Untitled treatise on Revelation (Section 1.7)

<1r>

seats: who fleeing from them in two parts from \to/ y^e side of y^e Danube, & being still prosecuted by y^e enemy, the western part or Visigoths \the one part/ supplicates Valens to receive them into his dominions & protection, promising obedience: but being admitted into Thrace, the next year upon y^e recipt of some {injuries}, they \for want of victualls being provoked \through/ famin & oppression they are provoked to rebell/ spoile y^e country, & under y^e conduct of Fritigern repuls \put to flight/ y^e Roman forces w^ch came to suppress them. In y^e mean time y^e eastern \other/ part or Ostrogoths also pass y^e Danube & y^e {Hunses} pursue them & subject them but yet permit them to live under their own king as a subordinate kingdom. After w^ch they \w^thout leave/ under y^e conduct of Alatheus & Saphraces [the Guardians of their young King] \&/ side w^th y^e other Goths against y^e Romans, many of the Hunns & Alans also being \invited to/ joyne {sic} w^th {sic} them.

When Valens heard of these troubles, he made peace w^th y^e Persians & led his army against this new enemy but was overthrown \by them/ neare Hadrianople w^th a very great slaughter, scarce y^e third part of his army escaping & himself being burnt in a {country} cottage whither he fled for safety. And after this \they/ raged up & down Thrace & Mœsia & y^e neighbouring Provinces from y^e very walls of Constantinople to y^e roots of y^e Italian Alps, harasing & spoiling all places & captivating or killing \many of/ y^e inhabitans {sic}. This was in y^e year 378 But y^e next year Theodosius being made Emperor instead of Valens, set upon them & repulsed them in severall battels w^th very great slaughter. & again in y^e beginning of y^e next year. But then falling sick at Thessalonica the Barbarians again break out of Thrace into Pannonia & Macedon \the neighbouring regions/ depopulating all places as before:^[1] w^ch Gratian hearing of sent Baudo, Arbogastes & Vitalian against them, whereof Baudo & Arbogastes expelled those w^ch had invaded Macedon & Thessaly, & Vitalian represt Fritigern in Achaia & Epire, & Alatheus & Saphraces in Pannonia, & \towards the end of the year 380/ made peace w^th them in y^e name name of the Emperors, granting them Thrace <2r> to inhabit as before. This I have described y^e more particularly becaus it was y^e irruption w^ch historians account to have been y^e cause of y^e dissolution of the Empire. Sub mortem Valentiniani in Orientis regno Gothorum gens sedibus suis pulsa per omnes se Thracias se infudit armisqꝫ urbes et agros vastare feraliter cœpit. E Valens ab hostibus circumventus in prædio quo ex bello trepidus confugerat exustus est: quæ pugna initium mali Romano Imperio tunc et deinceps fuit. Ruffin in calce Euseb. l 11. c 13. ** < insertion from f 1v > ** Hunnos Gothi, transito Danubio fugientes a Valente sine ulla fœderis pactione suscepti sunt qui tribuit ejs terras Thraciarum ad habitandum, arbitratus præparatum solatium ab eis habere contra omnes Barbaros: hac pro re milites de {cæteris} negligebat et eos qui dudum contra hostes elaboraverant Imperator despiciebat - Hoc ergo fuit initium ut in illo tempore Romana Respublica calamitatibus subderetur. Barbari namqꝫ cùm Thracias tenuissent, licenter Romanorum vastabant Provincias, &c Paulus Diaconus Hist. Miscell. l 12. c 14.

