\ \overline{)\phantom{\frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }-1}}{\mathrm{S}\frac{\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{\lambda }-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{\pi }}{\mathrm{\pi }}}}}\frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }+\mathrm{\pi }-1}}{\mathrm{S}\frac{\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{\lambda }}{\mathrm{\pi }}}\times {\overline{)\mathrm{a}+\mathrm{b}\frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}{{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{r}}}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\times \mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{-1}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\\ \frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\Lambda }+\mathrm{\pi }-1}}{{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\mu }}}\times {\overline{)\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\upsilon }}+\mathrm{b}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\times \overline{\mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{-1}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}}\\ {\overline{)\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\upsilon }}+\mathrm{b}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\times \mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }+\mathrm{\pi }-2}{\mathrm{S}}^{-\mathrm{\mu }}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }+\mathrm{\pi }-1}{\mathrm{S}}^{-\mathrm{\mu }-1}\\ \frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }-\mathrm{\pi }}}{\mathrm{S}\frac{\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{\lambda }}{\mathrm{\pi }}-\mathrm{\phi }}\times {\overline{)\mathrm{a}+\frac{\mathrm{b}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}{{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\upsilon }}}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\times \frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{\phi }}\times \mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{-1}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\\ \frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }}}{\mathrm{S}\frac{\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{\lambda }}{\mathrm{\pi }}}\times {\overline{)\mathrm{a}+\mathrm{b}\frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}{{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\upsilon }}}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\times \mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{-1}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\text{.}\phantom{0}\frac{{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }}}{{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\mu }}}\times {\overline{)\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\upsilon }}+\mathrm{b}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\text{ in }\mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{-1}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\\ \mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}\mathrm{S}-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}\mathrm{R}\text{ in }\frac{{\mathrm{\lambda }}^{\mathrm{\lambda }-1}}{{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\mu }+1}}\times {\overline{)\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\upsilon }}+\mathrm{b}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\\ {\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\phi }}=\mathrm{x}\text{.}\phantom{0}\mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }-1}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\phi }}+\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\phi }-1}=\mathrm{x}=\mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{-1}+\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\text{ in }{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\phi }}\\ {\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }-\mathrm{\pi }}\mathrm{S}\frac{\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{\lambda }-\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{\pi }}{\mathrm{\pi }}+\mathrm{\upsilon }\mathrm{\omega }\times {\overline{)\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\upsilon }}+\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\times \mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{-1}+\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\text{ in }{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\pi }}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\phi }}\\ {\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\mu }}\times {\overline{)\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\upsilon }}+\mathrm{b}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\times \mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{R}}^{-1}+\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\\ {\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }-1}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\mu }-1}\text{ in }{\overline{)\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{\upsilon }}+\mathrm{b}{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{T}}}}^{\mathrm{\omega }}\times \mathrm{\pi }\mathrm{r}\mathrm{S}+\mathrm{\phi }\mathrm{s}\mathrm{R}\end{array}$

<2r>

– nine of Arcadia. Now from the return of the Heraclides to y^e end of this t And their reign according to Chronologers took up 379 that is one reign with another the 11 kings one with another reigned 34$\frac{1}{2}$ years the 10 a piece the ten 38. years & the nine 42 years a piece w^ch is much too long for the course of nature. Pausanias tells us out of Tyrtæus a very old Poet who flourished in the time of y^e second Messenian war that the first Messenian war lasted 20 years. Euphaes reigned \in Messene/ 13 years & Aristodemus six years & some months & it lasted all their two reigns & five months more. Deduct the 20 years of this war from the 379 & there will be 359 years from the return of y^e Heraclides to the beginning of this war w^ch interval of time being taken up by the \reign of the/ eight first kings of Messene makes 45 years ten a piece to a reign one reign with another w^ch is very much too long for the course of nature.

Eu\r/yleon the son of Ægeus \commanded the main body of the Messenians in the fift year of the first Messenian {illeg} war &/ was in the fift generation from Oy|i|olycus the son of Theras the brother in law of Aristodemus & Tutor of his sons Eurysthenes & Procles \as Pausanias relates/ & by consequence he was in the six generation from Theras Pausanias tells us that Aristodemus married Angia the sister of Theras & by her had Eurysthenes & Procles \whom h/ & left them {his} son under the tuition of their unkle Theras from y^e return of the Heraclides w^ch was in the days of Theras to y^e fif battel in the \fift year of the/ first Messenian war there were six generations. Now this interval of time according to the vulgar chronology took up 364 years w^ch makes|ing| about 60 years to a generation one generation with another & therefore is very much too long for the course of nature.

By all these instances Chronologers \in collecting times past from the number of reigns or generations \of kings// have made the times between the return of Heraclides & the first Messenian war very much too long [for y^e usual course of Nature & therefore If \we therefore/ we will reduce it to such a length as suits best w^th \& it ought to be corrected, & reduced to such a/ \a {sic} length as suits with best best w^th/ the course of nature, {illeg} ff which will be done by recconning the reigns of the kings at about 20 or 21 years a piece one w^th another. Let us say reccon therefore the eleven reigns of y^e kings of Sparta by one race at 20 years a piece & the {illeg} tenn by another race at 22 years a piece & the ten of Messene also at 22 years a piece \& the nine of Arcadia & the nine of Arcadia at at / one reign with another & the interval between the return of the Heraclides & the end of y^e first Messenian warr will amount to 220 years which is full long enough \if not still too long/. ffor \thus/ the nine kings of Arcadia will reigne 24$\frac{1}{2}$ reigns one years a piece one with another & the eight first kings of Messene will reign \200 years that is/ 25 years a piece one w^th another & the six generations from Theras to Euryleon will take up 205 years that \w^ch/ is 34 years a piece \to a generation/ one with another Thus is this period \of time/ confirmed by six several ways of recconing.

<2v>

After the first Messenian warIn the race of the Spartan kings descended from Eurythenes \after him/ there \Polydorus/ reigned these kings Eurycrates I, Anaxander, Eurycrates II, Leon, Anaxandrides \fil/, Cleomenes \fil/, Leonides \frat/, & & {sic} in the other race \after Theopompus reigned/ Zeuxidamus, Anaxidamus, Archidamus, Agasicles Ariston Demaratus Leotychides. [Cleomenes & Leonidas were the sons of Anaxandrides & reigned in the days of Darius Hystaspis, {illeg} \&/ Leonidas was slain \at/ in the {illeg} battel at Thermopylæ in the sixt year of Xerxes being then an old man. Demaratus was banished by Cleomenes & fled into to Darius Hystaspis & the kingdom was given to Leotychides] Cleomenes was & Demaratus \were conten/ flourished in the reign of Darius Hystaspis] Neare the beginning of the reign of Darius Hystaspis. Polycrates king of Samus being slain about y^e 7^th year of Cambyses was succeeded by Mæandrius who in \& Darius Hystaspis in or neare/ the beginning of this reign of Darius invading Samus Mæandrius fled to Cleomexes king of Sparta (Herod l. 3 prope finem) & t Some years after when \{Ionia} rebelled/ Darius proposed to conquer Greece he sent messengers to all Greece to demand fire \earth/ & water & the Islands submitted & amongst the rest Ægina. Whereupon Cleomenes king of Sparta to whom that Island belonged sailed to Ægina to comprehend the persons offending as if they fell awa revolted to y^e Persians, But & in his absence was accused by Demaratus king the other king of Sparta, but upon his return caused Demaratus to be deposed as a bastard, & Leotychides to succeed him & then about 3 or 4 years after slew himself & was succeeded by his brother Leonidas who was slain by the Persians at Thermopylæ in the sixt year of Xerxes, Whence & Demaratus being deposed fled to y^e Persians & remained among them till after the invasion of Greece by Xerxes at w^ch time Demaratus was alive being fled to y^e Persians. \Vpon the death of Cleomines a war broke out between the Athenians & inhabitants of Ægina & the Athenians by the advice of Themistocles built ships as well against an expected invasion of the Persians as against the people of Ægina/ By all w^ch it seems to me that Cleomenes began his reign about the same time w^th Darius \or within 2 or 3 years after/ & {illeg} reigned till about y^e 30^th \28^th or / year of that king & that Demaratus was deposed about y^e 24|9|^th year of Darius & lived above 18 years longer. So then between the {illeg} end {illeg} of the first Messenian war & the reign of Darius there were about five reigns in both races of the kings of Sparta w^ch at 20 years apiece one reign w^th another make the space of about an hundred years. But Chronologers make it 202 years w^ch is about \more then/ 40 years a piece to the five reigns one w^th another.

Polydectes {illeg} \king of Sparta/ being slain before the birth of his son Charillus or Charilaus, left y^e tuition of his kingdom & his to his brother Lycurgus who \the Legislator/ & Lycurgus upon the birth of Charilaus became his Tutor \to the child/ & published his laws in y^e reign of Agesilaus the king of Sparta |successor of of {sic} Darissus| in the other race of |y^e| kings \of Sparta./ {illeg} Now Aristotel finding the Now the name of Lycurgus being upon the Olympic Disk Aristotle concluded thence that Lycurgus assisted in instituting \was the companion of Iphitus in restoring/ the Olympiads And The Discus was produced in the games called Quinquertium \(Pausan: l 5 c. 19) w^ch were boxing, running, leaping, the Discus, & wrastling./ & therefore Lycurgus flourished in the 18^th Olympiad [w^ch goes very well w^th o^r recconing \& {as}/ ffor according to o^r recconing the 18 Olympiad was celebrated in y^e 17^th year of Ageslates in whose reign Lycurgus published his laws. But \reign/ So then the 18 Olympiad in w^ch Lycurgus assisted in instituting the Discus <3r> ought to fall in y^e reign of Agesilaus in w^ch Lycurgus published his laws. And so it doth according to o^r recconing & therefore confirms this recconing. But according Chronologers reccon Lycurgus as old as Iphitus & both of them almost 200 years older then y^e 18^th Olympiad. Now the name of Lycurgus being on the Olympic Disk Aristotel concluded thence that Lycurgus was the companion of Iphitus in restoring the Olympiads. {illeg} But it is to b But Iphitus did not restore all the Olympic games. He restored the {illeg} racing, with Chariots in the first Olympiad Coræbus being victor. In the 14^th Olympiad the double Stadium was added & in 18^th the Quinquertium Hypænus being victor & in the 18^th the Quinquertium & wrastling were restored Lampis & Eurybatus being victors (two Spartans) being Victors. & \Now Pausanas tells us that/ the Discus was produced in the Quinquertium, [& others say that the Quinquertium consisted of these five games, running, leaping, wrastling, coiting & boxing.] And therefore Lycurgus whose name was on the Discus, flourished \not in the first but/ in the eighteenth Olympiad. & Charillus & Agesilaus reigned So then Chronologers err in making Lycurgus & his contemporaries Agesilaus & Charillus as old as Iphitus & all of them almost 200 years older then the 18^th Olympiad & {illeg} In our account \of time/ the 18^th Olympiad falls in the reign of Agesilaus & minority \Tuition/ of Charillus as it ought to do. Now the Disk was one of the games of the Quinquertium & Pausanias tells us that there were three Disks kept in the Olympic treasury at Altis & produced in the games of the Quinquertium. One of \those games./ Probably \Doubtless/ these were dedicated by Lycurgus & had his name \they which had the name of Lycurgus/ upon them, being dedicated by him. So then the \game of the/ Disk was restored in 18^th Olympiad & therefore Pythan Lycu that Olympiad fell upon the Tui minority of Charillus |y^e| Tuition of Lycurgus & |y^e| reigh of Agesilaus. Now ffrom the middle of the reign of Agesilates to the end of the reign of Anaxandrides there were 9$\frac{1}{2}$ reigns w^ch at 20 years a piece come to 190 years & these years counted backwards from y^e beginning of the reign of Darius \Hystaspis/ place the middle of y^e reign of Agesilaus upon the 2^d year of y^e 17^th Olympiad, w^ch being but three years before y^e 18^th Olympiad, shews that o^r way of recconing comes very neare the truth. So there \And/ Chronologers have been mistaken in making Lycurgus as old as Charillus & Agesilaus as old as Iphitus & all of them almost \as old as Iphitus & all of them about 180 or 200/ 200 {sic} years older then the 18^th Olympiad. Thucydides (who was older then the Chronologers) tells us that there \were/ three hundred years & a few more to the end of the Peloponnesian war from the time that the Lacedemonians had used the same admistration {sic} of their commonwealth, that is from the Legislature of Lycurgus. And this agrees perfectly with o^r recconing. ffor y^e 18^th Olympiad was 304 years before the end of the Peloponnesian war. This testimony of Thucydides I lay the more stress upon because \he wrote while/ that government of the Spartans was very singular & very advanta yet in being. ffor that government being very singular & very advantageous to the Spartans, its very probable that while it lasted they retained a memory of it's antiquity & \antiquity &/ first institution. & of its antiquity

We told you that upon the return of the Heraclides returned into Peloponnesus under the conduct of Temenus, Cresphontes & Aristodemus, & that Temenus reigned at Argos. He was succeeded by Afte him reigned Cisus, M{illeg}, Thestius, Acaus, Ares his son \{illeg}/ & then Corinth deposed & her kings until Phidon invaded the kingdom. Phidon is by some recconed |He was succeeded by his son Cisus & then the kingdom ceased untill Phidon the tenth from Temenus recovered| <3v> Phidon \was potent for a time &/ invented weights & measures & was the t coyned money in Ægina of Gold & Silver in Ægina, \& w/ & was the {illeg} being the first of the Greeks who coyned such money. His son Leocides was contemporary to Megalles the son of Alcmæon, both of them at y^e same time being woers of Agarista the daughter of Clisthenes king of Sicyon. And Alcmæon was contemporary to Crœsus. ffor And therefore Phidon was \also/ contemporary to Crœsus or not above one generation older. Chronologers make Phidon {above} 200 years older. & A I will therefo |Chronologers make him much older but I had rather trust to Herodotus.| Let us \therefore/ suppose y^t he was \Phidon/ flourished about fifty \sixty/ years before the reign of Darius Hystaspis, & that is about 27|6|0 years after the return of the Heraclides, & since (\as/ Strabo tells us) that) he was the 10^th from Temenus, there will be nine generations in 260 years which is 29 years to after y^e rate of 29 years to a generation w^ch is a reasonable allowance.

In y^e elective kingdom of the Romans, ninety or an hundred years may be a reasonable allowance for the reign of the seven kings before the Consuls, especially since all of them except Numa either died violent deaths or were deposed. And according to this recconing Numa who was a Pythagorean philosopher & coyned coyned {sic} copper money might live after Pherecides Syrus, Thales & Pythagoras had brought philosophy into Europe & be contemporary to Phidon who coyned money in Greece.

<4r>

When \Europa &/ Cadmus & his captains be \& their kindred & captains/ came with Colonies into \Crete &/ Greece, they|re| were accompanied with a body of Phœnician Priests \among them a sort of men/ called Curetes or Corybantes Delchines These setled some in Crete where they were called \also Curetes &/ Idæi Dactyli,², some in Th Samothrace where they were called Cabyri,¹ some in Ph\r/ygia where they were called \Curetes/ Corybantes, some in Ætolia where they were called Curetes,³ some in Rhodes where they were called Telchines, some in & others in \Eubæa, Lemnos &|I|mbrus &/ other places. And a considerable body of them setled in Ætiola which was thence called the country of the Curetes untill Ætolus invaded it & called it by his own name. Strabo. l. 10. p \464,/ 465, 466 &c. For all the Curetes in all these places were men of the same \kind kind./ differing very little from one another \in manners/. At the sacrifices they appeared seized w^th a divine fury, & danced in armour with great clamour tumult & clamour & bells & drums & pipes & weapons w^th w^ch they struck upon one anothers armour in musical time. And this is recconned the \first/ original of music in Greece. This noisy dancing they pretended to be in memory of their attending \& guarding/ Rhea or Cybele & (otherwise called Cybele & Magna mater) & her \young/ son Iupiter. They were skilled in arts & sciences \& brought many arts into Greece./ t|T|heir actions were mystical |about religious mysteries by the coins| & they were \by the people admired &/ accounted impostors & jugglers \& servan \conjurers/ & magicians/. They first {made a} wrought in brass \& copper/ in Eubæa in a city thence called Chalcis \& in other places where they setled/ & afterwards found out iron in Creat mont {sic} Ida in Crete & wrought \also/ in that metal. Also in Crete & |first in Crete & then they had shops in| Lemnos \& I/ & Rhodes \{Imbrua}/ & other places. Strabo l. 10. p 466, 7, 8, 9, 472, 473 & l. 4. p. 365. In Phygia {sic} the|y| \instituted/ mysteries were only \only/ about Rhea called Cybele & Magna mater, in Crete they|ir| \mysteries/ were also about her son Iupiter. These These the Idæi Dactyli represented that when Iupiter was born in Crete his mother Rhea caused him to be educated in a cave in mount Ida under the|ir| care, of them & that they danced about him in armour \& that they armed themselves in his defence & danced about him with a great noise that his/ with a great noise that his {sic} father Saturn might not hear him cry \& their mysteries were in memory thereof. Whence I conclude that \& when he was grown up assisted him in conquering his father \& in memory thereof instituted their mysteries///. |Now| [This Iupiter can be no other \king of Crete/ then Minos.  < insertion from f 5r > & armed themselves in his defence against his father Saturn & danced about him with a great noise that his father might not hear him cry & when he was grown up assisted him in conquering his father & in memory of these things instituted their mysteries. Stephanus [in Γαζα] lets us know that In Gaza they called him Marnas w^ch \{name}/ signifies king of men. In Crete he was such another king. Iupiter was worshipped in Gaza a city of Phœnicia after the same manner as in Crete, & this is an argument that the Curetes came originally from the country of the Philistines. In Gaza they called him Marnas w^ch {illeg} word signifes the king of men. In Crete he was such another king. And I take this king to be Minos.

For Minos was born soon after the coming of \Asterius was grown up & began to reign before/ Europa & the Phenicians came into Crete in the reign of Asterius & Minos was born soon after \their coming/ & its probable Europa being a Phœnician would be apt to trust {illeg}her countrimen \the Curetes/ with the care & education of her child

 For the ancients gave the names of Saturn & Iupiter to the two first kings of a kingdom & Saturn \Asterius/ & Iupiter \Minos/ were the two first kings of all Crete mentioned in history & Minos was the most famous & potent & famous of all the kings of Crete & on that account deserves the name of Iupiter above them all. {illeg} He was the Lawmaker of Crete & \was/ so famous for justice as to be accounted the \principall/ judge of hell Hades \Hel/ & justice was the distinguishing character of Iupiter. Minos was a great warrior & \the \most/ potent of all the Greeks of his age &/ had the dominion of dominion of {sic} the seas & was the first of the Greeks who had that dominion & Iupiter was the greatest of all the Gods & had a scepter in one hand & a thunderbolt in the other to shew that he was a warlike king. [Asterius was grown up & began to reign before Europa & the Phenicians came into Crete &] Minos was the first king of Crete who could be educated by the Curetes. He was born soon after they came into that into y^t Island & its probable that his mother being a Phœnician would commit the care & education of her child to her countrymen. Mount Ida was {illeg} excavated \throughout/ by art with walks & \many/ winding intricate passages w^ch they called the Labyrinth. There the Idæi Dactyli might & their weomen might educate the child. There they might find out minerals & {illeg} make armour first of copper & then of iron & by the help of this armour after Minos was grown up overcome the native Cretans & depose \expell/ Asterius & set Minos upon the throne. & in memory of these things institute their mysteries & compose the fable of Iupiter's education & of his expelling his father by the assistance of y^e Curetes. And by being educated under these men he might \might/ become so wise a lawmaker as to have his laws consulted by \the wisest of the/ following Lawmakes {sic} & with his brother Rhadamanthus so exact in the administration of justice as on that account also to be celebrated above other men to all posterity. He <5v> was buried in the same cave where he was educated: for Pythagoras went down into the Idæan cave to see his sepulchre [Pophyrius {sic} in vita Pythag.] Whence Lucian \(in Sacrificijs)/ tells us that the Cretans do not only recount relate that Iupiter was born & buried amongst them but also shew his sepulchre. And the Scholiast upon Pindar (Ode 1 in of Callimachus [Ode 1 in Iovian] v. 8] tells that Cicero in numbering three Iupiters saith that the third was the Cretan Iupiter Saturns son \whose sepulchre was shown in Crete/, & the Scholiast upon Callimachus [Ode 1 in Iovem v. 8] lets us know that this was the Sepulchre of Minos. By Saturn Cicero \who was a Latine/ understands the Saturn of the Latines. For when {illeg} Aurelius Victor tells us that the Saturn {soon} came \being expelled by Iupiter fled in sailed a ship/ from Crete into Italy. About the same time some other Greeks carried colonies into Italy as Oenotrus the youngest son of Lycaon & Ianus who received Saturn into part of his kingdom. And this is the first memory of things done in Italy. < text from f 4r resumes > [For Minos was born when the Curetes came first into Crete & was the greatest king who of the kings of Crete having the dominion \of the seas w^th/ a potent fleet & conquering many of the Greek islands. His father Asterius was the {illeg} first king of all Crete of He & his father Asterius were the two first kings of all Crete mentioned in history ||And| Being educated by the Curetes he became an excellent king in civil as well as in military affairs. And being \He was/ the greatest \& most celebrated/ king of his time among all the Greeks, {illeg} \& therefore/ deserved the name of Iupiter above them all & his funeral {illeg} deserved most to have his funeral celebrated by the Curetes with a greater solemnity then that of any other king.| of whom {sic} there is any certain mention in history & by consequence they were the Saturn & Iupiter of y^e Cretans. And \For/ The Scholiast upon Callimachus tells us that Minos was the the sepulchre of Minos was by the Cretans called the Sepulchre of Iupiter [Schol. Callim. Hymn. 1 in Iovem v. 8.] And Cicero^[1] that numbering three Iupiters saith that the third was the Cretan Iupiter Saturn's son whose sepulchre was shewn in Crete, & the scholiast upon Pindar ^a[2] lets us know that this was the sepulchre of Minos. His father Asterius was the first king of all Crete so far as appears in history, & the two first kings of every kingdom were {illeg} usually by the ancients reputed the Saturn & Iupiter of the kingdom.] Stephanus [in Gaz Γαζα] lets know that Iupiter was worshipped in Gaza a city of Phœnicia after the same manner as in Crete, & this makes it proble {sic} that the Curetes came originally from the country of the Philistines.

