<1r>

Chap VI.
Of the Colonies of Ægyptians & Phœnicians who
civilized the Greeks.

T|W|hen Ioshua conquered Canaan great numbers of the Cananites fled into Egypt & many of them fled through Egypt into Libya & Afric \in time/ diffused themselves from thence into all Afric as far as the Pillars of Hercules: as Procopiusa[1] thus mentions. Phœnices cum expu inexpugnabilum conspicerent advenarum exercitum, patrios fines deserentes in Ægyptum vicinam migrarunt, ibi numero ac sobole crescentes cum non satis commodum tantæ multitudini locum invenissent in Africam penetravere ubi civitates quamplures habitantes omnem eum tractum us ad Herculis columnas tenuerunt semiphœnicia lingua et catalecto utentes, oppidum Tingen situ munitissime|u|m in Numidia ædifacerunt, ubi duæ ex albo lapide \columnæ/ prope magnum fontem constitutæ, in quibus Phœnicum lingua litteræ incisæ sunt hujusmodi. Nos a facie fugimus Iesu prædonis filij Nave. Hi demum quod nulli sint eis antiquiores Aphricæ indignæ dicuntur esse. And to the same purpose Eusebiusb[2] tells us that the Canaanites flying from the face of the sons of Israel built. Tripolis in Africa. \And the Ierusalem Gemara c[3] that the Gergesites fled from Ioshua going into Afric./ The manner of their coming into Egypt is thus described by Manetho \the Egyptian d[4]/ the second book of his history of Egypt.

We had a king called Timaus in whol|s|e reign there came unexpectedly from the east an ignoble sort of men who confidently pitched their tents in our country, & \by their strength/ easily seized by their it without war, & gaining the Princes governours of the country to their side, afterwards cruelly burnt the cities & subverted the temples of the Gods, & carried themselves in a most hostile manner towards all the natives killing some of them & reducing the children & wives of others into servitude, & in conclud|s|ion made one of their numbers called Salatis their king; & he coming to Memphis made the regions above & below tributary leaving garrisons in convenient places. – – – And finding in the Nome or Province of Sais a very convenient city on ye eastern side of the Bubastic stream of the Nile, which was called Abaris, he built this & fortified it with stro very strongly with walls, placing there an armed multitude |to| in|th||e| number of 240000 men for its custody. And after him reigned Bæon, Apagnas, Apophis, Janis|a||s &| T|A|ssis \successively./. & These were their first six kings, who were always conquering & endeavouring to cut up the root of Egypt. They were called Hicsos, that is, shepherd Kings. For Hic in ye sacred language signifies a king & sos in the vulgar language a shepherd. They & their successors obteined Egypt 511 years, & theyn they were \this kingdom ot|f|hese shepherds was/ invaded by the kings of Thebais & the rest of Egypt who made a very great & lasting war upon them, & under their kings Alisphrag <2r> muthosis or Misphragmuthosis & his \son/ Tethmosis or Amosis drove them out of Egypt. First Misphragmuthosis \king of Thebais/ drove them out of a part of Egypt & then his son Amosi forced them to fortify themselves in the kingdom of Abaris \wch was ten thousand Aruras in compass./ Then Amosis his son made fresh war upon them & when he could not force them he covenanted with them that they should retire & seek new seats with all their \families cattel &/ possessions \out of Egypt quietly/ & go whether they pleased. Whereupon they went with their families & possessions to ye number of 240000, out of Egypt through the wilderness into syria & seating themselves in Iudea built there a city wch might be sufficient for their number, & called it Ierusalem. And this is the account wch Manetho gives of the kingdom of Shepherds.

Here Matho Manetho takes these shepherd to be the Israelites who built Ierusalem, but he tells us that {illeg}some took them took them for Arabians. Africans speaking of the first six kings saith that they more truly that they were Phœniceans. Ἠσαν d|δ|φοίνικες ξένοι βασιλεῖς 5. Bochartus[5] makes them a colony of Phenicians & interprets the names of the first six kings in the Phenician language. And Ierome saith of the language of Canaan:[6] Inter Ægyptiam et Hebræam media est et Hebrææ magna ex parte confinis, Its between the Egyptian & Hebrew & for the most part comes nearer to the Hebrew. Which is a strong argument that the Canaanites were mixt of people who had converst in Egypt later then the Hebrews had done & d|b|y consequence that the shepherds at their coming out of Egypt mixt with the Canaanites rather then with the Hebrews. The Canaanites were shepherds & lay next Egypt, & its more likely that the Egyptian sheepherds would go to a nation of their one language & profession \& kindred & / wch lay nearest to them, then to {illeg}|a| remote|r| nation of a strange language.