This war Idatius in his ffastus consulares describes thus. Valente 5 et Valentiniano Coss (i.e. AD 376) victi et expulsi sunt Gothi ———— —— vide alterā pag. —— < text from f 2r resumes > Anno 376 \Valentis 13/ Gens Hunnorum Gothos vastat, qui a Romanis sine depositione armorum suscepti, per avaritiam Maximi ducis ad rebellandum fame coacti sunt. Anno {illeg} \14/ superatis in congressione Romanis Gothi funduntur in Thraciam. Lachrimabile bellum in Thracia in quo, deserente equitum præsidio, Romanæ Legiones a Gothis cinctæ usqꝫ ad internecionem casæ sunt. Anno \primo/ Theodosij primo, Theodosius summa cum fælicitate multis atqꝫ ingentibus prælijs Gothos superat et e Thracia pellit Anno 2^do, procurante Gratiano, eo quod Theodosius ægrotaret, pax firmatur cum Gothis. Hieronymus et Prosper ad Calcem Eusebij Chron. Valente 5 et Valentin. coss. (A.D. 376) victi et expulsi sunt Gothi a gente Hunnorum et suscepti a Romanis. Proximo anno rebellarunt. Annoqꝫ tertio 5 Id August. Valens vincitur a Gothis et toto anno per {illeg} diœcesim Thraciarum et Scythiæ et Mœsiæ Gothi habitarunt simul et eas prædaverunt deinde usqꝫ ad portas urbis constantinopolitanæ venerunt. Deinde victo Ausonio et Olybrio coss (AD 379) Theodosius fit Augustus 14 Kal Feb. Ipso anno multa bella Romani cum Gothis commiscuerunt, deinde victoriæ nunciatæ sunt adversus Gothos Alanos atqꝫ Hunnos 15 Kal. Decemb. {illeg} Antonio et Syagria Coss: (A.D. Proximo anno Gratiano 5 et Theodosio Aug. Coss. victoræ nunciatæ sunt amborum Augustorum. Et ipso anno ingressus est Theodosius {sic} Constantinopolin 18 Kal. Decemb. [utpote cum jam convaluisset.] Antonio et Syagrio Coss (A.D. 382) universa gens Gothorum cum Rege in Romaniam se tradiderant 5. Non. Octob. {illeg} [nempe biennio post initam pacem.] Idatij fast. Cons. < insertion from f 1v > post initam pacem. To the same purpose speake \Ierom/ Prosper Marcelline & Victor \lamenting y^e war of Valens & expressing how Theodosius overcame y^e Goths Huns & Alans in many & great victories/. And Zosimus when he had newly described this war, adds: Eodem tempore (scilicet quo Gothi a Vitalione reprimerentur) Theodosio quidam alij quoqꝫ prosperi casus accidere: Nam Scyros & Carpodacos permistos Hunnis ultus est et prælio superatos Istrum trajicere suasqꝫ sedes repetere compulit. Hinc igitur militibus animorum fiducia redire, paululumqꝫ videri de rebus adversis superiorum temporum respirare Princeps, et agricolis exercendarum operarum suarum jumentis ac pecoribus liberi pastus copia fieri, {illeg} ac Theodosius quidem Imperator in hunc modum acceptis detrimentis mederi visus est. Zos l 4. Soon after these things y^e Persians also who had much troubled y^e Empire in y^e reign of Valens, sent Embassadors to Theodosius {sic} to desire y^e establishment of peace. And from that time y^{e a[2]} whole east remained in quiet for many years, y^e irruption of y^e Huns only excepted w^ch followed y^e death of Theodosius.

This was y^e Change w^ch Theodosius on a sudden wrought in y^e Empire w^ch was so great y^t Claudian de 4 Consulatu Honorij writes

So Orosius: ^[3] Cùm Gratianus afflictum ac penè collapsum reipublicæ statum videret, eadem provisione qua quondam legerat Nerva Hispanum virum Trajanum per quem respublica reparata est, legit et ipse Theodosium æquæ Hispanum virum, et restituendæ reip. necessitate apud Syrmium purpuram induit {illeg}. [Itaqꝫ Theodosius Alanos Hunnos et Gothos incunctanter aggressus magnis multisqꝫ prelijs vicit &c. In ijsdem etiam diebus Persæ qui Iuliano interfecto alijsqꝫ Imperatoribus sæpe victus nunc etiam in fugam acto, recentissimæ victoriæ satietatem crudè insultatione <2v> induit, Orientisqꝫ et Thraciæ simul præfecit Imperio. - Itaqꝫ Theodosius magnis multisqꝫ Alanos Hunnos et Gothos incunctanter aggressus magnis multisqꝫ prælijs vicit. Vrbem Constantinopolim victor intravit et ne parvam ipsam Romani exercitus manum assidue bellando deterreret fœdus cum Athanarico Rege Gothorum percussit. Athanaricus autem continuo ad Constantinopolim venit, diem obijt. Vniversæ Gothorum gentes Rege defuncto, aspicientes virtutem benignitatemqꝫ Theodosij Romano sese Imperio dediderunt. In ijsdem etiam diebus, Persæ qui Iuliano interfecto, alijsqꝫ Imperatoribus sæpe victis, nunc etiam Valente in fugam acto, recentissimæ victoriæ satietatem cruda insultatione ructabant, ultro Constantinopolim ad Theodosium misere legatos, pacemqꝫ supplices poposcerunt. Ictumqꝫ tunc fœdus est, quo universus Oriens usqꝫ ad nunc tranquilissime fruitur. Oros l This Orosius writ in y^e year 417 as is manifest by his last Chapter.