Amphictyon the son of Deucalion reigned in Athens next before Deucalion \Erectheus as above/ & Xuthus the youngest son of Hellen the son of Deucalion married the daughter of Erectheus & therefore Deucalion|s| [was between one & two years \generations or about 40 years/ older then Erectheus &] his flood was just before the coming of Cadmus into Europe & the reigns of Erectheus flood was a little before the reign of Erectheus. \The marble makes it ten years before the coming of Cadmus into Europe./ The Poets represent it occasioned by the wickedness of Lycaon, who offered humane sacrifices to Iupiter, & therefore being \since they feigned ito {sic} be/ a punishment inflicted on him for his wickedness, it was \happened/ in the end of his reign & |by consequence| therefore \was/ about the time that Cadmus came into Europe. The eastern nations of those days in their figurative Now the Poets tell us that next after This flood was \succeeded by/ the four ages called the Golden the silver the brazen & the iron ages.// The fourth age ended with the wars against Thebes & Troy as Hesiod tells us expresly. But Hesiod living in the age next after the four calls his own age the fift & translates the name of the iron age from the fourth to this, recconing every age to be worse then the former & his own to <4v> be the worst. And these five ages he reccons to be so many generations of men describing that every age ended when the men of the age were buried & deified & a new generation of men arose, & saying that the men of the fourth age perished at \in/ the warrs against Thebes & Troy & that Iupiter would destroy the fift age in w^ch he lived when y^e men of that age should grow hoary headed.

The third age ended with the Argonautic expedition that was ffor that was one age before the destruction of Troy recconing three ages to an hundred years or about 33 yars to an age, & the Poets tell us that Talus who guarded the island Crete was the last man of the brazen age & died when the Argonauts in returning home arrived at that island.

The second age was the reign of Iupiter & fell in with the reign \days/ of Minos. ffor the Poets tell us that Niobe the daughter of {Phoroneus} was the first woman & Alcmena the last with whom Iupiter lay. And that Chiron who{illeg} lived till the \Argonautic expedition or/ end of the brazen age was begot of Phy|i|llyra by Saturn in the golden age when Iupiter was educated among the Idæi Dactyli as Apollonius relates. The Cretan \The Cretan/ Iupiter was therefore educated \in Crete/ by the Idæi Dactyli in the golden age & \by consequence/ reigned in the silver age according to the Theology of the Curetes & |since Theseus overcame the Minotaur & Minos was slain about 39 years before the| the lifetime of Chiron comprehended the brazen age & the silver age & part of y^e golden age \& lasted about one generation or 33 years longer then the reign of Minos,/ this Iupiter can be no other then Minos. |For Theseus overthrew {illeg} no other king of crete was educated by the Idæi Dactyli when Chiron was born &| |Theseus overcame the Minotaur about 33 years before y^e Argonautic expedition & Minos| was slain soon \presently/ after, that is one generation b \& no other king of Crete was educated by the Idæi Dactyli when Chiron was born./ The whole time between the \Argonautic expedition & the/ coming of Cadmus & \the Curetes with/ Europa & Cadmus into Crete & Greece & the Argonautic expedition was about an hundred years, w^ch being divided into three equal parts allows about 33 years for the golden age & reign of Asterius the father of Minos, 33 years more for the silver age & reign of Minos, & & {sic} 33 years more for the iron age & reign o brazen age & reign of {illeg} over Asia & a good Thrace & part of Greece part of Europe, & the iron age took up about 33 years more till the ruin of Troy.

The Eleans in giving an account o people of Elis in giving an account of their own originals say that Saturn reigned first in the kingdom of heaven & that the men who reigned first in \were called/ the golden age built a temple to him in Olympia & that his wife Rhea when Iupiter was born committed the custody of the child to y^e Idæi Dactyli otherwise called the Curetes & that five of these Idæi Dactyli \(whose names were Hercules Pæonius, Epimedes, Iasius & Ida/ coming afterwards from Ida a mountain of Crete into Elis there instituted the game of racing once every \in/ four years w^ch was the Original of the Olympic games Pausan l. 5. c      A The Iupiter therefore who reigned in the silver age was certainly the Cretan Iupiter educated in the golden age in mount Ida by the Curetes Idæi Dactyli, & the Parable of the reign of Saturn & Iupiter in the golden & silver ages was brought from Crete into Greece by the Idæi Dactyli, And because commenced with The \first/ coming of the Id and being formed by the|m| Idæi Dactyli commenced with their first coming into Crete in the reign of Asterius, or with \& by consequence/ in \or with/ the reign of Asterius. After y^e end |or at the soonest with the beginning of his reign. For we have already shewed that the Saturn & Iupiter of the Idæi Dactyli were Asterius & Minos, the name of Saturn being given to Asterius by the Latines in memory of his lying hid in Italy.| The Th Now Ath {illeg} his {description} of the Poets agree to the four generations here described \above mentioned/. In the first \of the four/ ages men lived upon \roots,/ berries apples peares acorns & other spontaneus fruits of the earth \without the toill of {plowing} & sowing/. In the second the Greeks began to plow & sow & {make bread} & grow potent at sea & mult by the invention of iron to multiply arts. In the third they grew more warlike & in the fourth invented the constellations & \invented the constellations & {illeg} & began to build long ships/ grew more warlike but still used armour & weapons & utensils of copper. In the fourth, iron \& wealth in metals/ began to abound & men grew \still more wealthy &/ more injurious & violent {illeg} being tempt & improved navigation building long ships & making long viages at sea. And these are the characters of the four ages given by <5r> the Poets In the end of the third they invented the constellations & began to built a long ship & began to make long voyages. In the end of the {sic} fourth they riches in metals increased & men began to grew more injurious & violent & built long continued to mak build long ships & {illeg} improve navigation. And these are the characters of the four ages given by the Poets.

They tell us that the Cretan Iupiter expelled \conquered made war upon/ his father Saturn & that Saturn fled \made him fly/ from Italy into Crete into Italy: w^ch makes it probable y^t {illeg} y^e Saturn of the Latines was Asterius the father of Minos. for ffor Minos was a very warlike p|P|rince \&/ being the son of a forreign woman might come to the crown by force.

<5v> ^{[Editorial Note 2]}

^[3]The Eleans recconed Aëthlius the son of Iupiter \Æolus/ their first king He was the father of Endymion the father of Pæon, Epeus, & Ætolus & Eurycida. Epeus succeeded his father in the kingdom & left it to Ætolus & from him the people were called Epeans. In his reign Pelops came into Peloponnesus & succeed Oenomaus in the kingdom of Pisa & took Olympia from Epeus Epeus was succeeded first by his brother Ætolus & the his brother & then by Eleus the son of his sister Euricyda. \For Ætolus killed Apis the son of Phoroneus \& {illeg}/ (Conon Narrat. 27. Apollodor l. 1 c. 7. sec. 6)/ From Eleus the people were called Eleans. He was succeded by Augeas whose stable Hercules cleansed. Augeas was then an old man & denying Hercules the reward promised him there ensued a war between them. Augeas was assisted by the sons of Actor the grandson of Epeus: but Hercules slew them, & took Elis & gave the kingdom to Phylus the son of Augeas. Hercules was therefore one generation younger then Augeas & six \seven/ generations younger then \Æolus the father of/ Aethlius, & by consequence Aethlius was contemporary to S \Æolus/ flourished about 160 or 170 years before Hercules, that is in the latter end of the Priesthood of Eli. And since his son \grandson/ Endymion was an Astronomer, we may reccon that {illeg} & & the native Greeks in those days were ignorant of all arts & sciences we may reccon that \his grandfather Æolus the came with his/ his {sic} family came from Egypt in the days of his father As Aëthlius Eli.

The Eleans in giving an account of their own originals say that Saturn reigned first in {illeg} the kingdom of heaven that is in Olympia, & that the men who were called the golden age built a temple to him in Olympia & that his wife Rhea when Iupiter was born committed the custody of the child to the Idæi Dactyli otherwise called \the/ Curetes. & that five of these Idæi Dactyli \whose names were Hercules, Pæonius, Epimedes, Iasius & Ida/ coming afterwards /afterwards\ from Ida a mountain of Crete into Elis, there instituted the game of racing once in four years, w^ch was the original of y^e Olympic games. Pausan. l. 5.

Hellen by his sons Æolus Xuthus & Dorus had a numerous ofspring. He was contemporary to Cadmus & Erechtheus: for his second son Xuthus married one of the daughters of Erechtheus. He reigned in Thessaly & {illeg} w^th his sons Æolus & Dorus & grandsons Achæus & Ion \(the sons of Xuthus)/ gave names to the Hellenes, Æolians, Dores, Achæans & Iones. Hellen is by some reputed the son of Deucalion \the son of Prometheus/, by others the son of Iupiter (Conon Narrat. 27. Apollodor l. 1. c. 7. sec. 2.) The first seems improble {sic}: for Prometheus was an Egyptian & Deucalion an Hyperborean & both of them younger then Hellen.

Oxylus the son of Acmon.

<6r>

D Diodorus tells us that the {illeg} mysteries & sacred rites left taught by Orpheus & thence called Orphici were those w^ch Bacchus instituted & left w^th in Trace {sic} with Charops & {Oeagrs} from whom Orpheus had them. that Linus \who was/ the master of Orpheus Thamyris & Hercules & by consequence flourished in the times between the Expedition of Sesostris & that of y^e Argonauts, wrote the actions of this Bacchus in the old Pelasgic letters, & that Dionysius wrote y^e history of Bacchus & the Amazons, the Argonautic expedition & the things done at Troy, that is, he wrote the history of the Greeks beginning w^th the expedition of Bacchus & the Amazons, going on w^th y^e expedition of y^e Argonauts |& proceeding to the expedition of y^e Argonauts| & ending w^th y^e destruction of Troy, & therefore this Bacchus flourished in the times next before the Argonautic expedition. Had he been much older his actions would not have been remembred for want of y^e use of letters |Had he been older then Sesostris his actions would not have the actions of Sesostris would h in Greece would have bee|i|n|g| fresher in memory & come between those of Bacchus & y^e Arg.|

Homer places Thebes in Ethiopia, &

The Ethiopians reported that the Egyptians were a colony drawn out from them by Osiris & that thence it came to pass that most of the laws of Egypt were the same with those in Ethiopia & that y^e Egyptians learnt from y^e Ethiopians y^e custome of deifying their kings. Diodor l. 3. p. 101.

Letters might be invented long before in the lower Egypt, {illeg} the Egyptian reed being used as \the/ papyr and calle supp being the oldest papyr. ffor Moses who wa the Egyptians were learned before the days of Moses & he being skilled in all their learning wrote down the law in letters upon tables of stone & in books. But And this became the vulgar way of writing \in Egypt/ after the conquest of Egypt by the Ethiopians. but the P \while/ while \But/ the Priests of Egypt in their sacred books used the Ethiopic character hieroglyphical character \of the Ethiopians/. And this shews that the religious & sacred rites w^ch prevailed in Egypt after the expulsion of the Shepherds were y^e Æthiopic. And whilst the Æthiopians had no letters to write down sounds but used another way of writing, they wrote not down the names of men, but represented the men by hierglyphical {sic} figures, as by painting Ammon &c.

And therefore \this/ Bacchus was contemporary flourished in the times next before y^e Argonautic expedition & was contemporary to Sesostris. Had he been much older his actions would not have been remembred for want of y^e use of letters.

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For Thebes & its territory were anciently distinguished from Coptos & its territory, {illeg} the former being called Æthiopia [Αἰα Θήβων] till Homers days.

\The kingdoms of/ Ægypt before the rise of the Monarchy, became dist reduced into three or four principal ones \kingdoms countrys differing in language/. One was Thebes with its territory called Æthioppia by Homer. Another was Coptus & its terr the lower Ægypt called Misraim in {sic} in scripture & Aeria from \Mizraim/ the capital Mizraim \of the first inhabitants/ & Aeria from Abaris or Αουαρις the capital of the Shepherds. And a third was Coptus & its territory ffor called. For the language of \all/ Egypt was \afterwards/ called the Coptic that is till the days \times/ of the Greek & & {sic} Latine Empires \called the Coptic/, that is the language of the city Coptus & its territory of Coptus. And therefore this city conquered all the rest & by conquest conquered spread its language into all AÆgypt, & together with its language it spread its name Αἰα Κοπτου Ægypt. For Herodotus tells us tha

Ægypt like other nations being at first divided into many little kingd^s & those kingdoms growing bigger & bigger till they grew all united {illeg} into one monarchy, the \main chief/ kingdoms w^ch flourished next before \the rise of/ that monarchy (suppose in y^e in y^e days of Eli \& the Iudges/ seem to have been Thebes with the territory called Æthopia by Homer Mizzraim \those of Misraim Thebes & Coptus, {neither} that is/ the lower Ægypt called Mizraim from the \old {illeg}/ capital Mizraim as above & Aeria from the capital of the shepherds Abaris or Αὀυαρις; Thebes with its territory called Thebe Æthiopia by Homer [Αἰα Θήβων] by Homer: & Coptus w^th its territory called Ægypt; [Αἰα Κόπτου] by Herodotus \Ægypt whence comes the name of Egypt/. ffor Herodotus tells us that Thebais was anciently called Ægypt, & therefore that name was given to the upper Ægypt before it was given to the lower. |And| The language of all Egypt wall|s| called the Coptic till the times of the Greek & Latine Empire & therefore was originally y^e \that is therefore was originally/ \originally the/ language of Copto the city & territory of Coptus & \therefore it/ was propagated from thence \Coptus thence/ to all Egypt together with the name of A by conquest, together with the name of Egypt. The Kings of Coptus first \first/ conquered Thebes & its territory & thereby extended the name of [Αἰα Κόπτου] {illeg} Ægypt to all the upper part of Egypt before they conquered \& then by expelling/ the Shepherds extended their name & language to all Egypt.

And these three spake different at languages originally, the language of Thebes being Æthiopic, that of Mizraim {semi} Ph the language of Coptus the Coptic & the Shepherds & that of the lower Egypt a dialect of the shepherds. But the Coptic prevailed & became the language of all Egypt till the times of the Greek & Latine Empires & therefore the kings of Coptus conquered all Egypt. They first conquered Thebes & thereby extended the name of Ægypt to all Thebe their country And Ægypt to {illeg} all Thebais, & then by & then by expelling the shepherds they extended the same name to all {illeg} the lower Egypt. For Herodotus tells us that Thebais was anciently \called/ Ægypt & therefore this name was given to all the upper parts of Egypt before it was given to the lower. When the Coptites conquered Thebes they might also conquer This & Elephantis unless those cities were conquered before by by {sic} Thebes. But there is no distinct account now remaining of the actions \& fate/ of those kingdoms. Mephramathosis or his predecessors reduced all the upper Ægypt into one kingdom. He & his successor Amosis expelled the shepherds, Ammon & Sesac extended the monarchy westward to the \lesser Syrtes & even to the/ mouth of y^e straits, southward over \all/ \in to/ Æthiopia above the cataracts \above the Cataracts/ & \to/ Arabia felix eastward into India & northward to Caucasus \the black sea/ & Thrace.

Now if Sesostris was \slain/ in y^e 5^t year of Asa & Ægypt was invaded by Boccharis

And between the death of Sesostris in y^e 5^t year of Asa & the Æra of Nabo |{o}{r}| 23|2|^th year of Boccharis, there will be 11 Kings reigning 210 years w^ch is after the rate of 19 yeeres a piece one w^th another.

^{[Editorial Note 3]}

\Herodotus tells us that/ The Egyptians collected a list of 341 \names of/ kings between the reign of Menes & that of Sennacherib Sethon who put Sennacherib to flight

Herodotus tells us that the Egyptians & their Priests recconned 341 generations from the reign of Menes to that of Sethon who put Sennacherib to flight, 341 generatio{ns} \of men/ & as many High Priests of Vulcan & as many kings of Egypt: & that 300 generations make 10000 years. becau (ffor saith he, three generations of men make a|n| thousand years hundred years.) And the remaining 41 generations make 1366 years 1340 (he should have said 1366 years.) & so the whole time from the reign of Menes to that of Sethon was 11340 years. And by this way of recconing \& allotting {illeg} long reigns to the Gods of Egypt/ Herodotus tells us from the Priests that from Pan to Amasis were 15000 years & from Hercules to Alasis 17000.

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The Egyptians had before the days of Solon made their antiquities above 9000 Monarchy 9000 years old, & now they reccon to Herodotus a succession of 330 kings reigning so many generations (that is, 11000 years) before Sesostris. But \we are to begin w^th Sesostris & his {illeg} grandfather &/ if w^th Herodotus we omit the names of those \kings/ who did nothing memorable & consider only those whose actions are rec the rest reduced into due order will give us all or almost all the kings the kings of Egypt from the days of the expulsion of the shepherds by the grandfather of Sesostris downwards to the conquest of Egypt by Cambyses. For Sesostris – – – – Amasis Psemmiticus {illeg}

While the shepherds \Before the expulsion of the shepherds who reigned at/ reigned /While the shepherds reigned at\ Abaris over the lower Ægypt, that part of Egypt was \sometimes/ called Aeria, I think from the capital city Abaris (or {illeg} Ἀούαρις) by a small corruption of y^e word name. And Herodotus tells us that Thebais was anciently called Egypt \& Homer gives the names of Æthiopia to Thebais/. But after the expulsion of the shepherds the name of Ægypt was extended to the whole. Whence its probable that the names of Ægypt & Æthiopia came from Aia Coptia & Coptus Aia Theophi & Thebais came from Aia Co had its name from Coptos.

Before the expulsion of the shepherds \were expelled/ out of Egypt that par the lower Egypt that \lower/ part of Egypt \(called Mizraim in Scriptures)/ was sometimes called Aeria I think from the capital city Abaris [Ἀούαρις] where they \shepherds/ reigned. And Herodotus tells us that Thebais was anciently called Ægypt: whence its probable that that name was derived from Coptos [Αἰα Κόπτου] & that the kings of Coptos {illeg} conquered first Thebais & then the lower Egypt \Aeria/ & thereby gave \extended/ the name of Egypt to the whole. Misphramethosis & Amosis conquered Aeria, & then Ammon & Sesac carried on the conquest westward to the mouth of the straits, \southward into Æthiopia & Arabia felix/ eastward to India, & northward to {illeg} Caucasus & Thrace.  < insertion from lower down f 7v >  pro\ba/ble that the name was deduced from the \Thebes the name of the old/ Metroplis {sic} of Thebais [\the land being calld/ Αια Θηβης or Αια Θεοφι] & intended then by conquest to take \given first to Thebais only & then extended by conquest/ southward to the {illeg} regions now called Æthiopia & either in the reign of Ammon who conquered them \& reigned at Thebes & in that of Sesac who governed ✝/ < insertion from lower down f 7v > ✝ Æthiopia (including Thebais) by a President residing at Thebes, & in that of < text from higher up f 7v resumes > or in that of Amenophis or Memnon who reigned ever \over/ Thebais & Æthiopia tog\e/her {sic} while Osarsiphus reigned in the lower Ægypt. < text from higher up f 7v resumes > Homer gives the name of Æthiopia to Thebais. Whence its probable ☉ < insertion from lower down f 7v > ☉ probable that the name Æthiopia came originally from Thebes the \name of the/ old metropolis of Thebais, & was given first to Thebais only by calling it Αια Θεβης the land of Thebes \(meaning the Province above Coptos above Coptos) & below the/ & then extended by conquest southward o y^e regions now called Æthiopia: & that this was done in the reign of Ammon who conquered Æthiopia & reigned at Thebes, & in that of Sesac who governed Thebe Æthiopia by a president residing at Thebes, & in that of Amenophis or Memnon who reigned over all {illeg} the upper Egypt \Thebais/ & Ethiopia together while Osarsiphus reigned in the |over| the lower Egypt.

< text from higher up f 7v resumes >

Pheron is by Herodotus –– Nuncoreus.

Proteus reigned – – – or President.

Amentophis reigned – – – at This & Susa.