Herodotus[7] tells us that a region in Memphys round the Temple of Proteus was inhabited by Tyrian Phenicians all wch place was called the camp of the Tyrians. Probably these were the reliques of the shepherds. He tells us also[8] that of a city in the Delta called Aterbechis in wch was a temple of Venus; & by the name of the city this Venus seems to be the Venus of the Phenicians called Atargatis. The name is corruptly formed of Aster-dag, & signifies a Queen of Sheepherds heardsmen & mariners, the word Aster & in the plural number Asteroth signifying heards of cattel & flocks of sheep & the word dag a fig fish. As a Queen of sheepherds & heardsmen she ware upon her head the head of an Ox (or diadem so formed) & was called Asteroth & corruptly Astarte & Athara, & as a Queen of Mariners <3r> she was sometimes formed like a fish below & then called Atargatis & corruptly Derceto, & here in Herodotus.[9] Atarbechis. When any bulls died in Egypt it was the custome of the Egyptians to bury them neare their cities with one of their horns above grownd for a signe, & after a certain time where|n| {illeg}|t|heir bodies were rotted away the inhabitants of this city Atarbechis came to the cities of Egypt in ships, dug up the bones, carried them ~ away to a common burying place & there buried them together. This service imposed by the Egyptians upon the inhabitants of this city implies that they were the remains of ancient heardsmen who had left a brood of cattel scattered over the land of Egypt, & their Goddess Aterbechis after whom (according to the custome of the Egyptians who named their cities from their Gods) the city seems to be named, implies that they were Phenicians.

These shepherds while they reigned in Egypt sacrificed men & in Busiris like the Phenicians, & in Busiris a city in the middle of the Delta the Egyptians long after the expulsion of the shepherds continued to beat themselves in their worship & some cut their foreheads after the manner of the Priests of Baal[10] the God of the Zidonians. At the tomb or temple of Osiris they sacrificed red men[11] because Typhon was red, & few Egyptians being found of that colour they sacrificed strangers. In Heliopolis they sacrificed three men daily \to Iuno/[12] till one of the Amosis having taken that city from them abolished those sacrifices by substituting wax|en| images of men. And therefore they reigned over Heliopolis, & by consequence over a great part of the lower Egypt till after the days of Misphragmuthosis.

Diodorus in his 40th Book saith[13] that in Egypt there were formerly multitudes of strangers of several nations who used forreign rites & ceremonies in worshipping the Gods; for which they were expelled Egypt, & under Danaus Cadmus & other skilfull commanders after great hardships came into Greece & other places, but the greatest part of them came into Iudea not far from Egypt, a country then uninhabited & desart, being conducted thether by one Moses a wise & valiant man, who after he had possest himself of the country, among other cities built Ierusalem & the Temple. Dio <4r> dorus here mistakes the original of the Iews Israelites as Manetho had done before, confounding them|ir| flight of into the Wilderness under the conduct of Moses, with the flight of the shepherds into Phœnicia. But however he let us know that the shepherds were expelled Egypt a little before the building of Ierusalem & the Temple & \that/ after several hardships some of them came into Greece & other places under the conduct of Cadmus & other Captains, but the most of them settled in Phœnicia next Egypt. We may reccon therefore that the wars between the king of Thebais & the Shepherds were the cause occasion \that the Philistims were so numerous in the days of Saul &/ that so many men came wth colonies out of Egypt & Phenicia into Greece as Cecrops, Lelex, Inachus, \Pelasgus/ Cadmus, \Phineus, Membliarius, Alymnus,/ Erechtheus, Peteos, & that these things happened in the reign of Eli Samuel & David; Cadmus being cont Cecrops, Lelex, Inachus & Pelasgus being contemporary to Eli, & Cadmus \Membliarius Alymnus/ Erechtheus |&| Phorbas & Peteos to David as was shewed above.