Whilst these things were doing in y^e Eastern ꝑts &c -

< text from f 2r resumes > <3r>

Whilst these things were doing in the eastern parts, Gratian (who lately succeded his father Valentinian) was impolyed in defendi{ng} Gallia from y^e incursion of y^e Alemans.^[4]Of these he slew about thirty thousand in battel w^th their King A.D 377 & made them supplicate for peace. But {sic} then hastning eastward w^th his army w^th intention to have assisted Valens against the Goths: in his absence y^e Alemans make a new irruption. Whereupon creating Theodosius Emperor & sending him against y^e Goths, he returned back into Gallia & spent y^e two next years in war w^th y^e Alemans, w^ch he concluded victoriously about y^e same time y^t y^e peace was made w^th y^e Goths. Gratiano 5 et Theodos. Aug. coss. (A.D. 380) victoriæ nunciatæ sunt amborum Augustorum. Idatij {sic} fast. Sub hoc tempore Gratianus Alemannis Galatas (Gallos scilicet) occidentales adhuc {illeg} infestantibus, ad paternam imperij sortem reversus est quam ipsi fratriqꝫ ipsius gubernandam reliquerat: cum prius Illyricos et Orientis Imperium Theodosio commisisset. Res autem illi ex voto contra Alemannos ut et Theodosio contra Istrum accolentes Barbaros confecta est. Illos quidem bello subegit, hos in amicitiam populi Romani supplices recepit: a quibus acceptis obsidibus firmata pace Thessalonicam venit, \I suppose \he went/ to see Theodosius who lay sick there/ Sozomenus l 7. c 4. This was so difficult a war ut Valentinianus, saith Ammian,^[5]versando sententias multiformes anxia {sic} sollicitudine stringebatur reputans multa et circumspiciens quibus commentis Alemannorum & Macriani regis frangeret fastus sine fine vel modo rem Romanam inquietis motibus confundentes. Being thus at his wits end, he first^[6]sollicited y^e Burgundians to his aid & then^[7] attempted to take away y^e life of Macrianus by treachery, & afterwards plotted to raise civil wars among y^e Alemans by setting up another king \among them/ against Macrianus: all w^ch practises were far from y^e custom of y^e Romans. But \yet/ at length his son Gratian \as was said/ brought things to a happy issue by conquering y^e enemy.

In the time of these actions, the Lombards also coming from the northern regions about Scandia to seek new seats <4r> enter into Mœsia & make war upon y^e Vandals a barbarous people w^ch were formerly seated beyond y^e Danube between y^e Goths eastward & Marcomans westward^[8]But in y^e time of Constantine y^e great being expelled their seats by the Goths, they were permitted by to pass the Danube & seat themselves in Pannonia, & had there continued there in absolute obedienc {sic} to y^e Roman laws for about forty years. But {sic} being now disturbed by y^e Lombards & not able to w^thstand them, they make an incursion into Gallia, but are repulsed the next year by Gratian & forced to return back from whence they came. Anno primo Theodosij Longobardi ab extremis Germaniæ finibus Occaniqꝫ protinus littore, Scandiaqꝫ Insula magna egressi & novarum sedium avidi, Ibore et Ione ducibus Vandalos primum vicerunt. Prosper. The incursion of y^e Vandals into Gallia & their repuls by Gratian Iornandes puts in y^e next year when Theodosius was sick at Thessalonica.

These are y^e fatal winds w^ch began to blow in the time of Valentinian & Gratian but from y^e end of y^e year 380 all are all restrained untill y^e appointed time: Afric & Brittain being quieted a little before.

< insertion from f 2v >

For y^e history of y^e wars w^th y^e Scots in Brittain, w^th y^e Moors in Afric & w^th y^e Sarmatæ & Quadi in Pannonia (all w^ch were concluded before y^e year 380) I refer you to Ammian Marcelline. And besides these you may see in Iornandes mention made of an incursion of y^e Vandals out of Pannonia into Gallia: w^ch Vandals, as <3v> y^e same Iornandes relates, had been received into Pannonia by Constantine, & lived there in perfect obedience to y^e roman laws like other subjects for about 40 years before this commotion. And now they were \soon/ repulsed by Gratian & forced to return to their obedience \again/ in Pannonia. This was when Theodosius lay sick at Thessalonica.