But these kings being \who were/ much older then Sesostris might (many of them) reign over \many/ little kingdoms in several parts of Egypt long before the days of Eli & Samuel & so are not under our consideration; If with {especial} If with Herodotus – & who left splendid monuments of their having reigned \over that over Egypt Monarchy/ (such as were Temples dedicated to them, & \& statues & Pyramids & Obelisks, Palaces/ dedicated \or ascribed/ to them;) these kings reduced into due order will give us all or almost all the kings from the days of the expulsion of the shepherds & founding of the monarchy do\wn/wards to the conquest of Egypt by Cambyses.

The language of Egypt in the time of the Greek & Roman Empires was was {sic} called y^e Coptic, that is the language of Copts the city & region of Coptus spread over Ægypt [And from Αια Κόπτου the land of Coptus came the name Ægypt. [ffor Herodotus tells us that Thebais was anciently called Ægypt. The name of Egypt was \therefore/ extended by conquest from Coptos \first/ through all the upper Ægypt & then to all Egypt.] \This language then spread from Oi Coptus into all Egypt./ \And/ With this language spread the name of Ægypt. For Herodotus tells us that this Thebais was anciently called Ægypt. [The name therefore was propagated from y^e upper Ægypt into the lower. Αἰα Κόπτου the Land of K|C|optus is Ægyp] And the name Ægypt [Αἰα Κόπτου] signifies the land of Coptus. The name therefore was propagated with the language from Coptus first over all the upper Egypt by conquering Thebes & then over the lower Egypt by e{illeg}

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Chap. IV.
Of the Babylonian Empire

After the regions upon Tigris & Euphrates became free from the Dominion of Egypt, Babylon \& Nineveh/ (a city|ies| built soon after the flood) continued for some time under her|their| own kings. And when the kings of Nineveh began to conquer |t|he|i|r neighbours, \Semiramis & soon after her/ Nabonasser reigned over Babylon. In his days a body of Egyptians flying from Sabacon carried to Babylon the Egyptian year of 365 days, & founded the Æra of Nabonassar as above, beginning the years thereof on the very same day with the years of Egypt. And in the year of Nabonassar 68 Asserhadon king of Assyria conquered Chaldea & Susiana & captivated the people placing many of them in Samaria, & carried the people of Samaria captive into Assyria. And henceforward Chaldea & Samaria {Susiana} became Provinces of Assyria for some \a/ time, but at length revolted & in conjunction with the Medes, destryed {sic} Nineveh.

By the fall of the Assyrian Empire, the kingdoms of the Chaldeans & Medes grew great & potent. The reigns of the kings of the Chaldeans grew great & potent are stated in Ptolomy's Canon: for understanding which, you are to note that every kings reign in that Canon began with the last Thoth of his Predecessor & ended with the last Thoth of his own reign, as

the prophet Hosea^[4] in the time of that interregnum (Hosea X.3, 6) \or soon after/ mentions Iarib {sic} king of Asyria \mentions the king of Assyria by the name of Iarib./ And p{illeg}|e|raps {sic} Iarib \there/ might be the first \a/ king of all Assyria but the first who carried his victories beyond the bounds of Assyria seems to be Pulus He invaded Israel |called Iarib, but whether he preceeded or succeeded Pul is uncertain. The first whose And if he preceeded him yet it appears not that he carried his conquests beyond the Province of Assyria. Pul seems to be the first who extended his conquests beyond those bounds. He invaded Israel, but| < insertion from f 10v > the Prophet Hosea in the time of that interregnum or soon after mentions a king of Assyria by the name of Iarib. And perhaps Iarib might be the name of one of their kings before he began to reign: & if he reigned before Pul he might be the first king who reigned over all Assyria. But the first who carried his victories beyond Assyria seems to be Pul. He \He {sic} conquered Calneh with its territories \in the reign of {Ieroboam}/ (Isa 10.8 {illeg} Amos 6.2) & soon after/ invaded Israel |in the reign of Menahem| \(2 Kings. 15. 19)/ but stayed not in the land being bought off by Menahem for a thousand talents < text from f 10r resumes > but staid not in the land being bought off by Menahem for a thousand talents of silver. In his reign therefore therefore the kingdom of Assyria was advanced on this side Tigris. For he was a great warrior & seems to have conquered Haran & Carchemish & Rezeph, & Calneh & Thalasser & all Chaldea & founded or enlarged the city Babylon & left it under its proper Kings. \governed it by Deputy Princes Kings./ For the Æra of Nabonasser (the first king of Babylon alone) \(the first of those Kings in the Canon)/ began about the time that Pul's reign ended \son soon after the reign of Pul this king/: & Isaiah who lived & prophesied in the days of Pul & his successors, thus describes the founding of Babylon. Behold, saith he, the land of the Chaldeans; this people was not till the Assyrian founded it for them that dwell in the wilderness [that is for the Arabians] they set up the towers thereof, they raised up the palaces thereof. Isa. XXIII.13. |And the short reigns of the first eleven kings shew that they were but deputy Pr|K|ince|g|s put in & out at the pleasure of y^e Kings of Assyria. The city is said to have been built by Semiramis the widdow of y^e first king of Assyria \a woman/ five generations before older then Nitocris the widdow of Nebuchadnezzar. Which makes it probable that Semiramis might reign there next before Nabonassar. These Princes reigned at Babylon before Asser\{illeg}/hadon: those that succeeded him, by their long reigns appear to have been kings for life.|

Tiglathpilaser warred in Phenicia & captivated Galile w^th the two Tribes & an half in the days of Pekah king of Israel & placed them in Halath & Habor & Hara & at the river Gozan, places lying in the western border of Media between Assyria & the Caspian Sea (2 King. XV.29. 1 Chron. V.26) & about the fift or sixt year of Nabonasser he came to the assistance of the king of Iudah against the kings of Israel & Syria, & overthrew the kingdom of Syria w^ch had been seated at Damascus ever since the days of king David, & carried away the Syrians to Kir as Amos had prophesied, & placed other nations in the region of Damascus (2 King. XV.37 & XVI.5, 9. Ioseph Antiq. l. 9. c. 12). Whence it seems that the Medes were conquered before & that the Empire of the Assyrians was now grown great. For the God of Israel stirred up the spirit of Pul king of Assyria & the spirit of Tiglathpilaser king of Assyria to make war 1 Chron. V.26.

Salmanasser (called Enemesser by Tobit (chap. 1){)} invaded ^a[5] all Phœnicia, took the city Samaria, & captivated Israel, & placed them in ^b[6] Chalach & Chabor by the river Gozan, & in the cities of the Medes. {sic} & peopled Samaria with captives brought from Babylon & from Cutha & or Susa & from Ava & from Hamath or Antioch & from Sepharvaim & therefore reigned over those cities. He seems to be called by Ezr

Sennacherib in the 14^th year of his reign Hezekiah invaded Phœnicia & took several cities of Iudah, but laying siege to & attempted Egypt, & Tirhakah king of Egypt Ethiopia & Egypt coming against him he lost in one night 185000 men, as some say by a plague, as others by being disarmed by mice or perhaps surprized by Tirhakah & returning in hast to Nineveh was there slain soon after by two of his sons who fled into Armenia, & his son Asserhaddon succeeded him. At that time did Merodach-Baladon or Mordoke{illeg}|m|pad king of Babylon send an embassy to Hezekiah king of Iudah.

Asserhaddon, corruptly {illeg} called Sarchedon by Tobit, Assardan <11r> by the seventy, & Sargon by Isaias (Tob. 1.21. Isa. XX.1) peopled Samaria with captives brought from several parts of Assyria the Dinaites, the Apharsathchites, the Tarpelites, the Apharsites the Archevites, the Babylonians, the Susanchites, the Dehavites, & the Elamites (Ezra IV.2, 9) & therefore reigned over all these nations. ^[7]In the year of Nabonassar 68 he began to reign immediately over Babylon. He invaded Iudæa, took {illeg}|Az|ot, carried Manasses captive to Babylon, & captivated also Egypt & Thebais & Ethiopia above Thebais, & by this war he seems to have put an end to the reign of the Ethiopians over Egypt.

< insertion from f 10v >

Pul seems to be the first who

Pul conquered Calneh

< text from f 11r resumes >

And now the Assyrian empire seems arrived at its greatness being united under one Monarch, & conteining Assyria Media, Apolloniatis, Susiana, Chaldæa, Mesopotamia, Cilicia, Syria, Phœnicia, Egypt, Ethiopia, & part of Arabia, & reaching eastward into Elymais & Parætacene. For Strabo reccons these two among the Provinces to which this Monarchy had given the name of Assyria, & Herodotus makes Parætacene a province of the Medes. And if Chalach & Habor where Salmanasser placed part of the ten tribes be Colchos & Iberia (as some think) we are also to add these Provinces with the two Armenias.

Asserhadon seems to be the Sardanapalus who reigned over Media & Babylonia till those nations revolted, the name \Sardanapalus/ being derived from Asser-hadon pul. ^a[8] Cle\it/archus saith that he died of old age after he had lost his dominion over Syria \& perhaps his old age as well as his luxurius & effeminate life might give occasion to the revolt of the nations/. Herodotus represents that the Medes revolted first & by force of arms defended their liberty & gave occasion to other nations to revolt, & not long after elected Dejoces their king & built Ecbatane. \☉/ In the year of Nabonassar 81 the reign of Assarhaddon over Babylon \ceased/ & by the revolt of the Babylonians & western nations Manasses was set at liberty to return home & fortified Ierusalem. < insertion from f 10v > Aserhadon seems to be the Sardanapalus who reigned over Medea & Babylonia till those nations revolted, the name Sardanapalus being derived from Asser-hadon-pul. Cleitarchus ^a[9] saith that he died of old age after he had lost his dominion over Syria, others say that he slew himself. The Scythians of Turan or Turquestan beyond the river Oxus, began in those days to infest the Persians & Assyrians & perhaps by one of their inrodes might give occasion to the revolt. Herodotus represents that the Medes revolted first & by force of arms defended their liberty & gave occasion to other nations to revolt, & not long after elected Dejoces their king & built Ecbatane. \And perhaps they might revolt after then once. For others say that they revolted/ ☉ They revolted under the conduct of Arbaces who was a Mede, & one of the general commanders of the forces of Sardanapalus \& who in the book of Iudith (if I mistake not) is called Arphanad/. He was encouraged to revolt by the luxurious & effeminate life of his king & conspired w^th Belesis another commander of the Assyrian forces. And Eusebius tells us that the writers of the Babylonian affairs (I suppose he means Because & some others) say that Arbaces made Belesis king of the Assyrians. I suppose he means, king of so much of the Assyrian Empire as after the revolt of the nations remained in subjection to Nineveh. This revolution happened in the year of Nabonassar 81. For at that time Asserhaddon was succeeded at Babylon by Saosduchinus. And by this revolution Manasses was set at liberty to return home & fortifi|y|ed Ierusalem. And the Egyptians also < text from f 11r resumes > And the Egyptians also, after the Assyrians had reigned three years over them (Isa. XX.3, 4) were set at liberty & created twelve contemporary kings over themselves. These kings reigned fifteen years, & then one of them called Psammiticus conquered all the rest, & reduced Egypt again into a monarchy & built the last Portico of the Temple of Vulcan founded by Menes, but made Sais the seat of his kingdome. He died in the 131^th year of Nabonassar & was succeeded by his son Pharaoh Nechao.

Ctesias represents that the luxurious & effeminate life of Sardanapalus gave occasion to Arbaces & the Medes to revolt. His old age might also promote the revolting of the nations. He is said to be the son of Anacyndaraxis or Anabaxaris (I suppose they mean Sennacherib) & to have built Tarsus & Anchiale in one day. The kings who reigned after him at Babylon were Saosduchinus, Chiniladon, Nabopolasser & Nebuchadnezzar: & those at Ecbatane Dejoces Phraortes Astyages, Cyaxeres & Darius. But the series of the kings who reigned at Nineveh. I

< insertion from f 10v >

Sardanapalus is said to have built Tarsus & Anchiale in one day, & to have been the son of Anacy|n|daraxis or as others name him, Anabaxaris. I suppose they mean Sennacherib. The kings who reigned after him in Media were \Dejoces/ Arbaxes, Dejoces, Phraortes \or Arbaxes/ Astyages Cyaxeres & Darius; those at Babylon were Saosduchinus, Chiniladon, Nabopolasser & Nebuchadnezzar with his sons; & those at Nineveh, I think were Belesis, Nebuchadonosor & Saracus. [By this Nebuchadonosor I understand that king of Assyria who is mentioned in the book of Iudith:

< text from f 11r resumes >

^[10]Chap: 1
Of the Monarchies of the Assyrians Babylonians & Medes.

Of the Assyrian Monarchy we have very litle of certainty besides what is mentioned in sacred writ. In d|t|he days of David, Solomon & several \some/ of their successors the Israelites re\i/gned over Syria as far as the river Euphrates. In \Till/ the days of Ionas the kings who reigned at Nineveh were only called kings of Nineveh. Soon after \his day/ their kings Pul, Tiglath-pul-asser, & Salman-asser conquered far & wide & were called kings of Assyria \& therefore may be recconed the founders of this Monarchy/. While this Monarchy stood the kingdoms of the Babylonians & Medes were but small & deserv so as not to deserve the name of Empires till they subdued the kingdom of Assyria & shared its dominions. This kingdom was subdued by Nebuchadone{illeg}sser & {Clethseterus} \Ahsuerus (Tobit    )/ & \therefore/ these two may be accounted the founders |of| the fi \{illeg} two/ Empires of y^e Babylonians & Medes. Assuerus \Oxyares/ or Axeres is he whom y^e Greeks call Cy-Axeres. |that is, Prince Axeres, & the Masoretes Ahasuerus.|

Of all the kings of the Medes Cyaxeres was the greatest warrior. Herodotus tells us^[11] that he was much more warlike then his ancestors & that he was the first who reduced the irregular & undisciplined forces of the Medes into discipline & order & divided the kingdom into Provinces, w^ch is as much as to say that he was the first who by conquering mak|d|e the kingdom big enough to be divided into Provinces. When a {illeg} Æschylus who flourished in y^e reign of Darius Hystaspis & died in the reign of Xerxes & is the oldest Greek author who mentions these things, introduces this Darius reciting his ancestors the kings of the Medo-Persian Monarchy in this order.

Whence it appears that before the reign of Cyrus there were but \two/ kings in the Empire of the Medes & Persians & those were both Medes, the second being the son of the first. T And who those were is disco\ve/red by Daniel who lets us know that Darius the son of Ahsuerus reigne of the seed of the Medes reigned over Babylon before Cyrus. For \this/ Darius reigned ove by the laws of the Medes & Persians (Dan 6    ) & therefore he reigned over the Medes & Persians as well as over Babylon, & the Medes being set first, were uppermost in his reign. You may know also by the number of Provinces in his kingdom that he reigned over \all/ these nations. For he set over the whole kingdom 120 Princes & afterwards in the reign of the \Ahsuerus/ (that Ahsuerus whom y^e Greeks call Xerxes,) when the Provinces of Egypt Thebais & Libya were added to the kingdom, the whole conteined but 127 Provinces. So{illeg} then Darius reigned over the Empire of the Medes Persians & Babylonians before Cyrus & by consequence his father Ahsuerus {illeg} was the first king of this Empire. He first led the army conquering the expelling the Scythians \who had invaded his kingdom/ & conquering the Assyrians & Persians eastward & Armenians westward as far as the river Halys & his son Darius finished the work by subduing the kingdoms of the Lydians & Babylonians.

The conquest slaughters of y^e Scythians, Assyrians & Persians by Cyaxes is thus described by

Chap.
Of the Monarchy of the Persians.

Cyrus having translated the monarchy of the Medes to the Persians \Anno Nabonass. 212/ & |having| reigned seven years was succeeded by C \left the Kingdom to/ his son Cambyses in Spring Anno Nabonass 219 who reigned \{illeg}/ |who beg {sic} his {illeg} \reign {illeg}/ in spring anno Nabonass 219 as is certain by two Eclipses of the Moon in {sic} his reign He reigned seven years| & five months, in the three last years of his reign subdued Egypt, & dying in autumn was succeeded anno Nabonass. 226, was succeeded by Mardus or Smerdes the Magus who feigned himself to be Smerdes the younger br. of Cambyses. Smerdes reigned seven months ye months & in – – – antistitem

Cyrus having translated the Monarchy to the Persians & reigned seven years was succeeded by his son Cambyses [in spring anno Nabonass 219 [as is certain by two Eclipses of the Moon] Cambyses \who/ reigned seven years & five months, \&/ in the three last years of his reign subdued Egypt, & dyed in autumn Anno Nabonass 226 & was succeeded by Mardus or Smerdes the Magus who – – – – antistitem. By Zoroaster's – – – – – – subjection to Darius.

C

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While the kings of Egypt instead of conque imploying their wealth & people in their warrs abroad imployed both at home in these useless works at home they lost their dominion abroad by degrees & became divided at home into several dominions untill Sabacon the Ethiopian invaded them. ffor at Sais reigned Stepanates Nechepsos & Nechus, at Memphis & Heliopolis y^e or one of them ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ & at Thebes Mycemius \Memphis/ Asychis & Anysis or Amosis & at Thebes Gnephac\h/thos (called also Neochabis & Technatis) & his son Boccha\ris/ //Gnephachthus leading an army into Arabia through desert places his provision failed so that he was fain to take up with \such/ mean food as y^e he could then be supplied w^th w^ch he relished so heartily that he forbad all excess & luxury & cursed the king \Menes/ who first brought in a \sumpteous &/ luxurious way of living & caused the curse to be entered in the sacred records \cut on a Pillar & placed/ in the Temple of Iupiter at Thebes w^ch {illeg} the \made the fame &/ reputation of Menas to be clouded in future generations. Diodorus L. 1. p 59. Plutarch de Iside p. 354. {illeg} A And accordingly Alexis {illeg} tells us that Boccharis & his father Neochabis used a moderate diet. (Apud Athenæum Dipn. l 10. p. 418e.) Boccharis was of a little \man of an/ infirm body but for prudence & justice he was famous to a proverb. He was very quic piercing & quicksignted in judgm^t. & is recconed ab amongst one of the lawmakers of Egypt. He sent \let/ in a wild Bull upon the Ox Mnevis w^ch the {illeg} the Ox slew, & for d|t|hat act the {illeg} Egyptians hated him (Ælan de Animal. l 11. c. 11. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Diodorus reccons Boccharis y^e 4^th king from Mycerinus but tells us not who names not the intermediate kings. Perhaps they were Guephac\h/t\h/us & Boccharis the father of this Boccharis. ffor Diodorus in another place calling him Vchoreus – – – cities in the world. However Memphys was built before by Me{illeg}|æ|nes & now only repaired & {illeg} better fortified & perhaps enlarged \& adorned/ by Boccharis.

Anysis was blind & {illeg} to in his reign Sabacus or Sabocon King of Ethiopia invaded & conquered Egypt, [Anysis in the meane b flying into y^e fenny places of Ep neare Pelusium & there lying hid during that reign of while Sabacus reigned] \He \Sabacus/ punished none with death but condemned offenders to carry earth to the cities |of Egypt| for raising them higher. By w^ch means this king \he/ raised the|m| cities of Egypt much higher then Sesostris had done before. he These two kings Anysis & Sabacus are by Diodorus called Amotis & Actisanes. the Ethiopian Amosis/ {illeg} These two kings are by Diodorus called Amotis & Actisanes Amosis {sic} was cruel & put many to death for w^ch reason his subjects {illeg} upon the invasion of Actisanes revolted from him so that he was easily conquered. by the Ethiopians but Actisanes who was merciful & obliging to his subjects |&| Instead {sic} of putting robbers to death he cut of their noses & banished them into a barren place between Egypt & Syria thence called Rhinocorera.

While the kings of Egypt isntead of imploying their wealth & p{illeg}eople in their wars abroad imployed them \at home/ in building Pyramids, They lost \the Egyptians by degrees lost/ their dominion abroad by degrees & became divided at home into severall kingdoms untill Sabacon the Ethiopian invaded them. ffor \there reigned/ at Thebes reigned Gnephachthus & \his son/ Bocharis. At \Tamis & {Pelusium} reigned Amos{illeg}is/ Heliopolis & some time at Memphys or one of them reigned Asychis & A\n/ysis & at Sais reigned Stephanates, Nechepsos & Nechus successively \& T Ani at Tanis & Pelusium Anytis/ And when {illeg} Sabachus invaded Egypt he took Boccharis & burnt him alive {illeg} /slew {Asichis} and made\ Anysis fly into the fenns \into the fenny places neare Pelusium where he lay hid during the reign of Sabachus/ & slew Nechus.

Gnephacththus (called also Neochabis & Technatis) leading an army – – – enlarged by Boccharis. And while Boccharis or Asychis reigned at And while Boccharis succeeded Asychis at Memphis was lord of Memphis whether he inherited it from Asychis or took it from Anysis there remained only the eastern parts of the lower Egypt about Heliopolis & Pelusium for the seat of Anysis.