Iustin Martyr[14] tells us that Apion the Grammarian son of Possidonius in his commentary against the Iews, & in hos fourth book of histories, saith that when Inachus reigned at Argos the Iews under the conduct of Moses (he means the Shepherds) departed from Amasis king of Egypt, & that the same thing is reported by Ptolomy the Mendesian an Egyptian Priest who wrote the affairs of Egypt, & by Hellanicus & Philocorus who wrote the acts of the Athenians, & by Castor & Thallus A & Alexander Polyh{illeg}|i|stor. So also \Whence/ Tatian & Clemens out of ancient authors make Inachus contempory to Moses. But Polemo the expulsion of the Shepherds out of Egypt is by Polemo in the first book of his Greek histories saith that in the time of Apis the son of Phoroneus part of the Egyptian army withdrew it self from Egypt & seated it self in Palestine not far from Arabia, that is, the army of the Shepherds withdrew it self from Abaris by the compact made with Amosis. The wars between the kings of Thebais & the Shepherds being lasting some of the Shepherds fled out of Egypt into Greece & other places in the days of Inachus & at length the main army retired into Phenicia in the days of Apis the son of Phoroneus, & after many hardships endured in Phenicia, some of the army came with Cadmus & his companions into Greece. Whence I seem to gather that Misphragmuthosis drave them out of all Egypt above Memphys & perhaps \out out of/ some part of Egypt below it, in the days of Eli when Inachus Lelex \Pelasgus &/ Cecrops came into Greece, & that Amosis dr caused the rest of their army to retire into Phenicia in the days of Samuel, where they endured great hardships by the want of provisions & by the wars wch Saul & David made upon them, until David f by his victories forced great numbers of them to set|e|k new seats under the conduct of Cadmus & other Captains.

The retiring of the Shepherds out of Egypt energ \augmenting/ <5r> the armies & strength of the Philistims & making them too numerous for their country, seems to have given occasion to the great wars wch they made upon Israel in the days of Eli, Samuel Saul & David. For they conquered Israel & reigned over them 40 years untill Samuel in the 20th year of his reign beat them in a great battel & subdued them & took from them the cities wch they had taken from Israel & delivered coasts of Israel out of their hand so that they came no more into the coast of Israel. For the hand of the Lord was against the Philistims all the days of Samuel, that (1 Sam. 7.) that is, untill the reign of Saul. The Philistims therefore conquered Israel about the middle of the reign of Eli; about wch time Inachus, Lelex, Cecrops, Pelasgus & their companions fled from Egypt into Greece as we shewed above. And again in the beginning of the reign of Saul or the year before, they conquered Israel again \a second time/ & reduced them to such a degree of subjection that there was no \were no /w\ swords nor spears nor so much as/ /was no\ smiths found in all Israel: least the H for the Philistims said, Least the Hebrews should make themselves swords & spears. And in the second year of Saul \now/ the army of the Philistims consisted of thirty thousand chariots & six thousand horsmen & foot as the sand wch is on the sea shore in multitude. Which wo innumerable multitude seems|being| too great to be composed of the Philistims alone without the access of the Shepherds from Egypt: it seems to me that the army of the Shepherds made peace with Amosis & quitted Egypt upon a prospect of joyning with the Philistims to conquer Palestine, & that from this conjunction ensued all that vehement war with Saul & David untill after many battels they were subdued by David & \applying themselves to sea affairs/ a part of their army |was| force to seek new seats in Asia minor Greece & Afric as has been explained above & for want of room were forced to apply themselves to sea affairs & in great numbers to seek new seats in Asia minor Greece & Afric, as has been explained above.