To these I may add \also/ a commotion threatned by the Burgundians, ^a[9] who in y^e year 380 being invited by Valentinian against y^e Alemans & disobliged by breach of covenant, went back again to in anger & after three years returned again w^th \almost/ eighty thousand to y^e side of y^e Rhene w^th intention to have invaded y^e Empire. But Valentinian ^b[10]sending Gratian against them their incursion was stayed for y^e p^rsent. Yet they returned not back but seated themselves until at y^e side by y^e River untill y^e appointed time. Ierom at y^e end of Eusebius's Chronicle expresses y^e action thus. Anno 374 Burgundionum octoginta {sic} fermè millia, quot nunquam ante, ad Rhenum descenderunt. And this I thought fit to mention here becaus though not an actual war yet it is a preparation to those wars that are hereafter to break forth & therefore may be recconed among y^e winds that are at p^rsent checked.

I have now shown you how the winds |rose after y^e death of Constantine & blew more & more \from every qter/ upon y^e Empire till they almost {overturnd {sic}} it, but then were -| blew & were checked in every quarter by the Angels in every quarter, & \so/ the Empire by the ceasing of these warlike \blusterings &/ noises reduced to an universal silence & tranquility, & silence: w^ch commencing at y^e year 380, shows that we must there date y^e seventh Seale from thence. And this being established, you shall hear in y^e next Proposition how the winds are again let loos \in order/ to blow upon y^e Empire till they consume it.

Prop
The first Trumpet begins w^th y^e invasions of Grece & y^e Eastern regions A.D. 395 {sic}. The second w^th y^e invasion ofSpain & Gallia & Spain AD 407. The third w^th y^e invasion of Afric AD 427. And y^e fourth w^th y^e wars in Italy AD 536.

< text from f 4r resumes >

Prop
The first Trumpet begins w^th y^e Visigothic wars A.D. 395 {sic}. the second w^th y^e Alemanic wars A.D. 407. The third w^th y^e Vandalic wars A.D. 428 & the fourth w^ththe Ostrogothic & Lombardic wars A.D. 536.

As the four first seales were introduced by the four beasts w^ch stood about y^e four quarters of the throne: so these four Trumpets are introduced by y^e four angels w^ch stand at y^e four corners of y^e earth. Now whereas these hold y^e four winds w^ch were to blow in those quarters we <5r> we are to understand their preserving the four quarters of the earth in peace by restraining for a time the four wars w^ch were to infest them & therefore by the four winds we must understand so many wars w^ch were to be in y^e four quarters of y^e Earth, & those successive becaus I as I signified above they are y^e wars of the four first trumpets. As for y^e order of their succession we may learn it from their analogy w^th the four Beasts, namely y^e first an East wind, the second a west wind the third a south wind & y^e fourth a north wind, for in this order y^e beasts succeed one another. And becaus y^e Roman Empire is y^e scene of this Prophesy we must reccon the center of that Empire, that is the Metropolis Rome, to be y^e center of y^e winds.

< insertion from f 5v >

The second Trumpet.

The next Trumpet hath these two main characters: that y^e wars w^ch it introduces are to be a western wind that is in y^e regions westward of Rome; & that during this wind a great mountain burning with fire is to be cast into y^e sea, that is (by Def      ) a great ^a[23] City ^b[24] consuming by war to be cast down & sink in y^e midst of that ^c[25] people signified by the {midst} sea, into a \very/ low {sic} condition then y^e waters of that sea round about it \disturbing the waters. & by its fall to disturb the waters/ And no doubt this City is Rome y^e metropolis of the \third part of the great/ political sea whose banks \are/ y^e adjacent nations, its bottom the dition of y^e empire, & its waters the people. For it is this City w^ch is every where in the Apocalyps called y^e great city.

** < insertion from f 9v > & by its fall to disturb y^e waters. And no doubt this City is Rome y^e Metropolis of y^e third part of y^e political Sea whose bottom is y^e dition of y^e Roman dominions & its waters the people, & its banks y^e circumjacent nations. For it is this City w^ch is every where in the Apocalyps called y^e great city.

** I said that Rome was y^e Metropolis of the third part of y^e Roman Sea: for y^e understanding of w^ch you are to know that Theodosius at his death divided the Roman dominions into two Empires between his sons Arcadius & Honorius making Constantinople y^e seat of y^e Eastern Empire & Rome of y^e Western, & that the western is about the third part of the whole. ffor dividing y^e whole into three equall parts according to y^e length of it; Mesopotamia Armenia, Syria Arabia & Palestine amount to about one third part: Egypt, Asia, Thrace, Grece, & Illyricum to another: & Afric Pannonia, Italy, Gallia, Spain & Brittain to y^e third. And y^e two first are the Provinces of y^e eastern Empire & y^e third of y^e western And hence you may understand why that w^ch is here called the third part of the sea is in y^e second Vial called y^e Sea: for as it is a distinct Empire it is a Sea by it self, although but the third part of y^e whole Roman Ocean.