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In the kingdom of Sais the last king Nechus was the father of Psammiticus who reigned afterwards & his predecessor Nicepsos with one Petosiris is reputed the author inventor of Iudicial Astrology & the first that wrote the a|A|rt of predicting by the starrs. |[He lived about the time that \immediately before/ the Assyrians built Babylon & borrowed from the Egyptians their year & study of the stars.] And besides these three kingdoms \of Egypt/ there might be others of w^ch we have|

When Sabachus invaded Egypt he took Boccharis & burnt him alive, & slew Nechus & made Anysis fly into the fenny places of Egypt \w^ch abouded neare/ w^ch neare Pelusium where he lay hid all the r \in the Island Elbo/ during the reign of the Ethiopians Their reign according to Herodotus lasted 50 years & began and ended under Sabachus. But in the Dynasties of Africanus Sabachus reigned only 8 years & was succeeded had two Ethiopian successors, Sevechus his son who reigned 14 years & Tirhakah who reigned 18. Sevechus seems to be the Sua or So king of Egypt with whom Hoshea king of Israel conspired against the Assyrians three or four years \in the fourth year of Hezekiah two or three years/ before y^e captivity of the ten Tribes 2 King. 17.4. &|A|nd Tirhakah was that Pharaoh king of Egypt on whom Hezekiah trusted \in the 14^th year of his reign/ when Senacherib invaded Iudea & that Tirhakah king of Ethiopia who \in the same year/ came out against Senacherib in behalf of Hezekiah 2 King. 18.21, 24 & 19.9. T If we may supposed that Tirhakah succeeded Sevechius in \about/ the middle time of these two periods & {illeg} that is about y^e 8|9|^th year of Hezekiah & from thence count backwards y^e 22 years of Sabacon & Sevechus, the invasion & conquest of the kingdoms of Egypt by Sabacon will fall upon the third year of Ahaz 239 \240/ years after the death of Solomon |or thereabouts & the end of the reign of Tirhakah upō y^e 27^th year of Ezekiah, after whom some reccon that another king reigned before Egypt was freed from the dominion of the Ethiopians.|

Herodotus giving an account of the action between the Ethiopians & Assyrians & how the Asyrians were slain – Egyptians & Ethiopians into captivity Isa 20 \{illeg} at w^ch time they conquered also the Iews & carried Manasseh captive to Babylon 2 Chron. 13.11/ This conquest putting an end to the reign of Tirhakah who was about the 27^th year of Ezekiah |because he reigned 18 years| And thus the Monarchy of Egypt

After Egypt was freed from the dominion of the Ethiopians (w^ch seems to have been by this victory of the Assyrians) there was – – – – ever since in servitude

These various kingdoms are all pointed at by Isaiah where he saith I willl set the Egyptians against the Egyptians & they shall fight every one against his brother & every one against his neighbour city against city & kingdom ag^t kingdom – And the Egyptians will I give over into the hand of a cruel lord & a fierce king shall rule over them. – The princes of Zoan are fools – how say ye unto Pharaoh, I am y^e son of ancient kings – The Princes of Noph are deceived. they have also seduced Egypt, even they that are the stay of the Tribes thererof. Isa 19. Here the Prophet \seems to/ mentions two \of the/ kingdoms \of Egypt/ the one seated at Zoan \or Tanis/ the other at Noph or Memphis, & there might be others in other places.

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When the Ethopian Sabacon or Actisanes invaded Egypt, there were the Egyptians {sic} were divided into several kingdoms. ffor Sabacon took Boccharis & burnt him alive, slew Nechus king of Sais & made Anysis fly into y^e fenny places of Egypt neare Pelusium where he lay hid in the Island Elbo during the reign of the Ethiopians. Anysis {illeg} therefore reigned in the Arabic part of the lower Egypt

In Sais reigned Stephanates Necepsos & Nechus successively. Nechus was the father of Psammiticus who reigned afterwards & his predecessor Nicepsos with on {sic} Petosiris – by the stars.

At Thebes reigned Gnephac\h/t\h/us & his son Boccharis successively. Gnephachthus –

Besides these three kingdoms of Egypt its probale {sic} there might be some others seated at Bubaste, Tanis, Xais, or Heliopolis ffor in the canons we find kings of Tanis, Bubaste, Xais, &c but also & some other cities. Thebes & Isaias speaking of the|i|se times {illeg} points at a kingdom of \{illeg} time seems to mentions several kingdoms one of w^ch was seated at/ Zoan or Tanis where he saith I will set – thereof. Isa 19. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ So then the Monarchy of Egypt in the reign of those kings who built the Pyramids, became divided into several kingdoms at home & by consequence lost their \its/ dominion abroad. While the kings of Egypt imployed their people & wealth in their armies abroad their Monarchy flourished but when they imployed \them/ in drudgeries at home {illeg} the neglect of their affairs abroad put an{illeg} end to their dominion dominion over the nations. And the Egyptians being {illeg} thus weakened were & the Ethiopians who were formerly the subjects of Egypt being {ever} fallen of from them invaded them & became their Lords. Herodotus

Herodotus

The reign of the Ethiopians over Egypt according to Herodotus lasted 50 years – – – upon y^e 27 year of Hezekiah.

Herodotus giving an acc^t –

Cambyses conquered Ægypt in the {1}9^t or 6^t year of his reign. Reccon backward the reigns of the last \six/ kings of Egypt & the reign of the 12 \contemporary/ Kings will begin in the 13^th year of Manasses, \& if/ the conquest of Egypt by the Assyrians will fall upon y^e 10^th or 11^th year of Manasses & that of or if \was {illeg} \about/ two years before &/ the Ethiopians reigned over Egypt about 50 years \as Herodotus relates/, the reign of Sabacon will begin about y^e 6^t year of Ahaz, or 243 years after the death of Solomon & [that of Tirhakah about [y^e 12 year of Hezekiah or one \that is about/ two years before the conquered \Ethiopians {wrote} Tirhakah granted/ the Assyrians. as] two years before he routed the army of Sennacherib [the slaughter of y^e army of

^{[Editorial Note 4]}

Chap. III.
The Monarchy of Egypt at Thebes.

Herodotus^[12] in giving an account of the ancient state of Egypt tells us that the Priests of Egypt affirming Menes to be their first king, read to him out of a Book the names of 330 following kings of Egypt who all reigned before Sesostris, & amongst whom were 18 Ethiopians & a forreign woman named Nitocris who acquired the kingdom by a memorable revenge of her brothers death, & that the Priests affirmed nothing done by any of the rest except one who was the last of them & was called Mæris. But Mæris as we shall presently shew reigned after Sesostris, & so did Nitocris if she reigned over both{illeg} Egypt & Ethiopia as Iosephus mentions & built the third Pyramid at Memphis as affirmed by Manetho. Herodotus therefore justly passes over in a few words all the ages of Egypt before Sesostris as obscure & conteining nothing memorable, & begins his history of the kings of Egypt w^th this king the former kings (except two or three of his immediate predecessors) reigning not over all Egypt successively but divers of them at once in several parts of Egypt, w^ch renders them the less memorable. In the time of the Monarchy of Egypt Herodotus who has given the best account of this kingdom sets down their kings in this order, if Memnon & Mœris be duly inserted. Sesostris, Pheron, [Memnon & his Viceroy] Proteus, Rhampsinitus, [Mœris,] Cheops, Cephren, Mycerinus, Asychis, Anysis, Sabbachus the Ethiopian, Anysis again, Sethon Priest of Vulcan, Twelve contemporary kings, Psammiticus, Necho, Psammis, Apries, Amasis, Psammenitus. Before Sesostris is to be placed his father Belus or Ammon, & before Ammon may be set Tethmosis \Thmosis/ or Amosis the successor of Misphragmuthosis & founder of the Egyptian Monarchy

Iosephus^[13] tells us out of Manetho that after the Shepherds went out of Egypt into Iudea, Tethmois \or Thummosis/ who expelled them reigned 25 years & 4 months & then was succeeded by his son Chebron, after whom reigned Amenothis \w^th his sister. Then returning back/ And after another king or two he names \{illeg} Mephres,/ Mephramuthosis \or Abisphrag{illeg}thosis/, Thmosis \or Thummosis/, & Amenophis & Orus {illeg} \as reigning in order/ reigning in order. And after some other kings \or Princes/ w^ch {illeg} placed out of order (as Armais or Danaus) \one of w^ch was Armais or Danaus. And then again returning back he/ he names Armesses Miamun \other Princes of Egypt contemporary to Orus. And then again, with some other Princes of Egypt contemporary to Orus, one of w^ch was Armais or Danaus. And then again returning back he names Armesses Miamun &/ & {sic} his son & successor Amenophis & his son & successor Sethosis the brother of Armais or Danaus. The same kings are recited out of Manetho by Africanus & Eusebius with a little variation of the names as follows in the following Table

^{[Editorial Note 5]} <19v>

Manetho in his 11^th & 12 Dynasties \as he is cited by \Africanus &/ Eusebius &/ names these kings of Thebes as rei \as reigning in \order// Ammenemes, Sesonchoris ejus filius \Gesongoses his son/, Ammenemes & Sesostris ab Euneuchis \suis/ sublatus & & Sesostris. S|G|esonchoris|goses| is by Eusebius called Sesonchoris & should Sesoncholis but \The word/ should be Sesonchosis. The two first of these four kings Ammenemes & Sesonchosis are the same with the two last Ammenemes & Sesostris. Whence I gather that the father of Sesonchosis or Sesostris was Ammenemes or Ammon as above & was slain by his Eunuchs.

|So| Again {sic} {illeg} Manetho in his 18 Dynasty naming several kings of Thebes {illeg} in w^ch he represents the same kings \are represented/ several times {illeg} |naming {illeg} \{illeg} the kings \of Thebes/ w^ch reigned between \at Thebes from// the expulsion of y^e Shepherds &|do|wn to Orus| repeats the same kings several times. ffirst he \ffirst/ He {sic} tells us that after the shepherds went out of Egypt into Iudea Tethmosis who expelled them reigned 25 years & 4 months & then was succeeded by his son Chebron, after whom reigned Amenophis & his sister. Then returning back he names Mephres Mephramuthosis, Thmosis Amenophis & Orus as reigning successively & subjoyns some other Princes of Egypt contemporary to Orus one of w^ch was \his unkle/ Armais or Danaus. And then again returning back he names Armesses Mamun & his son & successor Amenophis & his son & successor Sethosis the brother of Armais or Danaus. These kings are recited out of Manetho by Iosephus, Africanus |&| {illeg}|Eusebius| with a little variation of the names as in the following Table.

|From him the city Thebes was called No-Ammon & the Ox there worshipped was called \called/ Mnevis|

He is also called Sesostris, Sesoosis, Sessoses, Sesochris, Sesonchis, Sasyches & in Scripture Sesak.

Orus or Horus.

To him y^e city No-Ammon \or Thebes/ & the Ox Mnevis there we were dedicated.

Th Diccarcus makes Osiris the Sesonchosis the immediate successor of Osiris Isis & Orus, according to w^ch recconing Osiris & Isis must have been contemporary to Saul & David.

{illeg} By Apis & Serapis Osiris is to be understood for the Egyptians worshipped Osiris in the Ox Apis & his father Ammon in the Ox Mnevis, & thence they said that y^e Mnevis was the father of Apis

While As Osiris built temples to in Thebes to his father Ammon so the Egypti who \had/ reigned in that city before him, \him,/ so the Egyptians dedicated the city \it self/ to Ammon calling it No-Ammon & Ammon-No that is the city of Ammon, or as the Greeks render the word, Diospolis, the city of Iupiter. {sic} Whence I gather that this city \Ammon. The city therefore being the royal seat of Ammon/ grew great in Ammons \his/ days, tho \tho {yet}/ his son Osiris only built it more sumptuously. This age was \And thus was therefore this age/ memorable for the building \founding/ of new royal cities: David built Ierusalem, Hiram Tyre, [Adad Damascus] & Ammon |& Sesak| Thebes, [& Theseus Athens.] And about \at/ y^e same time Rezon erected a kingdom at

[The Egyptians worshipped two Oxen, one at Heliopolis called Mnevis & the other at Memphys called Apis, & Mnevis was accounted the father \of/ Apis, the former being dedicated to Ammon \as the name imports &/ the latter to his son Osiris |&| tho some affirm that both Oxen were dedicated to Osiris yet they seem consecrated to several Gods because Mnevis was sacred to y^e Sun & Apis Apis to y^e Moon.]

|built| Damascus & erected a new kingdom there. For when David smote Hadadezer ({illeg} \or/ Hadad-Asser) king of Zobah & \slew/ the syrians of Damascus who came to succor \assist/ him, Rezon fled from his Lord Hadadezer & gathering a band of men became their captain & went & reigned at in Damascus \over Syria/ 1 Sam 8.3 & 10.18 & 1 King. 11.23, 24, 25) & was an enemy to Israel all the days of Solomon. His successors name He is called Hezion 1 King 15.18 & his successors were Tabimon \Hadad or/ Benthadad, Hazael, & others untill the reign of \Ben hadad, {illeg} &/ Rezen. In w|t|hose|e| reign \of Rezen/ Tiglathp\h/ulaser captivated the {illeg} Syrians & put an end to the kingdom Hadadazer & Benhadad & Hazael for enlaring {sic} the kindom {sic} & adorning Damascus were worshipped \deified/ by the Syrians as Gods till even after the fall of their kingdom. For Iosephus tells us that \even/ till his days <19r> ^{[Editorial Note 6]} both Adar (that is Adad or Ben{illeg}adad) & his successor Hazael were worshipped as Gods for their benefactions & for building Temples by which they adorned the City Damascus. ffor they \[the Syrians]/ dayly celebrate solemnities in honour of these kings & boast their antiquity not knowing that they were novel & lived not above 1100 years ago. Thus far Iosephus. \‡/ < insertion from lower down f 19r > ‡ Iustin calls y^e first of these two kings Damascus & saith that y^e Syrians city was \had its/ named from him & |y^t| in honour of him the Syrians made a Tem {illeg} used his {illeg} in making a Temple of the {illeg} sepulcher of his wife Arathes, wors worshipped his wife Arathes as a Goddes having \using/ her sepulcher for a Temple. By these instances it appears that the eastern nations of those ages

Nicolaus Damscenus makes Adad a common name of

For Pharaohs daughter staid in Ierusalem till Solomon had made an end of building his one house & the house & the house of y^e Lord. & the wall of Ierusalem (1 King. 3.1) that is till the twentith {sic} year |after the laying of y^e foundation of the Temple or 24^th y.| of Solomon (2 Chron 8.1) And when she removed from Ierusalem to the house w^ch Solomon had built for her, she was {illeg} called Pharaohs daughter w^ch implies that her father was {then} alive \{was still} Pharaoh/ & therefore reigned in Egypt till {illeg} y^e 20^th year of Solomon or above then Pharaoh till the then alive the Pharaoh then reigning in Egypt \then alive/ & therefore he reigned from before the flight of Adad into Egypt \in Davids reign/ till the 24^th year of Solomons reign or above < text from higher up f 19r resumes > And here we have \it appears by/ a notable instance of y^t y^e eastern nations of those ages deified their kings forebears conquests & \{illeg}/ benefactions \such of their kings as were conquerors {illeg} \{who have}/ & benefactors/ And therefore since |Ammon was the first conqueror abroad & {illeg} enlarged Thebes king of Egypt who conquered abroad & his {illeg} conquests were large & his son| Sesostris {illeg} y^e exceeded all the kings of Egypt in the greatness |both| of his conquests & of his benefactions {sic} to the Egyptians, we need not wonder if the Egyptians worshipped them \these two/ above all their kings, tho not \Sesostris was not worshipped/ by that name of Sesostris \or {Sesac}/ but by that|e| \name/ of {illeg} Osiris or Sirius or that Sesostris should be the \great/ God Osiris whom the Egyptians chiefly worshipped. ffor since they did not worship him by the name of Osiris Sesostris or Sesak, he must be one of y^e Gods y^t {illeg} whom the|y| Egyptians worshipped by another name, & the chief of them.

The Egyptians worshipped their greatest Gods in the Oxen Apis & Mnevis. The Ox Apis was worshipped \kept/ at Memphis, & {illeg} consecrated to y^e Moon. & in h] Osiris. The Ox Mnevis was \kept {at}/ Heliopolis & consecrated to y^e Sun was accounted the father of Apis: whence I gather that he was consecrated to Ammon y^e father of Osiris

{illeg} Because Sesostris \having/ cut channels into all Egypt for y^e river Nile |canales from the river Nile into all the lower Egypt| the Egyptians did consecrated that river to him \& worshipped them \him and the river/ together/ & called them both by the same names. So Homer calls that River Ægyptus & Manetho tells us that \the brothers/ Sethosis & Armais were by y^e Greeks \was also/ called Ægyptus. & Danaus. Again \Also/ the River was called \^a[14] Sihor/ ^b[15] Siris \& Osiris/ by the Ethiopians [as Dionysius Afer \& Pliny/ affirms,] & Sihor by the Prophets Hebrews: And the king was ^{{illeg} c[16]} called Siris {illeg} or Sirius & by the Greeks O-siris. And at length when the river {illeg} was called Nilus or Nuchul w^ch \Afterwards/ from y^e word {illeg} נהל Nahal w^ch signifies a river, & the name of Nilus was also give to the King was also called |a Torrent the River was called Nilus & the River & the king were worshipped together| by the same name. For ^d[17] Diodorus tells us that Nilus was that king who cut Egypt into canales to make Egypt \the River/ more useful. Cicero^[18] makes Nilus the father of \Mercury/ Minerva Vulcan & Bacchus, but he was rather Bacchus himself.

Chap.
Of the Greek & Latin Empires.

After the death of Alexander the great

Alexander the great \died at Babylon Anno Nabonassar 425 &/ was succeeded by his bastard brother Philip Aridæus {illeg} \but/ after a while his captains shared the Empire, & \Philip being slain by {illeg} & she & the children wife & kindred of Alexander \Philip & his other kindred being slain,// & brake \by Cassander the captains of Alexander \put crowns on their heads &/ shared the Empire & brak it/ into many kingdoms the chief of w^ch were seated in {Greece} \Macedon/ Egypt Syria & Asia {illeg} minor, under the dominion of {illeg} Cassander Antigon Ptolomæus, Antigonus & Seleucus.

Demetrius the son of Antigonus slew Alexander the son of Cassander & seized his kingdom but was 6 years after conquered by \Ptolomy/ Seleucus, Lysimachus king of Thrace & Pyrrhus

Alexander the great \having conquered having conquered {sic} the Persian Empire/ died at Babylon \in spring/ Anno Nabonass. 425 & was succeeded by his bastard brother Philip Aridæus, but about 12 or 16 years after his death, his brother & other kindred being slain, his captains {illeg} put crowns on their heads who had the government of \who governed/ several Provinces \of the kingdom/ put crowns on their \own/ heads, & reigned the chief of w^ch were Cassander, Antigonus, Seleucus & Ptolomy reigning over Macedon, Asia, Syria & Egypt.

\Then /Afterwards\/ Demetrius the son of Antigonus slew Alexander the son of Cassander & seized his kingdom, but was six years after succeeded in Thrace & Greece by Pyrrhus king of Epire & he seven months after by Lysimachus king of Thrace & one of Alexanders captains. Thus were \one of which was |one of Alexanders captains & king of Thrace, by w^ch means|/ the kingdoms of Thrace & Macedon \became/ united. An. Nab. 460 And about y^e same time Seleucus assisted by Demetrius \&/ Lysimachus assisted by Ptolomy drove Lysi took Asia minor from Demetrius.

Alexander the great died in spring at Babylon in spring anno Nabonass 425, & his captains gave the Monarchy to his bastard brother Philip Aridæus |&| & shared the government of the Provinces thereof amongst themselves making \made/ Perdiccas Procurator or Genera Administrator of the kingdom, & Mel |Perdiccas made| Meleager Genera commander of the army under Perdiccas Seleucus Master of the horse & Craterus Treasurer of the kingdom & committing the government of Macedon Greece & Epire to Antipater & Craterus, \that/ of Thrace to Lysimachus, of \& {sic} divided the rest of the Captains he made governors of Provinces./  < insertion from lower down f 20r >  of Ægypt & Libya to Ptolomy, of {lesser} Asia minor Cappadocia & Paphlagonia to Eumenes, of Pamphylia, Lycia, Lycaonia & Phrygia major to Antigonus, \of Phrygia minor to Leonnatus,/ of Caria to Cassander the son of Antipater, of Syria & Phœnica to Laomedon of Armenia to Neoptolemus, of Mesopotamia to Arcesilaus, of Babylonia to Archon &c, of Media to Atropates &c.

< text from higher up f 20r resumes >

Alexan Roxane the wife of Alexander being left big w^th child was soon after brought to bed of a son whom they called Alexander & saluted king, joyning setting co joyning him with Aridæus in the throne of the kingdom.

About three years after, Perdiccas & Craterus \Neoptolemus Leonnatus/ being slain Antipater was made the Guardian of the two kings \chosen administrator of the kingdom/ & made a new partition of the Provinces \among the captains/ giving Babylonia to to Seleucus, [Mesopotamia & Arbelitis to Amphimachus] & constituted Antigonus commander of the army & guardian of the two kings & joyned with him his son Cassander the governor of Caria

About two years after Antipater dying left Polysperchon administrator of the Empire Anno Nabonass 429. And two years after \the Greek cities revolt to Alexander Cassander and/ in \this/ September Philip Aridæus w^th his Queen Eurydice were slain \in September/ by the command of Olympias the mother of Alexander, after he had reigned 6 years & four months.