When the Philistims strengthned by the access of the Shepherds were in their greatest power they beseiged & took Zidon & thereby gave occasion to the building of Tyre \& Aradus/ as Trogus in his 18th book thus mentions. A rege Ascaloniorum expugnati Sidonij navibus appulsi Tyrum urbem ante annum Trojanæ cladis condiderunt. This original of Tyre I understand not \And Strabo (l. 16) Aradus was built by men who fled from Sidon./ And h|H|ence Isaiah calls Tyre the daughter of Zidon, the inhabitants of the Isle whom the Merchants of Zidon have replenished. This original of Tyre I understand not of the first building of the town wch Iosephus saith was 240 years before the building of Solomons Temple, but of the making it a populous trading city like that of Zidon & building it accordingly. For the Zidonians built it for that purpose. And this seems to have been in the days of Abibalus & his son Hiram the two first kings of Tyre named in history. For Iosephus[15] tells us out of Menander & Dius, that Hiram king of Tyre succeeding his father Abibus, added a <6r> large region to ye Island eastward by heaping up earth & built the city greater & the Temple of Iupiter Olympus wch was in the Island he joyned to the city by a ridge of earth thrown between them, & adorned the Temple with gifts of gold, & demolishing the old Temples built new ones & dedicated the Temples of Hercules & Astartes. Kings upon founding or much enlarging their kingdoms usually build their cities more sumptuously as David & Solomon did Ierusalem & the Temple, Sesostris the cities & temples of Egypt, Nebuchadnezzar the city of Babylon, Dejoces Ecbatane, & Augustus Rome; & accordingly the building of Tyre by Hiram argues a new dominion of the Tyrians. Now that this was the building of Tyre mentioned by Trogus, may be concluded from hence, that Soloma|o|n in the beginning of his reign called the servants of Hiram Zidonians. My servants, saith he, shall be with thy servants, & unto thee will I give hire for thy servants according to all that thou desirest, for thou knowest that there is not amongst us any that can skill to hew timber like unto the Zidonians. 1 King. 5.6 The new inhabitants of Tyre had not yet lost the name of Zidonians, nor had the old inhabitants (if there were any considerable number of them) gained the reputation of the new ones for skill in hewing of timber as they would have done had shipping been long in use at Tyre. We may reccon therefore that the king of Ascalon (one of the five Lords of the Philistims) took Zidon in \neare/ the beginning of the reign of David or not long before. For then were the Philistims most potent & active in invading their neighbours & propagating their dominion. And from the hostility between the Philistims & Zidonians it seems to have happened that David had friendship with the king of Tyre while he made war upon the Philistims, & that the Zi \Ty/don|r|ians traded with Solomon upon the red Sea while the Zidonians traded apart upon the Mediterranean. So then Ierusalem & Tyre were built about the same time as head cities of new kingdoms, & thence forward continued in a flor|u|rishing condition untill Nebuchadnezzar beseiged & took them. The red Sea being very shallow, & for that reason |Aradus was also built by men who were expelled from Sidon, & perhaps abo at the same time with Tyre those who built Tyre.| \And Aradus Arvad or Arpad continued under its own kings till it was conquered by the king of Assyria/

<7r>

When David[16] smote Hadad-ezer king of Zobah & slew the Syrians of Damascus who came to assist him Rezon fled from his lord Hadad-ezer & gathering a band of men became their captain & reigned in Damascus over Syria. He is called Hezion 1 King. 15.18, & his successors were Tabrimon, Hadad or Ben-hadad, Hazael, Ben-hadad, * * Rezen. In the reign of Rezen Tiglathpulaser captivated the Syrians & put an end to the kingdom. Iosephus[17] tells us that the Syrians till his days worshipped both Adar (that is Adad or Benadad) & his successor Hazael as Gods for their benefactions & for building Temples by wch they adorned the city Damascus. For, saith he, they daily celebrate solemnities in honour of these kings & boast their antiquity not knowing that they were novel & lived not above eleven hundred years ago. Iustin[18] calls the first of those two kings Damascus, saying that the city had its name from him & that in honour of him the Syrians worshipped his wife Arathes as a Goddess, using her sepulchre for a Temple.

When David smote Hadad Edom, Ioab staid there wth all Israel six months untill he had smitten every male in Edom 1 King. 11.15, 16. This made Hadad the young king of Edom fly into Egypt with certain Edomites his fathers serants {sic}; & as many \others/ of the Edomites as could escape fled to the Philistims & to Sidon & other places where they could be protected. For Stephanus in Azot tells us:{illeg} ταύτυν ἔκτισαν εἷς τῶν ἐπανελθόντων ἀπ' Ερυθρᾶς Θαλάσσης φευγάδων A fuga|i|tive or exul from the red sea built Arot or Ashdod. That is, a fugitive Prince of Edom fortified it against the Israelites. By this victory over the Edomites, Ezion Gebar & Eloth (sea ports of the Edomites on the Red Sea) came into the hands of David & his successors. And Solomon[19] built a navy in Ezion Gebar & sent it on the Red Sea with the fleet of Hiram king of Tyre to Tarshish & Ophir for gold & silver & ivory p|&| Peacocks [or Parrots] & Apes & pretious stones & Almug trees; by wch means the Queen of Sheba or Sabea in Arabia Felix heard of Solomon's Nav glory; & Hiram sent with Solomon's servants in Solomons navy his own servants shipmen who had knowledge of the sea. Solomon's servants were therefore novices in sea affairs & Hiram's servants were experienced shipmen who had knowledge of those seas by former voyages, for Hiram had also a Navy on ye Red Sea 1 King. 10.11, 22. And thus the tra This fleet traded upon all the {illeg} Erythræan sea going as far as the Persian gulf & gulf & the coasts adjoyning. For \one of the Islands in the Persian Arabic gulf was called Astarte, that name being given it by ye Phenicians, &/ Strabo[20] tells us from ancient authors that neare the mouth of the Persian gulf were two Islands called Tyrus & Aradus wch had Temples like the Phenician & whose inhabitants affirmed that the cities of Phœnicia of the same name <8r> were there|eir| colonies. Hence came the opinion of the Persians mentioned in Herodotus, that the Phœnicians were colonies came from the red sea; whereas its much more probable that those Islands had their names from were colonies of the Phenicians & had their names from the cities Tyre & Aradus in Phenicia.