And three years \a year or two/ after \Anno Nabonass 433,/ Cassander the son of Antigonus affecting the kingdom of Macedon slew Olympias the mother of Alexander & married Thessalonice the sister of Alexander & imprisoned Roxane y^e widdow of Alexander w^th her \young/ son Alexander the king. young king

<20v>

five years after, Anno Nabonass. 437, Cassander Ptolomy & Lysimacus made peace w^th Antigonus with this covenant that Cassander should be chief commander of the forces of Europe untill Alexander the young {illeg} King Alexander the son of Roxana should be grown up, & that Ptolomy \Lysimachus/ should govern Thrace Ptolomy Ægypt Libya & Arabia & Antigonus all Asia. Selecus had possest himself of Mesopotamia Babylonia Susiana & Media the year before

Cassander seing the young king Alexander grow up & that rumors were spread throughout Macedon as if it were time that the young king should be brought out of custody & receive his fathers kingdom, commanded that he & his mother Roxane should be {slain} \the Governor of the Castle to kill him & his mother/ Roxame {sic} & conceate {sic} their deaths. This was anno Nabonass 438.

The next \same/ year or the next Polysperchon accusing A{illeg} Cassander sent for Hercules the bastard son of Alexander & Barsines, out of Pergamus & recommending him to the enemies of Cassander, prayed that they would place him in his fathers kingdom, but in the year of Nabonassar 440 \& raising a great army declared him king but/ Cassander fearing least the Macedonians should revolt to Hercules contrived the death of the king & his mother Arsine Anno Nabonass. 440

And about two years after Antigonus governour of Asia & Syria pro {sic} {illeg} upon getting a \great/ victory of \at sea/ over Ptolomy {illeg} took upon himself the title of king & after his example gave the same title to his son Demetrius, & after their example the other Princes \Ptolomy/ Seleucus {illeg} Cassander & Lysimachus did the like. & the next year Ptolomy having repulsed Antigonus did the same. ffor the reign of Ptolomy begins w^th this year according to the Canon Ptolomy reigned over Egypt & Libya, Seleucus over all the east from y^e river Euphrates to India, Antigonus over Asia minor & Syria Cassander of over Macedon \&/ Greece & Lysimachus over Thrace. The Canon allots {illeg} \7/ years to the reign of Philip Arideus & 12 more to reign of young Alexander & king (including {illeg} the reign of Hercules) & begins the reign of Ptolomy & by consequence that of the kings of Macedon \Thrace/ Asia & Persia with the year of Nabonassar 444. At this time therefore according to y^e Canon, the Monarchy of the Greeks brake {illeg} into the kingdoms of Egypt Persia, Asia, {illeg} Macedon & Thrace.

^{[Editorial Note 7]}

Chap
Of the Empire of the Greeks |under their own kings.|

Alexander the Great died at Babylon \in spring May a month before y^e summer solstice/ in y^e year of Nabonassar 425 an 1 Olymp. 114, & his captains gave the Monarchy to his bastard brother Philip Aridæus & {illeg} a man disturbed in his understanding & made Perdiccas administrator of the kingdom, & Perdiccas \w^th their consent/ made Meleager commander of the army, Seleucus master of the horse, Craterus Treasurer of the kingdom, |Antipater governor of Macedon & Greece, Ptolomy governor of Egypt Antigonus {illeg} \governor of/ Pamphilia Lycia Lycaonia & Phrygia major| & the other captains governors of /other\ Provinces. And the Babylonians began now to count by a new aera w^ch they called the Æra of Philip & used it instead of the Æra of Nabonassar recconing the 425 year of Nabonassar to be the first year of Philip. And Roxane the wife of Alexander being left big with child & about 3 or 4 months after his death brought to bed of a son, they called him Alexander & saluted him king |joyning him w^th Philip in y^e throne of the kingdom|.

Philip reigned three years under the adminstratorship of Perdiccas two years \more/ under the administratorship of Antipater & \above/ a year & some months more under the administratorship of Polysperechon, in all six years & four months, & then was slain w^th his Queen Eurydice in Novemb September by the command of Olympias the mother of Alexander the great an 4. Olymp. 115. And the Greeks being disgusted at the cruelties of Olympias fell of revolted to Cassander the son of Antipater.

Cassander affecting the dominion of Greece slew Olympias & |soon after| shut up the young king Alexander w^th his mother Rhoxane in y^e castle of Amphipolis under the charge of Glaucias An. 1. Olymp 11{illeg}|6|.

The next year Ptolomy Cassander & Lysimachus \by the means of Seleucus/ made a league w^th against Antigonus who declared against Cassander [who declared against Cassander for killing Olympias & impriso] & after {illeg} certain wars made peace w^th him upon t an 2 Olymp 117 upon these conditions that Cassander should be command y^e forces of Europe till Alexander the son of Roxana came to age, |&| that Lysimachus should govern Thrace, Ptolomy Ægypt & Libya & Antigonus all Asia. [But Cassander the same year \or soon after/ seeng {sic} that Alexander the son of Roxana grew up & that it was discoursed throughout all Macedonia that it was fit he should be freed fro set at liberty & take upon him the government of his fathers kingdom commanded Glaucias the keeper governour of the castle to kill both Roxana & the king, & conceale their deaths.] Seleucus had possest himself of Mesopotamia Babylonia Susiana & Media the year {illeg} before. About 3 years after Alexanders death he was made governour of Babylon by Antipater, then expelled by Antigonus & now recovered & enlarged his government |over a great part of the east, w^ch gave occasion to a new Æra called Æra Seleucidarum. This Æra according to the Iewish account began in Spring An. Philip. 12. An. 4 Olymp. 116 \but/ according to the Chaldean account it began the next spring & according to y^e Antiochian & Alexandr acc^t it began in Autumn between|

Not long after this peace (Diodorus saith the same Olympic year) Cassander, seing that Alexander the son of R\h/oxanæ grew up, & that it was discoursed thoughout Macedonia that it was fit he should be set at liberty & take upon him the government of his fathers kingdom commanded Glaucias the governour of the Castle to kill R\h/oxanæ & y^e \young/ king \Alexander/ & conceale their deaths. Afterwards \Then/ Polysperchon set up Hercules the {illeg} son of Alexander the great &|b|y Barsine to be king, but by & \soon after/ at the great sollicitation of Cassander caused him to be slain. {illeg} And soon after \that/ upon a great victory at sea got by Demetrius the son of Antigonus over Ptolomy, Antigonus took upon himself the title of king & gave y^e same title to his son & {illeg} An 2 Olymp. 118. And after his example Seleucus Cassander Lysimachus & Ptolomy did the like set crowns on their own heads the same yeare took upon themselves the title & dignity of kings, having absteined from this honour while there remained any of Alexanders race to inherit the crown. And thus the monarchy of the Greeks for want of an heir was broken into many \several/ kingdoms, four of w^ch seated to the four winds of heaven were very eminent. For Ptolomus

<21r>

Iustin represents that Hercules was slain before Alexander, \&/ the Canon produces the reign of Alexander to the 19^th year after the death of his father Alexander the great, \&/ making|es| the 20^th year of Philip to be the first of Ptolomy. Whether the Monarchy was diso \was dissolved &/ became divided into several kingdoms this year or a year or two before is of no consequence.

At the time of this division Ptolomy reigned over Greece Egypt & Libya \& Æthiopia/, & Seleucus {illeg} Antigonus over Asia & Syria, Seleucus over \Babylonia &/ all the east from Euphrated|s| to India & Cassander {illeg} over Macedon Greece & Epire. And thus was the Monarchy of the Greeks at its first dissolution divided into four great kingdoms to the four winds of heaven. \{illeg}/ Thrace was not part \absolutely/ a part of Alexanders monarchy \kingdom/: Lysimachus \w^th a small body of Alexanders forces/ made war upon the /king of the\ Thracians & subdued them after Alexanders death.

Cassander being afraid of the power of Antigonus combined with Lysimachus Ptolomy & Seleuc{illeg}us against him. {illeg} And whilst Lysimachus invaded the Asia the parts of Asia next the Helespont, Ptolomy invaded the cities of Syria \subdued {illeg} Cœbyria & {Cyprus} Phœnicia/ & Selecus having newly made peace w^th Sandrocottus king of India came down with a powerfull army into Cappadocia, & joyning the confederate forces fought Antigonus in Phrygia, & slew him & shared \seized/ his kingdom an 4 Olymp 119. After w^ch Seleucus built Antioch & \Seleucia & many/ other cities in Syria & Asia.

Yet Demetrius the son of Antigonus retained {illeg} some \a small part/ of his fathers dominions & at length \lost Cyprus to Ptolomy but/ killing Alexander {illeg} \the son of Cassander/ king of Macedon seized his kingdom An 3 Olymp. 121 & sometime after preparing a very great army to invade \recover/ his fathers dominions in Asia, Seleucus, Pyr Ptolomy & Lysimachus & Pyrrhus king of Epire combined against him, & Pyrrhus invading Macedonia put De corrupted the army of Demetrius, put him to flight seized his kingdom & shared it w^th Lysimachus, & after seven months Lysimachus beating Pyrrhus took Macedonia {illeg} from him & held it five years & an half, uniting the kingdoms of Macedon & Thrace.

{illeg} Lysimachus in the \his/ wars with Antigonus & Demetrius, had seized taken \from them/ Cana, & Lydia from them \& Phrygia/ & [had his Treasy\{tise}/ in the castle of Pergamus of w^ch \one/ Philetærus was governour. Philetærus In the last year of Lysimachus Philetærus revolted from him] had a Treasury in Pergamus a castle on the top of a conical hill in Phrygia by the river Caicus & had committed the custody thereof to one Philetærus who was at first faithfull to Lysimachus but in the last year of \Lysimachus/ his reign revolted. ffor Lysimachus by the instigation of his wife Arsinoe slew first his son Agathocles & then those who lamented him. Vpon w^ch the wife of Agathocles fled w^th her children & brothers & some others of their friends & sollicited Seleuchus to make war upon Lysimachus. And now Philetærus \also/ grieving at the death of Agathocles & being accused thereof by Arsinoe, revolted & sided w^th Seleucus. & the Seleucians who \And/ Lysimachus going into Asia fought Seleucus in Phrygia & was slain in slain in battle On this occasion Seleucus & Lysimachus met \& fought/ in Phrygia & Lysimachus being slain in the battel lost Seleucus his kingdom to Seleucus \an 4. Olymp 124/. Thus the great monarchy \Empire/ of the Greeks \w^ch at first brake into 4 great kingdoms/ became divided \now reduced/ into two great monarchies called by Daniel the kings of the north & south \henceforward \notable ones/ henceforward called by Daniel the kings of the south & north./ [& the king of the south was strong & one of his {illeg} Princes (or one of the Princes of the migh] \\For/ Ptolomy now reigned over Ægypt Libya Æthiopia Arabia Phœnicia Cœlosyria Cyprus, & the kingdom of Seleucus was/ both w^ch were {sic} mighty & the northern mightier then the southern as is thus exprest by Daniel |that of Seleucus \was/ a very mighty dominion scarce inferior to the Monarchy of the Medes & Persians. And all this is thus described by Daniel| The fourth king of Persia [Xerxes] shall stir up all against the realm of Greece. And as a mighty King \[Alexander]/ shall stand up & that shall rule w^th great dominion & do according to his will. And when he shall stand up his kingdom shall be broken \[after the death of sons/ & shall be divided towards the four winds of heaven, \[under Ptolomy Seleucus Antigonus & Cassander]/ & not be, but not to his posterity [they being dead before this division |this division not commencing till they were \all/ dead|] nor according to his dominion wherewith he ruled: for his kingdom shall be [shared between Ptolomy, Seleucus Antigonus & Cassander &] pluckt up even for others besides those. And the king of the south \[Ptolomy]/ shall become strong, & one of his Princes [Seleucus one of Alexanders Princes] shall become strong above <20v> and have dominion: his dominion shall be a great dominion. D

After Seleucus had reigned seven months over Macedon Greece Thrace Asia Syria & all the east as far as India, he was slain treacherously by Ptolomæus Ceraunus one of the sons of Ptolomæus Lagi the brother of Ptolomeus Philadelphus slew him treacherously & seized his dominions in Europe & Antiochus Soter the son of Seleuchus succeeded his father in Asia Syria & most of the east, & \after 20|19| years or 20 years/ was succeeded by his son Antiochus Theos who having a tedious lasting war w^th Ptolomæus Philadelphus composed the same by marrying Berenice the daughter of Philadelphus & after a reign of 15 years left his kingdom to {illeg} Seleucus Callinicus his son by Laodice another wife |was poisoned by his other wife Laodice poisoned him \&/ set her son Seleuus Callinicus upon the throne|. And Callinicus \in the beginning of his reign/ by the impulse of his mother Laodice slew \beseiged {illeg}/ Berenice \in Daphne & slew her/ w^th her youg son \& many of her weomen/. Whereupon Ptolomeus Euergetes the successor of Philadelphus & brother of Berenice made war upon Callinicus, \Phœnicia/ Syria Cilicia Mesopotamia Babylonia {illeg} \Susiana Susiana/ & the \some other/ regions eastward |& carried back into Egypt 40000 tallents of silver & 2500 Images of the Gods amongst w^ch were the Gods of Egypt carried away by Cambeses.| All w^ch is thus signified by Daniel. And in the end of \after certain/ years they [the kings of the south & north] shall make an agreement how associate t make friendship: for the kings daughter of the south \[Berenice]/ shall come to the king of the north to make \establish/ an agreement but she shall not retain the power of the arm & she shall not stand nor her seed, but she shall be delivered up & she{illeg} \[Callinus]/ that bro\u/ght her & he whom she brought forth & they that strengthened her in [those] times \the siege of [or defended her in the siege of Daphne]/ But out of a branch of her roots shall one stand up in his seat \[her brother Eucrastes]/, who shall come with an army & shall enter into the fortress \[or fenced cities]/ of y^e king of the north & shall act against them & prevail And shall carry captives into Egypt, their Gods with their Princes & pretious vessels of silver & gold, & he shall continue some years after the king of the north. Daniel describes further how the king Antiochus magnus the son of Callinicus should

Chap. V
Of the Empire of the Greeks.

The kingdom of Macedon was founded by Caranus the brother of Phidon according to some. But Herodotus who lived nearest those times & was best able to inform himself is most to be credited, & he tells us that Perdiccas founded that kingdom & that from the founding thereof reigned these kings Perdiccas, Argeus, Philippus, Aeropus, Alcetas, Amyntas, Alexander, the last of w^ch was contemporary to Xerxes. So also Thucydides tells us that agrees w^th Herodotus ffor he tells us that there were eight Kings of Macedon before Archelaus the son of Perdiccas the son of Alexander & therefore Alexander was the seventh as above. Let their reigns be recconed at about 18 or 20 years a piece the one with another & counted backwards from the death of Xerxes & the recconing will place the beginning of this kingdom between the 43^th & 48^th Olympiad.

Herodotus tells us also that Perdiccas was of the posterity of Temenus & fled from Argos into Macedonia & Thucydides that Alexander the seventh king of Macedon was of the posterity of Temenus & came from Argos & obteined the sea coasts of Macedon & reigned there expelling the inhabitants of Pieria by war.

|1.| 2 When the Heraclides returned into Peloponnesus under the conduct of Temenus Cresphontes & Aristodemus, Temenus became king of Argos & was succeeded by his son Cisus, & then the kingdom ceased & became divided among the posterity of Temenus untill Phidon recovered it conquered them & reunited the kingdom ffor Phidon subdued to himself the whole possession of Temenus till then divided into many parts. 3 Strabo tells us that Phidon was the tenth from Temenus (not the tenth king {illeg} (for between Cisus & Phidon they reigned not {illeg}) but the tenth by generation from father to son inclusively, so that there were 9 generations (or about 243 years{)} from the birth of Temenus to the birth of Phidon recconing 27 years to a generation & about as much from the expedition of Temenus with the Heraclides to the wars of Phidon upon his kindred. Count these years from the retur And therefore the Heraclides returning about 45 years before the beginning of the Olympiads, the wars of Phidon will fall upon the {49}|50|^th Olympiad or thereabouts, Or perhaps a little earlier ffor some tell us that Phidon was the seventh from Temenus. Now the posterity of Iphitus presided in the Olympic games till the 26^th Olympiad, & so long the Victors were rewarded with a Tripus. but In the Then the Pisæans getting above the Elians began to preside & rewarded the victors with a crown & instituted the Carnea to Apollo & continued to preside till Phidon interrupted them & presided himself that is till about the time of the 48^th or 49^th Olympiad. ffor in the wars between the Pisæans & Eleans w^ch happened in 48 & 49 Olympiads. In y^e 48^th Olympiad the Elians entred the country of the Pisæans \with an army/ suspecting their designes, but were prevailed with to return home quietly. Afterwards the Pisæans confederated with several other Greek nations viz Phidon & those under him) & made war upon the Eleans & in the end were beaten. In this way I conceive it was that Phidon presided in the Olympic games, suppose in the 49^th Olympiad. ffor we are told that <22v> he presided; & in the 50^th Olympiad, for putting an end to the contentions between the kings about presiding, two men were chosen by lot out of the city of Elis to preside, & their number in the 65^th Olympiad was increased to nine & afterwards to ten, & those judges were called Hellenodicæ. Pausanias tells us that the Eleans called in Phidon & together with him celebrated the eighth [he should have said, the 49^th] Olympiad, but Herodotus that Phidon removed the Eleans. And both might be true. The Eleans might call in Phidon against the Pisæans & upon overcoming them claim the presiding in the games & be refused by Phidon & then confederate with the Spartans & by their assistance overthrow the kingdom of Phidon & recover from the Pisæans their ancient right of presiding & set up the Hellenodicæ So then Phidon \a little before the 48^th Olympiad/ overcame his kinsmen who reigned as Princes in \several/ parts of the kingdom of {illeg} Tisamenus & reunited their Principalities into one Monarchy under himself a little before the 48^th Olympiad, suppose in the \43^th or/ 44^th Olympiad or thereabouts. And at that time his \the/ conquered kinsmen \Princes/ Caranus his brother & Perdiccas his brother kinsman \& others/ fled from Argos with Colonies into Macedonia \Emathia/ & there founded the kingdom of Macedon. ffor Iustin tells us that Caranus {illeg} w^th a great multitude of Greeks sought new seats in Greece Emathia afterwards called Macedon \&/ by the command of the Oracle following a flock of Goats took y^e city Aedessa made it the seat of his \a new/ kingdom & from y^e Goats called the city Aegeas, \& subdued the neighbouring Princes Midas & others/ & was succeed {sic} in the kingdom by Perdiccas

{3}|4|. Herodotus tells us that three brothers who were of the posterity of Temenus & whose names were Gauanes, Æropus, & Perdiccas fled from Argos into Illyricum & thence into \the upper/ Macedonia to y^e city Lebæa where they served the king of that city some time & then retired into another part of Macedonia neare the Gardens of Midas the son of Gordius, & there made war upon the neighbouring people & thereby Perdiccas {illeg} Perdiccas came to the kingdom \of Macedon/ & was succeeded therin by Argæus, Æropus, Philippus, Æropus, Alcætas, Amyntas, Alexander, the last of w^ch was contemporary to Xerxes. Now \the reign of Carneus &/ these eight /seven\ kings at about 18 years a piece amounts to 144 years w^ch counted backward from the death of Xerxes will place the beginning of y^e kingdom of Macedon upon the 43^th Olympiad or thereabouts as above. After Alexander reigned Perdiccas Archelaus Orestes & others unto Philip the father of Alexander the great.

4|2|. The kingdom of Macedon was founded by Caranus the brother of Phidon & some mak of the king of Argus of the posterity of Temenus & some make Phidon as old ancient as Iphitus & tell us y^t the kingdom of Macedon was founded before the Olympiads: but Phidon was not so ancient \by 200 years./ The Amphictyons by the advice of Solon made Almæon – – – – – – – – or 240 after the return of the Heraclides

4|5| Alexander the great &c.

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Mæris is set immediately before Cheops three times in the Dynasty of the kings of Egypt composed by Eratosthenes & once in the Dynasties of Manetho & in the same Dynasties Nitocris is set after the builders of the great Pyramids. And thence I gather that the kings of Egypt mentioned by Herodotus ought to be placed in this Order. Ammon, Sesostris, Pheron or Orus,

The Egyptians originally lived on the fruits of the{illeg} earth & absteined from animals & fared hardly. Menes \taught them to adorn their tables & beds with rich carpets &/ brought in amongst the|m| Egyptians a sumptuous \delicious/ & voluptuos way of life, \teaching them to adorn their tables & beds with rich carpets/ & about an hundred years after his death was cursed by \for it/ by Gnephaitus king of the upper Egypt & \one of his successors cursed him for it & caused/ the curse /to be\ entred in the Temple of Iupiter Ammon at Thebes: w^ch made \& |by| this curse diminished/ the honour of Menes \was diminished/ among the Egyptians.

Si corpus vi tertia P in loco A impressa \dato illo tempore/ ferretur ab A ad E: motus ex tribus viribus \impressis/ resultans is esset qui copone\re/tur ex motibus AD et AE, & sic deinceps in infinitum.

Et motus composito vis insita quia corpus in motu illo perseverat, est ut proportionalis est.

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Dⁿ Legatus, Exemplaria 2

Nobilis Venetus D. Trivisanus, {illeg} Senator 1.

Christinus Martinellus Nob. Venetus, Astronomiæ studiosus, 1

Vrsatus Discipulus Reinaldini et Montenari, Astronomiæ studiosus 1.

Abbas Angloi, Astronomiæ valde studiosus, Parisiensis 1.

D^s Conti Nob. Venetus, Senator, 1.

Pater Grandi Pisanus Professor – 1

D^ns Bernoulli uterqꝫ – 2.

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And as Hercules was his \{illeg}/ General \in the parts of Egypt Neptune was his/ so Neptune was his Admiral & reign reigned in Libya & therefore {illeg} Antæas was Neptune For Neptune was the father of Atlas & Atlas was the father of Calypso & |Antæus seems to have been his Admiral & this Admiral was the Neptune of y^e ancients so Neptune was his Admiral| For Calypso the daughter of Atlas the son of Neptune flourished in the time of the Trojan war & therefore Atlas was one generation old & Neptune two generations older then that war & Atla Atlas flourished in the time of y^e Argonautic expedition & Neptune in the age before, that is in the reign of Osiris. ffor Neptune had several sons in y^e Argonautic expedition as Euphemus Erginus \Nauplius/ & Ancæus & His son Glaucus \a sea captain/ seized Ariadne in y^e Island Naxus, & he himself in the reign of Laomedas \& Apollo or Orus the son of Osiris/ assisted in building y^e walls of Troy in the reign of Leomedon.

Antæus who governed Libya had his royal {illeg} royal seat at Irasa a city of {illeg} Greece |Hirassa or Irasa a seaport town of city of| Pentapolis neare \neare where the city the city Cyrene haven Apollonia & {sic}/ Cyrene ffor Pindar tells us that Irasa was the city of Antæus, was afterwards \the city Cyrene/ built by Battus. The haven {illeg} was called Apollonia For Pindar tells us that Hirassa was the city of Antæus. The haven of the place was called Apollonia. There Battus afterwards built the city Cirene the Metropolis of the Province. In all the the {sic} sea coasts of Egypt from Ioppa in Palestine to Parætonium in Libya for y^e space of above 600 miles there was not one safe harbor to be found except Pharus, but from Parætonium along the sea coasts of Marmarica & Cyrene were several good ones & there Bochart & Arius Montanus place \the Naphthuim/ a people sprung from Misraim Gen. 10.13. And therefore the Egyptians {illeg} before the conquest of Libya in were \could/ not be potent at sea for want of Ports but upon upon the conquest of Libya meeting there with convenient ports & {illeg} plenty of tib timber they set out a fleet potent fleet of long & tall ships & this being in \region being at that time under/ the government of Antæus he was the Neptune of the ancients. For |Neptune was first worshipped in Africa & from thence his worship was propagated into other countries & therefore he reigned in Afric &| the Cretans affirmed that Neptune was the first that set out a fleet having obteined this Prefecture of Saturn, whence posterity recconed things done in the sea to be under his government & Mariners honoured him with sacrifices. By Saturn I understand here the father of Iupiter Belus & Pluto Neptune & Pluto & shall presently shew that Iupiter Belus was Sesostris. Whence it follows that Iupiter Bel Nep{illeg}tune was the brother of Osiris an Egyptian & the brother of Osiris & by consequence the Typhon of the Egyptians & by consequence | therefore that Ammon was the first king of Egypt who set out a fleet in the Mediterranean. & therefor Ammon \their father/ was the first king of Egypt who set out a fleet in y^e Mediterranean. ffor Typhon was the husband of Nephtys & was the interpreted by the Egyptians to signify the sea & the Priests of Egypt abominated the sea & had Neptune in no honour. |They said that Osiris signified the Nile w^ch in overflowing copulated with the land of Egypt signified by Isis & in running into the sea & being dissipated therein perished by Typhon.| And in telling the story of the war between the Gods of Egypt & the Giants they sometimes put Neptune for Typhon, & where Lucian saith that Corinth being full of fables tells the fight of Sol & Neptune & where Agotharcides tells \relates/ how the Giants gods of Egypt fled from the Giants till the Titans came in & saved them by putting Neptune to flight. The [name Neptune is Egyptian signifying a Lord of the sea coasts: for the] outmost parts of the earth & promontories & whatsoever borders upon the sea the Egyptians called Nephtys. \And/ I|i|n y^e sea coasts of {illeg} Marmarica & Cyrene Bochart & Arius Montanus place the Naphtuim a people sprung from Misraim Gen. 10.13. And therefore Neptune & his wife Nephtys are also to be placed there the words Neptune Nephtys & Naphtuim signifying in the language of the Egyptians the King & Queen & people of the sea coasts. {illeg} Certainly Neptune was contemporary to Sesostris & {Anc}æus; for to in the reign of Laomedon king of Troy he assisted \& Apollo Orus/ assisted in building the walls of Troy that is fortifyed {illeg} that city for Sesostris. His son Glaucus took Ariane from Theseus in the Island Dia & lay with her. Others of his sons as Euphemus Erginus Nauplius & Ancæus were in the Argonautic expedition, & his <25v> son Atlas was contemporary to the Argonauts being the father of Calypso who flourished in the time of the Trojan war \& after that war convened with Vlisses/. Neptune therefore being two generations older then the \warriers at Troy/ Troj|y| {sic}an war & one generation older then y^e Argonauts was contemporary to Sesostris & therefore was his Admiral & he & Antæus reigned {illeg} at once over \the kingdom of/ one & the same \portion of/ Libya \& so/ must be one & the same king, & his son Atlas must be his successor in the kingdom. For the gardens of the Hesperides were in this|e| kingdom \of Atlas/ & are placed by Ptolomy, Pliny, \& Strabo/ neare Cyrene. \And/ Atlas was \{illeg} well/ skilled in sea affairs \& had a fleet potent fleet/, for Homer saith of him Θαλάσσης πασης βένθεα οἰδεν He knows the depths of all the sea, when & others that Phorcys who reigned over Sardinia & Corsica was overcome by him \Atlas/ in a sea fight & & {sic} drowned, & Clemens Alexandrinus that Atlas was the first that built a ship & sailed upon the seas, that is in the reign & by the direction of his father Neptune. And in the war between the Gods of Egypt & the Giants \Titans/ A{illeg}|t|las \assisted his father/ was skilled in captain of the Titans or Giants & therefore assisted his father \&/ in the end of the war had the \sign of/ heavens placed upon his sholders, that is he assisted his father \Typhon or Neptune/ in that war & then succeeded him in y^e kingdome ffor kingdom of Afric. ffor the Ancients represented a kingdom by the heaven earth sun Moon & stars & putting the Sun putting the stars for the great \frame of the world/ putting the sun moon & Stars for the king the people & the princes of the kingdom. Cyrene wa The country of Cyrene was famous for the breed & management of good horses \& Egypt was supplied w. h. from thence, {illeg} especially after the conquest of Libya by Ammon./ And thence Neptune Pallas & the Amazons were called eques The Scholiast upon Pindar (Pyth Ode 4) saith Equestrem Neptunum Poeta vocat And Pamphus who is reputed the author of y^e oldest hymns amongst the Athenians calls Neptune

For before the conquest of Lybya {hors} by Ammon, horsmanship & longs {sic} ships w^th sails were not known in Europe \Horses were u/

In the Pliny tells that ships of war were first rigged out by Ægæon & others make Ægeon \the son in law of Neptune/

When the Egyptians applied themselves to Navigation, that they might \have/ the sea coasts \by w^ch men had hitherto sailed/ & guid guide themslves in the middle of the seas by the Sun Moon & starrs, they bega their kings & Admirals & {sic} Princes began to stu began to \& chiefly their Admirals applyed themselves to the observation of the heavens &/ study of Astronomy \{illeg}/. Atlas was eminent for this his skill in this science, Antæus observed the course of the Moon w^ch was the hardest part of Astronomy, The Atlantides a people of Libya \was Tutor to Bacchus & in Libya & came from thence into Greece &/ & {sic} in the reign of Ammon, Aristæus who married the daughter of Cadmus, carried Astronomy \{with hi}/ from Libya into Greece The Atlantides a people of Libya say^[19] that Vranus was their first king who reduced them from a salvage couse {sic} of life & taught them to live in towns & cities & that he \reigned over a great part of the world &/ measured the couse year by the course of the Sun & the Months by the course of the Moon & divided the days into hours & was familiarly acquainted w^th the risings & settings of the stars, & after death for his merits & skill in Astronomy was honoured as \a/ God. By Vranus they mean Ammon They say also that he was the married his sister Titæa or Terra & by her had the \many children called/ Titans two of w^ch {illeg} called Hyperion & Bisilea were the parents of Helio & Selene, & that the Titans assassinated Hyperion & drowned Helio in Eridanus \(not in the Po but in the river Nile)/ & thereupon Selene threw herself from a house \top/ & Fitæa her mother Basilea went distracted & disappeared, By w^ch circumstance & all of them were deified. By w^ch circumstances its manifest that Cœlus Hyperion Helio & Selene were Ammon, Osiris, Orus & Bubaste, Ammon being deified by the name of \Vranus or/ Iupiter Vranius. And the Cretans reported^[20] that Hyperion the son of Cœlus was the first that by his own industry found out the motions of the Sun & Moon & other stars & the seasons & distinctions of time measured out by them, that <26r> is he studied Observed \& studied Astronomy &/ the stars in his fathers reign for advancing navigation |assisted his father in these matters for advancing navigation being instructed by Aristæus|. So then And hence it appears that he was the Iupiter Belus of the Chaldeans. ffor Pausanias tells us that Iupiter Belus in Babylon had his name from Belus an Egyptian the son of Libya (as he is reputed) who built the temple in Babylon & Strabo{illeg}: Durat ibi (Babylon) Iovis Beli templum: inventor hic fuit sideralis scientiæ. And Diodorus: the Egyptians report that many colonies out of Egypt were disperst over all parts of y^e world (viz^t by the wars & {illeg} of Sesostris) & that Belus the son of Neptune & Libya led a colony into the Province of Babylon & fixing his seat at the river Euphrates consecrated Priests & according to the custome of the Egyptians freed them from all public taxes & impositions. These Priests the Babylonians call Chaldeans who observe the motions of the stars in imitation of y^e Priests Naturalists & Astrologers of Egypt. Cheræas wrote that there was wine in Babylon w^ch the inhabitants called Nectar & thence it appears that \Bacchus &/ the Gods of Egypt were at Babylon this wine being there\ir/ drink. of the Gods Bacchus & the Gods.

When Ba{illeg}|c|chus invaded the nations he found them w^thout swords & other weapons of iron w^ch made his conquests easy. |When Ammon conquered Libya they used clubs. So Hyginus: Afri et Ægyptij primum fustibus dimicaverunt postea Belus Neptuni filius gladio belligeratus est, unde bellum dictum.| In Europe Cadmus first found {illeg} out Copper in Bœotia & then the Idæi Dactylj found out iron in Crete in the reign of Minos, & by the use of iron \tools/ Minos was enabled to prepare a fleet by w^ch he gained the dominion of the seas, The islands Cyclades were at first uninhabited but Minos & Rhadamanthus peopled several of them & Rhadamanthus giving to each of his captains some Island or City placed Thoas in Lemnus. There Thoas \reigned &/ exercised the Smiths trade having perhaps learnt it of the Idei Dactyli in Crete & build|t|ing the city Hephæstion \& being furnished w^th iron from thence. He built & reigned in the city Hephæstion, & when Sesostris y^e great Mars of the Greek Islands ancients conquered the Greek Islands he made armor for him, &/ became the Hephæstus \or Vulcan/ of the Ancients. \✝/ < insertion from the right margin of f 26r > ✝ Apollonius taking Thoas for the son of Bacchus saith that Bacchus left his purple cloak to his son Thoas & Thoas left it to his daughter Hypsipyle Queen of Lemnus. Apol. Argonaut IV. v. 426. < text from f 26r resumes > He married Calycopis the daughter of Otreus king of Phrygia & taking {illeg} Sesostris \Mars (that is, Sesostris)/ in bed with his wife composed y^e matter so as exchange {illeg} Lemnos for \to obtein the government of/ Cyprus \& Byblus/. Then Mars that is Sesostris went presently with violence \(that is, with his army)/ over the Hellespont into Thrace & Venus Calycopis sailed in rich apparrell to \Cythara & thence to/ Cyprus & landed at Paphus where she was washed & adorned by her weomen called the Graces & became the Venus of the ancients. lived splendidly in costly aparrel adorned with gold, becoming the Venus of the ancients \& where Vulcan afterward married Agalia the youngest of the Graces/. In her way to Cyprus she sailed first to Cythara an Island of Greece between Peloponnesus & Crete. \In Cyprus she lived in adultery with Gingris the son of Gin Thoas/ Thoas for his skill upon the harp was called Cinyras. ffor Cy|i|nyras \lived with Venus in Cyprus & afterwards \Vulcan/ married Aglaia the \youngest/ of the Graces attended the \{illeg}/ O{illeg} &/ was an inventor of arts & found out tiles, & copper in Cyprus, & the hammer & anvil & tongues & laver, & impoyed workmen in making armour & other things. – – – – – with Apollo on the harp. \– times of the Trojan war./ And after the death of his wife he deified her w^th lustful Orgia whereby she becam the Cyprian Venus – – – – – – huc appulsam Tacit Hist. 2. p. 238. This Venus before she went to Cyprus lay w^th Anchises on mount Ida & at Cyprus she lived in adultery w^th Ado Gingris the son of Cy|i|nyras; & when Cinyras deified his Venus he deified also his son by the name of Adonis

<27r>

The names of the Gods Moloch Milcom Adramelech Anamelech, Melecartus.

^{[Editorial Note 8]}

|institu| building Temples to Venus & Adonis in Cyprus & at Byblus in Phœnicia & instituting their worship with orgia & lamentations for the death of Adonis much after the manner that Adonis was w Osiris was worshipped in Egypt. Or rather, he instituted the worship of \his great benefactor/ Osiris under the name of Adonis pretending to y^t & joyned y^e worship of his son w^th & the Cyprians applied the \name &/ worship to his son. ffor Adonis signifies The Lord & so agrees to Osiris but not to Gingris, {illeg} & Lucian tells us that he saw at Amathus Byblus a great Temple of Venus Byblia – – – – – – – – called Dea Syria as well as Dea Cypria. And from the Temples built to her in several places she was also called Cytharea, Paphia, Amathusia \Byblia/ &c. So then Sesostris was the Adonis of the Phœnicians Syrians & his mistress was their Venus, & y^e maker of his armour was their Vulcan

So then the great Gods of Egypt viz^t Ammon, Osiris – – – – – – – – – Antæo eripui.

But after some further broiles the war was composed & Isis & Orus reigned in Egypt for some time till the Ethiopians under Hercules invaded Egypt & Libya \drowning Orus in the Nile & taking Libya from Atlas/ & then came out against Asa king of Israel with a very great army \of Ethiopians Libyans & Troglodytes/ & were beaten by him & expelled \driven out of the lower Egypt/ by |by {sic}| the \revolting/ Egyptians {illeg}/un\till the reign of Amenophis.

Pliny tells us: Ægyptiorum bellis attrita est Ethiopia – – – – – – – – Philstims from Caphtor Amos 9.7. And thus by the \civil/ broiles in Egypt & the revolt of the nations, the \great/ Empire of the Cophtites seated at Thebes, \was sch/ came to an end period.

This Empire may be distinguished into four ages according to the reign of their kings Thmosis, Ammon Sesak \Osiris/ & Orus. For \these were the ages of the great Gods of Egypt/ these seem to be the four ages of the Gods of Egypt, in imitation of w^ch the Greeks \formed the/ four ages of their Gods.

In those days the Egyptians using to write in Hieroglyphick affected to represent \all/ things by symbols as by putting a trident for y^e |in the hand of an Admiral to represent the| three squadrons of his fleet, a rod writhen about w^th two serpents for the symbol of an Embassador reconciling two nations, |a man {illeg} w^th a syth for a king of a corn-country, a man w^th rams horns for a king a country abounding w^th sheep| a man riding upon an eagle w^th a thunderbolt in his hand for a great warrior soaring high in dominion, a man w^th a sith in his hand for a king {illeg} globe |the world| for a kingdom, |a giant for a great man great in power a man w^th many heads & hands for a king with his kingdom or many a Captain w^th his army| \water for people/ a flood for an invasion, &c |a new world after a flood for a new kingdom set up after an invasion, a {sic} golden apples for {scar}ce & precious & valuable fruit, a Dragon keeping the gardens of the Hesperides for an army keeping a country abounding w^th fruit-bearing trees, a horn of the sea for a river, the horn of Amalthea for a \{illeg}/ river with {illeg} fertile meadows on both sides given to that Queen \by Ammon to his Queen/ for her her {sic} maintenance. And| So when {illeg} Hercules took the Globe from Atlas it is to be understood that he took his kingdom from him, & So by the four first ages after a flood is to be und Deucalions flood are to be understood the invasion of Greece in the reigns of \those kings Ogyges &/ Deucalion; & by the four ages next after a flood is to be understood the four first reigns ages of a kingdom erected by an invasion. ffor in this sense a flood is used in scripture \waters being put for peoples & multitudes & nations {illeg} 8.7, 8 & tongues Apoc. XVII./ Isa. 59.19. Ier 16.7, 8. & 47.2, 3 Amos 8.8 & 9.5. The Lord bringeth upon them the waters of the river strong & many even the king of Assyria & all his glory; & he shall come up over all his channels & go over all his banks; & he shall pass through Iudah & go over, he shal reach even to the neck Isa. VIII.7, 8. Who is this that cometh up like a flood, whose waters are moved as the rivers. Egypt riseth up like a flood & his waters are moved like the rivers: & he saith, I will go up & will cover the earth; I will destroy the city & the inhabitants thereof. Ier. XLVI.7, 8, Waters are peoples & multitudes or nations & tongues Apoc. XVII, See also Isa LIX.19 Ier. {illeg} XLVII.2, 3. Am VIII.8. < insertion from between the lines > a golden age for a happy age golden apples for pretious apples. a man or Beast with two or more heads or faces or heads for a king w^th two or more kingdoms collateral or successive. And

And from these & such like symbols truly interpreted the history of the mystical ages may receive some light. {illeg} ffor Saturn has a sith to signify that he conquered {illeg} the lower Egypt, a country abounding with corn. The The Egyptians painted him with two faces becausse he conquered reigned over two kingdoms an old one & a new. Iupiter Ammon has ram's horns because he conquered Libya a country abounding w^th sheep. Iupiter Belus has a thunderbolt in his hand to signify that he was a great warrior. He rides upon an egle to signify his soaring high in dominion. Mercury has an Embassadors rod writhen about with two serpents in memory of his {illeg} composing the wars between the nations of Egypt & Libya. Hercules has a club to signify that \because/ he was of y^e nation of the Megabar Ethiopians next above Egypt who fought with clubs. He took the sphere from Atlas, that is the kingdom of Libya A dragon kept the gardens of the Hesperides, that is, an army kept the kingdom of Libya. Amalthea \the mother of Bacchus/ had a horn filled w^th flowers & fruit, that is a river with fertil meadows on each side given her by Ammon for her maintenance. Greece was overflowed in the days of Ogyges & Deucalion that is overspread with forreigners.

< text from f 27r resumes > <27v>

before Psammiticus reigned over all Egypt. Menes & his succesors reigned afterwards \at Memphis/ & built that city sumptuously. [Memphys was by the Egyptians called Menopeh, Moph, Noph, from Amenoph{illeg} or Amenophis & {illeg} Menoph is the founder] And therefore Menes was Amephnophis \the Ethiopian called Amenophis/. Memphis was by the \by the Greeks. Memphis was by the {sic}/ Egyptians called Menoph, Moph, Noph, Menoph comes from | is an abbreviation of Amenoph & was easily chang{illeg}ed into Menes. \From/ Amenoph passed \came/ into Menoph & Menoph into Menes & from Menoph came Menes from A from the founder whose name Amenoph \easily/ passed into Menoph & Menoph into Menes.

After the death of Asserhadon \(or soon after)/ reigned at Babylon Saosduchinus, Chiniladon Nebuchadnezzar Nabopolassar & {illeg} \& Nebuchadnezzar/, at Nineveh \Ecbatane D{illeg}/ Phraortes, Astyages & Cyaxeres \& Darius/ & at Nineveh I think Nebuchadonosor, Anacyndaraxis, & Sardanapalus. ffor the history of Nebuchadonosor king of Assyria mentioned in the book of Esther suits w^th these times. For Nebuchadonosor in the 12^th year of his reign &c.