The Red Sea being very shallow & for that reason calmer then the Mediterranean was navigable in smaller vessels such as men could make in the beginning. And the short voyages between the many Islands with wch that sea abounded, were an invitation to try that sea first. There navigation had its rise & was pro \from/ c|t|hence it came to the mediterranean. For Pliny[21] tells us: Nave primus in Græcian ex Ægypto Danaus advenit; ante ratibus navigabatur inventis in mari rubro inter insulas a rege Eythra. And Stephanus,[22] that this sea was called Erythra from Erythra the Hero. And Strabo,[23] that on the coast of Carmania southward in the open sea was the island Tyrrhina \(he means Ormus)/ in wch was the sepulchre of Erythra, being a great heap of earth planted with palm trees & that Erythra reigned in those parts & left his name to that sea. But Erythra is a Greek word of the same signification with Edom in Hebrew & red in English, & therefore king Erythra is usually taken for Edom or Esau. Certainly the red sea, the Eythrean sea & the sea of Edom are phrases of the same signification & the inhabitants of that sea or s|p|ea|o||ple| of Edom are by the Greeks called Erythreans & had their name originally from Edom or Esau, & being driven from that sea by David & his successors mixed wth the Phenicians and traded \with them/ upon the Mediterranean & then built several cities called Erythrean by the Greeks. For Herodotus[24] tells us that the Gephyræans were Phenicians who came with Cadmus into Bœtia & affirmed that they of themselves that they were originally from Erethria, & Stephanus[25] that Erethra was the name of a city in Ionia, of another in Libya of another in Locris, of another in Bœotia & of another in Cyprus. Erythræ in Ionia was a seaport town & a colony of forreigners.[26] The inhabitants said that they came from Crete under the conduct of Eythrus the son of Rhadamanthus; but their God was Phenician. For they worshipped the statue of Hercules brought from Tyre,[27] & in memory of its coming from thence they kept it standing upon the wood of the ship wch brought it. By their God you may know that they were Phœ|e|nicians, & by their name that they came from the Eythræan sea. Erythra was also a city of Ætolia & another {illeg}|i|n Asia neare Chius the country of the Eythrean Sibyl, & Erythræa acra was a promontory in Libya & Erythræ|um| a promontory in Crete & Eythros a place neare Tybur & Erythini a city & country of Paphlagonia, & Erythia or Eythræa the Island of Gades peopled by the Phœnicians,

Nam repeto Herculeas Erythræa ad littora Gades. Silius l. 19.

[1] aDe bel. Vandal. l. 2.

[2] Chrol|n|. l. 1. p. 11.

[3] c Ad tit. Shebij. h. cap. 6

[4] Apud Ioseph. cont. Apion. l. 1. p. 1039.

[5] Geogr. l. 1. c. 4.

[6] Hieron. in Isa. lib. 7. c. 19.

[7] Herod. l. 2. c. 112.

[8] Herod. l. 2. c. 41

[9] Herod. l. 2.

[10] Herod. l. 2. c. 61. 1 King. 18.28.

[11] Diodor. l. 1. p. 56.

[12] Manetho apud Porphyrium περὶ ἀποχῆς l. 1. sec. 55. & Euseb. Præp l. 4. c. 16. p. 155.

[13] Apud Photiuū in Bibl.

[14] In cohortatone ad Gentes Græcos.

[15] Antiq. l. 8. c. 2. p. 267, 268. & cont. Apion. l. 1. p. 1043.

[16] 1 Sam. 8.10.10 {sic} 1 King. 11

[17] Ioseph. Antiq. l. 9. c. 2.

[18] Iustin. l. 36.

[19] 1 King. 9

[20] Strabo l. 16. p. 766

[21] Plin. l. 7. c. 56

[22] Steph. in ἜρυΘρα

[23] Strabo l. 16. p. 766.

[24] Herod. l. 5. c. 57

[25] in Ερυθραί.

[26] Pausan. l. 7. c. 3

[27] Pausan. l. 7. c. 5.

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