And by his reigning next after the Gods of Egypt \& placing his throne at Memphis/ you may know that he is the Menes \of y^e Egyptians/ who built Memphis & [reigned next after the Gods & built Memphis. As Thebes was called \by the Egyptians/ No-Ammon from Ammon the father of Sesak \who made it the seat of his Empire/, so Memphis was by the|m| Egyptians called Menoph, Mnoph, Moph Noph from \the founder/ Amenoph |who first reigned there. And Menoph by an easy change became| And Menoph {sic} by an easy is change became Menes. He was succeeded by Ramses or Rhampsinitus, Mœris, Cheops Cephren, Mycerinus, Nitocres, Asychis Anysis & perhaps some other intermediate kings. All these reigned at Memphys & there buil & adorned the city & there built

Menes founded \built/ the

^{[Editorial Note 9]}

enter ino open rebellion & become false churches called in scripture Synagogues of Satan & Antichrists. These are they that separate themselves, saith Iude of

– on y^e other side Iordan, & there they began first to be called Ebionites

They gloried in this name & said that they knew of no such man as Ebion – – – a poor man. This is the account w^ch they gave of themselves, but Ierome Epiphanius Ierome & some others took Ebion for the name of a man. Vpon the commencing of the Iewish war the Christian Iews or Nazarens fled from Ierusalem into other countries & chiefly into Peræa on y^e other side \of/ Iordan And there continuing \{illeg}/ by their poverty they \seem to have/ gained the name of Ebionites & \by/ the number of those prevailing who refused to communicate with y^e uncircumcised beleivers, the{illeg} name of Ebionites became \at length/ appropriated to y^e those Nazarenes who were \Nazarenes/ of this opinion.

Sect. II.

I have hitherto considered the Church as {illeg} an agr \of God or/ or {sic} host of heaven as an aggregate of men united into one body by mutual friendship love & charity & into one kingdom by subjection to the laws of \one/ God {illeg} & Christ their supreme king & \of one/ Christ their Lord. It remains that I say something of their unity in \the forms & ceremonies of/ worship & government. And first in They worship For For the Iews had but one Tabernacle & one Temple & one High Priest \for sacrificing/ & one great Sanhedrim or great Council \of seventy Elders/ seated in the Temple for governing the \whole/ nation, & under these were synagogues in every city for praying & preaching & in every synagoge a Council \of Elders/ for governing the city, & the Council anciently sat in the Gate of y^e city Ruth 4.1, 2, 11.

<28r>

omnia regit cum potentia cui resisti non potest.

Pag 433 l 1, 2, 3. Æternus est et Infinitus, \Omnisciens & Omnipotens/ id est, durat ab æterno in æternum \omnia cognoscit quæ \fiant &/ sciri possunt & omnia regit quæ {illeg} sunt./ et adest ab infinito in infinitum. \Non est æternitas vel infinitas sed æternus & infinitus./ Non est duratio sed durat semper /{illeg}\ \& durando durationem constituit./ Non est locus vel spatium sed \durat &/ adest \& sic præsentiam suam locum constituit./ ubiqꝫ. |Durat semper & adest ubiqꝫ & existendo semper et ubiqꝫ durationem et spatium constituit æternitatem & infinitatem constituit.| Cum unaquæqꝫ spatij particula sit semper, & unum quodqꝫ durationis indivisibile momentum ubiqꝫ; certe rerum omnium Fabricator ac Dominus non erit nunquam nusquam. Omnipræsens est non per virtutem solam sed etiam per substantiam. Nam virtus sine substantia subsistere non potest. In ipso *^[21] continentur et moventur universa, sed absqꝫ mutua passione Deus nihil patitur ex corporum motibus: illa nullam sentiunt resistentiam ex omipræsentia {sic} Dei. Deum summum necessario existere &c.

Pag 484 lin. 17. Adjicere jam liceret nonnulla de Spiritu quodam subtilissimo corpora crassa pervadente & in ijsdem latente; cujus vi et actionibus particulæ corporum ad parvas distantias se mutuo attrahunt & contiguæ factæ cohærent, &

^{[Editorial Note 10]} <28v>

After this war Nebuchadonosor in the 18^th year of his reigne sent {his} Holof his captain Ho|O|lofernes with a great army to avenge himself on all the west country because they had disobeyed his commandment, & Olofernes went forth w^th an army of of {sic} 12000 horse & 120000 foot & reduced Arabia & {illeg} Cilicia & Mesopotamia & Syria & Damascus & \part of/ Arabia & Madian & \then/ came against Iudæa. And {illeg} this came |was done when| the government was in the hands of the High Priest & ancients of Israel (Iudith 8) & by consequence when \when/ Iosiah was a child. In times of prosperity – – – from danger. When the king of Assyria had \was/ reduced|ing| the western nations & \prepared to/ come against Iudea, then were the Iews terrified & they fortified Iudea – – – – Ierusalem from Idolatry. Herodotus tells us that the Medes revolted before the rest

☉ Misphragmuthosis was the first man who reigned over all Egypt including Thebais. Ammon conquered Libya \or Amenemosis/ extended the Empire over Libya {illeg} \thence called Ammonia & over/ Ethiopia & the coasts of the red sea \on both sides/. Sesac added the rest. \Sesac or Sesostris/ going for westward to y^e straits mouth & eastward to y^e straits mouth |to {sic} through Persia & Media & northward through \into/ Syria \Assyria Mesopotamia/ Anatolia Thrace| & setting up pillars in all his conquests. ✝ < insertion from lower down f 28v > ✝ He \built Temples &/ set up Oracles to his father Ammon at Thebes & in {illeg} Asia \M{illeg}/ Libya & Ethiopia # < insertion from lower down f 28v > # whence Ammon became & perhaps in Arabia Felix. {illeg} \whence For/ all these nations worshipped Iupiter Ammon. He divided Egypt & Thebais into Nomes, & cutting channel < text from higher up f 28v resumes > \& divided Egypt & all Thebais into Nomes/ &, cutt|ing| channels from y^e Nile to all the \head/ cities of Egypt \all the Nomes,/ raised the cities higher with y^e earth dug out, built a Temp Temple in every city \for the nome/, appointed the God, the religion & the annual festivals \of/ every Nome \Temple/ /nome\, \&/ setting up an \an/ Oracles in the Temple to y^e God of the Nome causing his Princes several Princes to be worshipped in the several Nomes & himself & his wife in them all. After his death &c Whence came the several Gods & religions of y^e several Nomes of Egypt. Some of their Oracles remained till the days of Herodotus. < text from higher up f 28v resumes > After this death \of Sesac/ Libya revolted & invaded Egypt but was repelled \repulsed by the army of Egypt & Ethiopia/. Then y^e Ethiopians {illeg} invaded Egypt slew the Son & successor of Sesak, & under Zera came out against the Iews. \For While {sic} these things were doing Asa revolted & had rest ten years & fortified Iudea & got raised a great army/ Zerah being beaten /by Asa\ so that he could not recover himself the people of the lower Egypt under the conduct of Osarsiphus called in a great body of y^e victorious Iews, & drove back the Ethiopians. But after 15 years Amenophis with his son Ramesses came down from Ethiopia w^th a great army, subdued the lower \all/ Egypt \&/ drave out y^e Iews & placed their royal seat at Memphis \& founded a new dynasty of Kings who/ And this \{illeg}/ was recconed the second expulsion of y^e shepherds. Amenophis by this victory \conquest/ founded a new Dynasty of Kings who of Egypt who reigned at Memphis. ffor he is Menes \who reigned next after the Gods {illeg} or deified kings of Egypt & who |&| Thebes & {illeg}/ who built Memphis from him called by the Egyptians Menoph, Mnoph, Moph, Noph. & ffrom the word Menoph came his name \is/ Menes. {illeg} After him reigned \at Memphis/ Ramesses or Rhampsinitus, Mœris, Cheops – – – \at Memphis/ & there they built the sumptuous temple of Vulcan & the Labyrinth & the Pyramids & made the great lake of Mœris w^th two Pyramids in it. In y^e reigns of Asychis & Anytis \– – – –/ by Asserhadon.

For it was hitherto in fashion for y^e eastern \nations/ to deify the founders of their kingdoms. An instance of w^ch we have in the kings of Damascus founded by Rezon \or Hezion/ in the latter end of Davids reign. [Afer {sic} Hezion reigned Tabrimon, Benhadad, & Hazael, Benhadad, \**/ Rezin successively in|at| Damascus & till the Assyrians conquered Rezin. And the Syrians of Damascus] & enlarged by Benhadad & Hazael. For the Sy Iosephus lets us know that the Syrians worshipped Adad & his successor Hazael as Gods for their benefactions. And so by the Gods of the \other/ nations <28r> conquered by Pul the Assyrians are to be understood their kings who founded or enlarged their kingdoms. / in these \& some other/ institutions he seems to have copied from \those of/ the Iews, his sister having been Solomons Queen. The High Priest of the nome ware judged the people & ware a badge adorned w^th gemms hanging about his neck by a golden chain \& adorned w^th gemms/ & named {illeg} Truth.

<29r>

Manetho Iosephus tells us out of Manetho & Choeremon that in y^e reign of Amenophis thes son of Rhampsis & grandson of Sethos {illeg} a great body of leprous /leprous\ Egyptians revolted at Pelusium & had a \their/ polity & laws given them by O one Osarsiphus priest of Heliopolis & called in the Iews from Ierusalem to their assistance & that Amenophis fled to Ethiopia became \where/ the King of Ethiopia was freely subject to him & afterwards \thirteen years/ returned to & \w^th his young son {illeg}|Ramasses| (so called from his Grandfather Rhampses)/ drave out y^e rebells & Iews to y^e borders of Syria The|is| story Manetho & Cheremon \have distorted/ apply|ing| /it\ to the Iews in y^e time of Moses as if they Osarsiphus was Moses {illeg} was O taking \as if Moses was/ Osarsiphus for \were/ Moses & these Israelites w^ch they led \Moses led {illeg}/ out of Egypt to be \were/ these Iews & leprous \leprous/ Egyptians \said to be/ now expelled by Amenophes. Let the story be purged from what belongs to that fiction & it will amount to this that after the Iews had beat y^e Ethiopians \were routed/ at Maresah, The the Amenophis \the Egyptians/ called in y^e \victorious/ Iews to their assistance & \then Amenophis/ leaving a competent force at Pelusium pursued the \flying/ Ethiopians w^th his main army as far as Ethiopia & when he had \by a 13 years war staid in those parts 10 or 12 years till he had/ reduced them to obedience /& then\ returned & the & w^th his young son Rhampses drave out y^e Iews [either by perswasion or by force] obliged y^e Iews to withdraw into Syria. And to this action Ramesses seems to relate in y^e \when he/ inscription|bed| on his Obelisk (according to the interpretation of Hermapion that he had saved Egypt by expelling forreigners.

<29v>

About y^e beginning of this kings reign {sic} \^[22]In this or the next kings reign & in y^e 14^th year of Asa/ Zerah \king of {illeg} {Egypt}/ w^th a|n| great army of \army of a thousand thousand/ Ethiopians & ^b[23] Lybyans invaded {illeg} Iudea [& were routed by Asa king of Iudah] w^ch makes it probable that they first invaded Egypt \& {illeg} Their way was {illeg} & Asa \through Egypt & they/ seem to have made some \a/ considerable stay there/. ffor before they invaded Iudah, Asa \king of Iudah/ had peace fo 10 years & made \before they invaded him & \long/ expected their coming. ffor/ while y^e time \land/ was \yet/ before him \he \destroyed {Idolatry &}/ sought the Lord &/ fortified the cities of Egypt Iudea w^th walls & towers & gates & bars & prepared an army of 500000 \This he did without any help from y^e Egyptians & they consequently the Egyptians had work enough at home/. With this army Asa \he/ routed the Ethiopians & was there met by \At length when they {illeg} advanced from Eypt Asa met & routed them, so that they could not recover themselves./ Azariah y^e Prophet told said to him went out to meet him & said ^[24]Hear ye me Asa & Iudah & Bejamin {sic}. The Lord is with you while ye be with him & if ye seek him he will be found of you but if you forsake him he will forsake you. Now for a long season (viz from y^e invasion of y^e land by Sesach|k|) Israel hath been w^thout a true God & without a teaching Priest & w^thout Law. And in those days times there was no peace to him that went out nor to him that came in but great vexations were upon all the inhabitants of y^e countries & nation was destroyed against of Nation & city of city: for God did vex them with all adversity \[viz^t during the wars & dominion of Sesack.]/. But when Israel in their \trouble/ did turn unto y^e Lord & sought him he was found of them. \Israel was therefore \in/ troubled about y^e Ethiopians when asa sought the Lord & fortified the Cities of Iudah./ Thus did the King of Iudah shake of y^e dominion of Egypt {illeg} & recover its ffor henceforward |\For now he/ he {sic} brought into y^e Temple the {illeg} silver & gold & vessels w^ch he & his father had dedicated since y^e spoiling of the temple by Sesak: & henceforward –| he & his son Iehosaphat had peace & flourished in power & wealth for 50 years together. The Ethiopians & Libyans being thus routed were probably expelled also by y^e Egyptians. ffor {illeg} Ramestes inscribed on an Obelisk (according to y^e interpretation of Hermapiō) that he had saved Egypt by overcoming forreigners. Yet by this invasion the dominion of Egypt was shaken so that Herodotus was not much out when he wrote that Sesostris was the only King that enjoyed the \Egyptian/ Empire. However a considerable part of y^e {illeg} nations conquered by Sesostris continued still in subjection to Egypt.

By this action Iudah shook of y^e dominion of Egypt. ffor whereas \the th/ Sesak had spoiled the Temple & took away & takē away all the tre\a/sures of y^e Temple & Asa now brought into the Temple the silver & gold & vessels w^ch he & his father had dedicated in y^e room of w^t Sesak had taken away & henceforward Asa & he & his son Iehosaphat – – – together.

The Ethiopians & Libyans being thus \totally/ routed were probably expelled by the Egyptians ffor Ramestes –

His mother was a Queen \\& the d/ & the dau/ & therefore we may reccon him the son of y^e \royal/ race of Sesostris. \On his mothers statue was a triple crown to denote her a Queen/ By the riches of his predecessors – – musical voice.

He built also the Labyrinth – – end of w^ch was a square – – –

structure \like a temple/ ten fulongs {sic} in circuit w^th several stately Porticos & Galleries. At y^e entrance of one of y^e Porticos were three very great statues, his own his mothers & his daughters w^th this Inscription

Iosephus tells a story out of Manetho & Chœremon of y^e Iews a body of \leprous/ Egyptians revolting \at Pelusiū/ \in y^e reign of Amenophis ~ ~ ~ ~ the son of Rampses & grandson of Sethos And/ & calling in y^e Iews from Ierusalem to their assistance & that Amenophis fled \w^th his army/ from them into Ethiopia because y^e king of Ethiopia was \freely/ subject to him εκ χαρυτος & after some years \time/ returning w^th his young son Remesses out of Ethiopia vanquished the rebells & drave them out of Egypt to y^e borders of Syria.

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– – – – – – – – greatness of their tribute & their army of a thousand thousand. But these inscriptions being upon seveal structures \& {Obelisks}/ {may} relate to more kings then one & those structures being in the City Thebes they seem to contein an account \chiefly/ of the greatnes of the Theban Empire & giving an account of the power & dominion of that city are to be undertood {sic} \chiefly of the power {rich} & wealth of more kings then one & chiefly/ of the kings w^ch reigned there /in Thebes\ before the translation of the Empire to Memphis & Ramesses here may be Sesostris: for Sesostris is sometimes called by that name.

Pliny tells us that the first Obelisk was made by Mitres who reigned in that city Heliopolis & afterwards other kings – – – – – – – one of 80.

Herodotus who travelled into Egypt & is the oldest author who has given us an account of the kings of that place, tells us that the Priests of Egypt \affirmed Menes to be their first king/ read to him out of a book the names of 330 kings who reigned after Menes, amongst w^ch was Nitocris a famous Queen & that nothing memorable was told him of any of the rest except the \last/ of them called Mœris, who & that after Mœris reigned Sesostris, Pheron, Proteus, Rhampsinitus, Cheops, Cephren, Mycerinus, Asychis, Anysis, Sabacus, Senechus, Taralus, \Anysis,/ Sethon, twelve contemporary kings, Psammiticus Nechus, Psammis, Apries, Amasis. But Menes Nitocris & Mœris who reign This is the best account of the kings of Ægypt now extant, but not w^thout mistakes \some/ faults. Menes Nitocris & Mœris \were later then the Gods &/ reigned at Memphis, {illeg} & there he did great works & therefore are to be placed after Sesostris & his son Pheron {illeg} who reigned at Thebes & were two of the Gods. Mœris b Menes built the \magnificent/ temple of Vulcan at Memphis & Mœris added \built/ the northern Portico of that Temple & therefore reigned soon after Menes so that there is not room for {illeg} 330 kings between them. For it is not to be imagined that the temple of Vulcan could be 5 or 6 thousand years in building. Proteus reigned in the time of the Trojan Nitocris The last of the three great Pyramids was buit {sic} some say by Nitocris \others by Rhodope/ others by Mycerinus. \Mycerinus died before it was finished/ & therefore she is to be joyned with Mycerinus \placed after him./ Proteus was contempor reigned in the time of y^e Trojan war & therefore was contemporary to Memnon. & his son Rha Proteus is not an Egyptian name but a Greek word translated out of \from/ the language of Egypt as Herodotus tells us. It signifies a Prince & so may be either Memnon himself or his deputy governour of Egypt. If Proteus \reigned at Memphis & if he/ was the father of Remphis as Diodorus affirms, he must be Memnon himself. {illeg} As Memnon built the temple of Vulcan so Proteus {illeg} on y^e south side of that temple built the Temple of Venus Kospita ({illeg} that of the |y^e| wife of Vulcan & the relation between those Temples \& time of their building/ import that they were works of the same king, but Memnon might imploy his Vice-roy to take see the buildings erected. After Sethon w Instead of Sabacus Anysis & Sethon {illeg} Manetho has Sabacon, Sevechus & Taracus w^ch names agree w^ch better w^th Scripture. ffor when Senancherib inva lost his army Tirhacha Sethon reigned over Egypt according to Herodotus & Tirhakah according to scripture & {illeg} the predecessor of Tirhakah was \So or/ Sua according to Scripture that is Sua or Sevechus. Let \all/ these corrections be made, & the Canon of the kings of Egypt \set down by Herodotus/ will be as follows. Sesostris, Pheron, Menes, or Memnon, Rhampsinitus, Mœris Cheops, Cephren, Mycerinus, Nitocris, Asychis, Anysis, Sabac{illeg}|on|, Seoschus, Taracus, twelve contemporary kings, Psammiticus, Nechus, Psammis, Apries, Amasis. [Between Rhampsinitus \Osimandyas/ & Mœris Diodorus puts Euchoreus \the father & son, &/ Manetho puts Anenemes & Thuoris, so that Euchoreus & Thuoris seem to be one & the same king. All these kings \22 reigns (omitting that of Sesostris)/ took up the time from about y^e middle of Solomons reign |fift year of Rehoboam| to y^e 5^t year of Cambyses, amounting to about 4{illeg} \412/ years And the 12 contemporary kings & 5 king w^ch \being/ about 19$\frac{1}{2}$ years to a reign, agrees w^th y^e course of nature. |And| According {sic} to this recconing there reigned 18 or 20 kings between the death of Sesostris & the beginning of the reign of Amasis, that is in the space of about 390 years, w^ch amount one reigne w^th another making about 2{illeg}|1|$\frac{2}{3}$ years to a reign, answers well \well/ to the course of nature, especially if another king or wo be inserted.

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Between Osimanduas & Miris, that is Memnon & Mœris, Diodorus places Vchoreus – – – – – – – – – – By these works Vchoreus seems to be the same \man/ with Echerophes the first king of Memphis in the Dynasties \of Manetho/. Memnon built Memphys but resided for the most part at in other places, as at Abydus & Susa, \&/ Abydus: Vchoreus enlarged & beautified the place & made it his seat. Vnder Achero Echerophis the Libyans revolted but upon an extraordinary increase of the Moon \out of {relief}/ returned to obedience.

Among the stupendious works of – – – – – long staff.

After these kings reigned Gneph\ar/thus – – – – under his dominion.

Anysis was blind & in his reign & the reign of Boccharis Sabacon the Ethiopian – – was called Rhinocolura.

The reign of the Ethiopians over Egypt – – – – in or about y^e beginning of the æra of Nabonassar. Whence its probable that that Æra was set on foot by some Egyptians who fled from the Ethiopians ffor the con that Conqueror. For the year of Nabonassar was in all respects the same w^th the Egyptian year & began upon y^e very same day, & therefore came from Egypt.

The reign of the Ethiopians over Egypt according to Herodotus b

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$\begin{array}{rrr}\mathrm{22.\; 10.\; 18}& \phantom{0}& \mathrm{7.\; 6.\; 15}\frac{1}{2}\\ \mathrm{14.\; 13.\; 7}\\ \mathrm{37.\; 4.\; 1}\end{array}$

Tatian in his book against the Greeks relates that amongst the Phenicians flourished three ancient historians Theodotus Hypsicrates & Mochus who all of them delivered in their histories (translated into Greek by Lætus) that under one of the kings happened the rapture of Europa, the voyage of Menelaus into Phœnicia & the league & friendship between Solomon & Hy|i|ram when Hiram gave his daughter to Solomon & supplied him with timber for building the Temple, & that the same is affirmed by Menander of Pergamus. Vnder one of the Kings, that is within the compass of the age of a man. For so the phrase is used by Isaiah, chap. XXIII.15. Iosephus lets us know that the Annals of the Tyrians from the days of Abibalus & Hiram were extant in his days, & that Menander of Pergamus translated them into Greek, & that Hiram's friendship to Solomon & assistance in building the Temple was mentioned in them. And by the testimony of Menander & the three ancient Phenician historians the rapture of Europa happened not long before the building of Solomons Temple |& therefore Minos the son of Europa flourished in the days of Solomon & his duaghters Ariadne & Phædra in the days of Rehoboam.| The voyage of Menelaus might be in pursuit of Paris and Hellena twenty years before the destruction of Troy. |Hence Solomon therefore reigned in the times between the raptures of Europa & Helena. And|

The expedition of Sesostris was one generation older then the Argonautic expedition. ffor in his return back into Egypt he left Æetes at Colchos, & Æetes reigned there till Ηου{illeg} Europa & her brother Cadmus flourished in the days of the \David/ & Minos the son of Europa flourished in the days of Solomon & the children Deucaleon the Argonaut |children of Minos namely Androgeus his eldest son, Deucaleon his youngest son,| Ariadne the mistress of Theseus & Bacchus, & |&| Phædra the wife of Theseus \& Deucaleon the Argonaut/ flourished in \or neare/ the days of Rehoboam, & his grandchildren Idomeneus [Phlias & Eumedon being \the sons of Bacchus & Ariadne/ were Argonauts, & his grandchild \&/ Idomeneus \the son of Deucaleon/ was at the war of Troy, & therefore the Argonautic Expedition was] & Phlias \&/ Eumedon the sons of Bacchus & Ariadne being Argo also Argonauts the

The great conquerors Osiris & Bacchus agree in their actions Dicæarchus represents them two generations older then Sesolstris, saying that after Orus the son of Osiris & Isis reigned Sesonchosis.

Osiris was also king of all Egypt & a great conquerour & conquered Thrace & there killed Lycurgus, & his history agrees w^th that of Bacchus. B

Osiris was also king of all Egypt & a great conquerour \& reigned not above three generations before y^e Arg exp as above/ & the sacred history admits not of | leaves no room for such a king before the days of Sesak admits not of such a conquering king of Egypt in the reign \days/ of Samuel Saul David & Solomon. before the reign of Sesak. Sesac is the first king of this Sesac is the first king of this kind.] Osiris kille conquered Thrace & killed Lycurgus & therein he agrees w^th Bacchus, & by the consent of all antiquity both Egyptians & Greeks Osiris & Bacchus were one & the same king of Egypt. The histories of Osiris Bacchus & Sesostris agree w^th one another. All three {illeg} \by the relation of historians/ were kings of all Egypt & there were no kings of all Egypt including Thebais before the expulsion of the shepherds. who reigned a long time in the lower Egypt All three reigned at Thebes about the same time, & were very potent by land & sea. All thre were great conquerors & conquered the same regions & carried on their conquests by land \through Asia/ as far as India. All three came over the Hellespont & were there in danger of losing their army

^{[Editorial Note 11]}

Apollodorus tells us that Cy|i|nyras married Metharme the daughter of Pygmaleon king of Cyprus, & th

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¹Celeus was the son of Rharus the son of Cranaus the successor of Cecrops ²Car the son of Phoroneus the son of Inachus built a temple to Ceres in Megara ³Arcah the son of Callisto the daughter of Lycaon the son of Æzeus received corn from Triptolemus & taught his people to make berad of it. ⁴Myles the son of Lelex was the first who set up a hand mill or Quern in Greece to grind corn, & Pelops came into Peloponnesus in the days of Belos reign of Epeus the son of Endymion the son of Aethlius the son of Æolus ⁵Polycarn the brother of Myles married Messene the daughter of Tropas the son of Phorbas the brother of Pirasus. ⁶Pelops came into Peloponnesus in the reign of Epeus the son of Endymion the son of Aethlius the son of Æolus & Ætolus the brother of Epeus slew Apis the son or grandson of Phoroneus. And by these circumstances Cecrops, Inachus, Æzeus, Lelex, Æolus, Phorbas & Pirasus \& Æolus/ {illeg} flourished two or three generations before the coming of Cadmus & Europa into Europe. Certainly their|y| coming could not be earlier because Cadmus brought in letters & it is not likely that any thing done in Europe could be remembred before above three generations before the use of Letters. These men came w^th colonies from Egypt & began to build towns soon after their coming \& these \towns/ seem to be y^e oldest towns in Europe./ ffor before the seas began to be \were/ navigated, {illeg} Europe could be peopled only by Scythians from the north side of the Euxine sea, & the Scythians long after those days lived w^thout towns or houses.

The ancient Egyptians & Greeks agree that Osiris & Bacchus were one & y^e same king of Egypt. Now

The ancient Greeks who made the fables of y^e Gods relate that Io the daughter of Inachus [or {illeg} was carried into Egypt & there became the Egyptian Isis & that Apis the son of Phoroneus after death became the God Serapis. \And/ Others {sic} represent |y^t| Epaphus, that is Osiris, {illeg} to be \was/ the son of Io. And therefore Osiris & Isis in the opinion of the ancient Greeks who made the fables of the Gods, Osiris & Isis were not above two or three generations older then the Argonautic expedition. //The ancient Egyptians agree that [And there is no roome for y^e great conquests of Osiris king of all Egypt before the days of Sesak.] The {illeg} \The ancients, both/ Egyptians & Greeks, agree that \the great conquerors/ Osiris & Bacchus were one & the same king of all Egypt |& they agree in their actions. Both \conquered {illeg} & the great conqueror Bacchus king of Egypt/ came over the Hellespont conquered Thrace slew Lycurgus king of Thrace & there put a stop to their victories.| Now Bacchus \this Bacchus/ loved two weomen, Venus & Ariadne Venus \{in her youth}/ was the mistr mother of Æneas \& thus was \{illeg}// not above or 60 or {65} 70 years before y^e destruction of Troy, & Ariadne was two generations contemporary to Theseus & the sons of Bacchus & Ariadne were Argonauts as above. \This Bacchus was potent at sea – – – – – – one & the same man./ And therefore this Bacchus flourished but one generation before the Argonautic expedition & so can be not other then Sesak.

The p Plutarch tells us that the people of Naxus, {illeg} contrary to what others relate \wrote/, pretended that there were two Minoses & two Aria\d/nes, & that the first Ariadne married Bacchus & the last was carried away by Theseus. {illeg} This opinion seems to have arisen from hence that some of the Greeks made Osiris & Isis three generations older then the Argonautic expedition \as above/. But Homer Hesiod – – – – – were Argonauts. Osiris Bacchus & Sesostris by the relation were contemporary, & by y^e relation of historians were all of them kings of all Egypt, & were very potent by land & sea. All three were great conquerers & conquered the same regions & carried on their conquests by land through Asia to India as far as India – – – – – – – – – no conqueror of Syria India Asia & Europe before Sesak.

^[25]Leek. And this sort of {worship} \Idolatry/ was older then the days of Moses as is manifest by the second commandment, & gave occasion to the Thebans & Ethiopians who in the days of Samuel Saul \& {illeg}/ & David conquered \conquered/ the lower Egypt to set up the worship of their own kings in the same manner.

– in Hieroglyphicks. And this way of writing seems to have spread into y^e lower Egypt before the days of Moses. ffor thence came the worship of their Gods in \the/ various shapes of birds beasts & fishes forbidden in the fourth co second Commandm^t. Now this emblematical way of writing gave occasion to the Thebans & Ethiopians who in the days of Samuel Saul David Solomon & Rehoboam to represent their Kin conquered Egypt & {illeg} Libya & Asia & erected a great Empire, to represent their \conquering/ Kings & Princes by various Hieropglyphicks figures, as by representing \painting/ Ammon w^th rams horns &c.

$\begin{array}{rrrr}591.& 576.& 18.& 9\\ & \underline{14.}& \underline{13.}& \underline{7}\\ & 591& 11.& 16\end{array}$

^{[Editorial Note 12]} <32v>

{illeg}y find in history that ^a[26] Osiris {illeg} \{illeg}/ the first king of Egypt dedicated a Temple to his father Iupiter Hammon. ^b[27] That {illeg} his wife \his widdow/ Isis who \with/ reigned after him {illeg} & is {illeg} by some some writers called Balilea |was his Queen {illeg} & or Balilea who was Lemnia Queen of who reigned after him Egypt|, after the death of her son |& daughter| Helius & Selene \or Orus & Bubaste/ required her subjects to worship them as Gods & that y^e Egyptians so soon as she{illeg} was dead {illeg}|{ad}|ed her worsh^p to y^t of her children. That {illeg} Thoth or Mercury who \was secretary & Counseller to Osiris & Isis &/ reigned next \after them/ in Egypt ^c[28] ordeined the worship & sacrifices of the Gods & ^d[29] invented their figures of their images \& thereby laid the foundation of worshiping these Gods by pictures & {illeg} statues/. And \his/ institutions were so well observed as to become the religion of y^t {illeg} nation till the times of he it was succeed {sic} by Christianity. And here we may w^th better reason place y^e rise & original of Idolatry in the Gods w^ch their first kings set up being worshipp For these Gods & these their figures were obteined in Egypt all that time. & have been \then/ \{illeg} Thus ready was the ambition vanity or superstition of Princes to introduce &c. Here then/ we may w^th more reason place y^e rise & original of idolatry after y^e flood then amongst Conventicles in private families or conventicles \the inferior people as you do without gr/ w^thout any ground in history. For we shall scarce find any other footsteps of Idolatry so ancient.

* That {Isi} the worsh lamentation of solemnity of y^e sacred Ox \solemn worship of Osiris by every 4^th year by/ lamenting \every year/ this|e| death of Osiris \& seeking his scattered members/ & drowning every 4^th year {sic} the Ox w^ch was consecrated to him, was nothing else then his funeral solemnity instituted at first to be oberved {sic} yearly & every 4^th year \& {seven days}/ in honour of his memory & by {illeg} consequence \that it was/ instituted by the authority of the nation soon after his death. That Isis when he \Osiris/ was first slain \drowned by Typhon his wife/ Isis gathered up his scattered members & covering them well with put \entombed/ them in wooden ox & y^{t g[30]} she & Mercury {illeg} in memory of these things instituted in memory of these things instituted the above mentioned \divine honours &/ sacred rites as to a great {illeg} endeavouring & promoted his worship adding much \many things other things/ mystically force to his worship that they for magnifying the by w^ch they might magnify the power of this God. That Mencheres \or Mycerinus/ the 12^th King of Memphis who (according to Marsham) reigned \in Egypt/ about y^e time that Abraham left came \went/ from Vr of y^e Chaldees into Canaan & who is called Mencherinus by Diodorus & Mycerinus by Herodotus, ^h[31] did in imitation of Isis bury \intomb/ his daughter in the belly of a wooden Ox guilded Ox & placed it in a room ado\r/ned for that purpose that odors might be daily offered to her & a lamp be burnt in y^e night. That the same Isis ^k[32] erected a stately Temple to her parents Iupiter & Iuno that is to Iupiter Hammon & two other {gilt} temples one of w^ch was to y^e same Iupiter Hammon & that she erected other Temples to other Gods & instituted honours & Priests to them. That Basilea (she is y^e same Isis) after the death of her son & daughter Helius & Selene (y^t is Apollo & Diana or Oris & Bubaste) required her subjects to worship them as Gods & y^t y^e Egyptians so soon as she was dead added the worship of her to that of her children. |And| That {sic} Thoth or <32r> Mercury – – – – all that time. And thence it became a tradition of Egyptian Priests ^a[33] that in the worship of y^e Gods was commanded them y^t beginning by their kings from y^e beginning. So then if {illeg} the Ægyptian Priests understood y^e originalls of their own kingdom (& what {illeg} I nation I pray had more ancient records then they?) the Worship of their Gods sprang not up are \crept not in/ by degrees among y^e inferior people as you would persuad have it but suppose be presume \conjecture/, but was {illeg} ordeined by their first Kings \& conserved by all y^e rest/ in honour of their family. & for y^e same reason perpetually enjoyned by all y^e kings which followed. For how much they affected to glorify themselves in their descent from y^e Gods you may understand by that \y^e proud/ inscription of \of king Ramestes on/ an Obelisk made by Ramestes one of interpreted by Hermapion & \in part/ conserved by Ammianus. & w^ch {illeg} is nothing else then a perpetual continual glying of glor glorifying of {illeg} E So ready was y^e ambition vanity & supertition {sic} of Princes to introduce their predecessor into y^e divine w^p of y^e people to secure to themselves the greater veneration from their subjects as descended from y^e Gods & erecting such a worship & such a religion \Priesthood/ as might awe the blinded & seduced people into such an obedience as they de {sic} desired. Here then we have the true original of y^e corruption of the religion of Noah \& the true cause of its spreading so early & so generally/. ffor this policy of y^e kings of Egypt was soon fell took w^th y^e kings of other nations.

Was not y^e great God of y^e Eastern nations \Baal or/ Iupiter Belus the first king of Assyria founder of the Ass first king of Assyria? And which I pray is more likely that y^e Court should promote y^e honour of y^e Kings among y^e people or y^e people find out these refined ways of doing it & introduce them into Courts? Was it y^e business \interest & {illeg}/ of y^e p{illeg} people to cheat themselves into slavery by these {illeg} fals religions \such kinds of state policies/ or was it not not {sic} rather the interest business of y^e court to do it? And Diodorus^[34] tells us that {illeg} Belus brought colonies out of Egypt & instituted Priests there after y^e manner of y^e Egyptians. And do now you think \will you say/ that he \& his successors/ did not by these Priests introuce the Egyptian superstitions {illeg} & \{illeg}/ apply them to |t|his|eir| own family for establishing |t|his|eir| kingdom?

What Idolatry does your History tell you of in \among the/ Greeks before Phoroneus & Danaus kings of y^e Argivi, & Cecrops & Theseus kings of Attica, & Cadmus king of Thebes \Epopeus king of the Sicyonij & the rest some others/ introduced it? And why did they introduce it but to deify their ancestors by applying to them y^e ffables & worship of y^e Egyptian Gods? For what else were the Gods of the Greeks but their ancient kings? And whence {illeg} \{illeg}/ came that And whence came y^e apotheosis of ancient custome of y^e ancient Greeks of calling \even/ their \living/ Kings ἰσόθεοι & ἰσα Θεω but from the \state/ polity of {illeg} placing {illeg} images raising their estimation among the people by an opinion of divinity?

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$\begin{array}{rrr}791)& 52900& (677\\ & 4746\phantom{0}\\ & 544\phantom{0}\\ & 4837\\ & 603\\ & 28\end{array}$

And all the Diet put into one & the same Box of Diet shall be of Plate of one & the same standard in fineness. And as often as the Diets And if any Plate shall be bespoken eleven ounces ten penny weight fine the same shall not be made \may be \then/ made of that fineness & not/ coarser upon the penalty aforesaid, & it shall be marked with                                                    & the Diet thereof shall be kept upon \in/ a Box \of Diet/ apart And as often as the Diets of the Goldsmiths of York, Bristol, Exeter, Norwich, Chester, & Newcastel have not been tried at the trial of the Pix of |y^e| new coined moneys within two years before; the Assaymasters of those towns shall annually upon notice in writing from the Wardens of the \said/ Company of Goldsmiths or any three of them, bring or send their several Diets to the Hall of the said Company in London, to be there tryed by the Committee of the said Company at the same time & in the same manner with the Diet of the |s^d| Company: all w^ch Diets shall be of one & the same stand^d

But \such/ Plate of eleven ounce ten penny weight fine \of this fineness of this fineness/ shall not be made \of this fineness/ unless

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became Tutor to the child & then travelled into Crete & Asia till the child grew up & brought back with him the Poem of Homer \suppose about the 21 or 22 Ol. & the public by his {Rams}/ suppose in about the or 22^th Olympiad \suppose about the 22 Oymp [& this was/ in the reign of Agesilaus the son & successor of Dosissus or Doriagus in the other race of the kings of Sparta.] |& might be about the 22^th Olympiad. And therefore Lycurgus & Agesillaus flourished a little after th published his laws a little after the 18^th Olymp suppose in from the 18 \migh/ published {sic} his laws about the 22^th Olympiad. Terpander| < insertion from lower down f 33v > ^{[Editorial Note 13]} & then travelled into Crete & Asia till the child grew up, & brought back with him the Poesy of Homer & published it in Greece, suppose about the 20 or 22^th Olympiad, & soon after published his laws. Terpander was a Lyric Poet < text from higher up f 33v resumes > Torpender was a Lyric Poet & imitated Orpheus & Homer & sung his own verses & Homers & wrote the Laws of Lycurgus in verse & therefore flourished after Lycurgus had brought the Poesy of Homer \returned/ out of Asia & published it \his laws/ in Greece. He \This Poet/ was the first who distinguished the modes of Lyric \music/ by several names. And Ardalus & Clonas soon after did the {illeg} like for wind music. And from henceforward several eminent Musicians & Poets flourished in Greece unto perfection as Archilochus, Polymnestus, Thaletas, Xenodamus, Xenocritus, Sacadas, Tyrtæus, Tlesilla, Alcman, Arion, Stesichorus, Mimnermus, Alcæus, Sappho, Theognis, Anacreon, Pindar, by whom the Musick & Poetry of the Greeks was brought to its perfection.

Lycurgus published his laws in the reign of Agesilaus kin the son & successor of Dorissus or Doriagus \in/ the other race of the kings of Sparta From the return of the Heraclides – – – Olympiad as above.

When Lycurgus

<34r>

God \& altars for offering oyle & drink offering./ For as we build temples & set apart the places so its reasonable to beleive that the Ancients before they began to build \such/ temples set apart certain places for Gods worship & marked the places by erecting \only/ stones or altars. For when God had appeared to Iacob in Bethel \his way to Haran/ he Iacob said surely the lord is in this place & I knew it not. \How dreadful is this place./ This is none other but the house of God & this is the gate of heaven. And then to mark the place he took y^e stone he had slept upon & set it up for a pillar & poured oyle upon it & called not only the stone but the whole place Bet & the adjacent city Bethel, that is the house of God & vowed that if he returned in peace that stone should be Gods house & he would there give the tenth of all he had to God. This offering of tenths shews that he set y^e place apart \as {illeg} a P{rytanæū} as prophe as/ for Gods worship by \continual/ sacrifices \as in the temples or {prytanæa} /as in the prytaneum or temples of those days\/. ffor after his return he \went &/ dwelt there & built an altar to God \that is he built a prytaneum/. And indeed the pillar it self was nothing else then an altar for such things as could be offered upon it. ffor when Iacob \was/ returned thither & God appeared again to him, he set up another pillar \of stone/ & poured a drink offering & oyle upon it, & called y^e place Bethel as before. Now Betyls the heathen Betyls being nothing else then {illeg} or Bethels were no doubt originally of the same kind with Iacobs \as the name imports/ & therefore they were at first nothing else then {illeg} marks of places set apart for Gods |y^e| worship \of the true God/ & altars \set up/ for offer drink offerings & oyle to y^e true God |offerings to him And these erecting such altars seems to have been in use from y^e beginning. ffor such no doubt were the pillars of \erected by/ Hercules & Bacchus & from this practise the name Bætylus was given to Canaan & {illeg} to the stone which Rhea gave {illeg} Saturn instead of her son Iupiter.| But when the heathens began to worship fals Gods they abused these Bethels & made \feigned/ them \to be/ the houses or habitations of their fals Gods & made them the objects of their worship whence & so as to be animated by them as λίθους ἐμχύχους animated stones as Sanchoniatho calls them \that is animated by the souls of their Gods dwelling in them/, & made |on this ground \account/ they made| them the objects of their \{as they}/ worship. \These stones were Bethels were/ At {sic} first they were such rude stones as Iacob found in the feild but afterwards they gave them regular Geometrical figures forming them either ^a conically or ^b square or ^c Oval & at length & when men grew still better artists the {sic} shaped them like men & weomen & sometimes like bruit beasts. And this I take to be the true original of the worship of Idols. \For Porphyrius tells us ☉/ < insertion from the left margin of f 34v > ☉ Porphyrius tells us that Damascans a people of Arabia did every {illeg} /sacrifice\ a boy & bury him under the {altar} υπὸ βομὸν χρωνται ὡς ξοάνης where the under the altar, w^ch they worshipped as used {illeg} as a statue. This altar was therefore a Betyl. ffor < text from f 34r resumes > And because the nations turned this sort of Altars into Idols then Moses commands that y^e great Altar should be made of unhewn stones.

Now{illeg} whilest the Heathens \Nations/ feigned the stars & elements \& columns/ & statues \& certain Beasts & Birds/ & other things to be inhabited by the souls of their Gods & by means of those souls to \be Gods &/ govern the world, they recconed that these things by their motions & other {illeg} \influen operations/ were significative of things to come & thence invented divers divinatory arts (as Astrology Augury \Haruspicine/ Necromancy, \Haruspicine conjuring/ Southsaying) by w^ch & y^e crafty artifice of y^e people Oracles \& figments of statues & columns fallen from heaven/ & such like tricks the superstition of y^e people toward these Gods was extreamly increased & the whole world deceived. \I name conjuring because that seems to have had its rise from the practice of animating pillars & statues by certain forms of consecration/. And these were the heathen superstitions from w^ch Moses made a reformation.