By the third part of the Sea we are therefore to understand the western Empire whose waters were smitten at the fall of the <10v> Imperial city & became blood &c: & consequently we are to look only {sic} w^thin the compas of this Empire for y^e effects of this Trumpet.

Now for y^e event -

< text from f 10r resumes >

Besides this the third part of y^e Roman Sea is to become blood, that is y^e western Empire to be steined w^th much bloodshed. ffor by the third part of the sea in this & the two foll & of all other things in this & y^e two following trumpets I understand the western Empire becaus it is about y^e third part of the whole as you may easily perceive by adding dividing y^e whole Empire into three equall parts according to y^e length of it. ffor Assyria Mesopotamia Armenia Syria Arabia & Palestine amount to about one third part: Egypt, Asia minor, \Thrace/ Grece & Thrace \Illyricum/ to another; & Africa, Pannonia, Italy, Gallia, Spain & Brittain to y^e third. And hence you may understand why this last division w^ch is here called but y^e third part of the sea is in y^e second Vial called the sea: for as it is a distinct empire it is a Sea by it self, although but the third part of y^e whole ocean Roman Ocean.

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Impp. Arcadius & Honorius AA. Messalæ PF. P.

Saturianorum conjurationem armis sumus, ut oportuit, persecutio: Sed aliquoties {immineret} panæ evitatione ad diversa semet latibula {illeg} contulerunt. - Dat XIII Kal. August Theodoro V.C. Conss. (399.     6 Cod. Theod. Tit 19 De Saturianis

Ευνεσίου Κυρηναίου Κατάστασις ῾ρηθεισα ἐπὶ τη μεγίστη των βαρρων ἐφόδω, {illeg} ἡγεμονεύοντος {illeg} Γενναδίου, καὶ Δουκὸς ὄντος Ιννοκεντίου Titulus est Catastaseos.

Eo tempore hanc incursionem memorat Synesius Ep 130 ad Symplicium quo Simplicius Magister militum erat {illeg} Id quo accidit AC. 396 ut docet lex 5, 6. decensit. & lex 28 de metatis lex 56 de cursu publico (8 Cod. Theod. Tit 5. lex 56.) & Lex 28 de Prætoribus. (6. Cod. Theod. Tit 4 De Prætoribus lex 28) Idem & in id tempus refert quo Gennadius Præfectus Augustalis fuit ηγεμονεύοντος Γενναδίου ut habet inscriptio Catastaseos. At quia discimus ex l 1. de Alexandr pleb. Primatib. (14 Cod. Theod. Tit 27 De Alexandr. pleb. Primati 6. lex 1.) Gennadium hunc præfectū Augustalem fuisse (P F. Augustalis AD 396.

Indic 11. Honorio 4 & Euthychiano Coss.\(398)/ Gildo comes idemqꝫ Paganus qui mortuo Theodosio Principe Africæ præerat - Africam nititur obtinere. Frater ejus Mascezel cognita ejus vesania relictisqꝫ duobus apud Africam filijs in Italiam venceat. Gildo utrumqꝫ fratris filium dolo trucidat. Mascezel fratris scelere cognito cum quinqꝫ millibus suorum contra Gildonem cum 70 millibus armatorum sibimet obviantem infestus accedit Gildonemqꝫ parricidiam fugavit. Gildo fugiens pria se manu strangulavit.

Indic 12 Theodoro et Eutroio Coss (399) Gaina Comes apud Constantinop. ad bellū civile barbaros {illeg} occultè hortatur, Vrbeqꝫ digreditur. proximo anno bellum navale contra Gainam Tyrannū inter Chersonnesum & Hellespontū gestū est. Multitudo ibidem Gothorū cæsa vel reversa sunt. Gaina Comes de evasit, sed mense febr. sequenti occiditur. Ponit ex Hæc e Marcellini Chron. Idem ponit exiliū Chrysostomi anno 403. Sed Chonol. {sic} Cod. Theod. ad an 404

Illyricum erat in Occidente ut testatur Olympiodorus apud Photium.

Ruffinus occiditur 5 Kal Decemb Arcad et Honor coss. ut testatur Zosimus l 6 Socr l 6. {illeg} c 1. Sozom l 8. c 1. Oros l 7 c 36. Marcellin \&/ Chron Alexandr alijqꝫ.

Gildo Comes Arcad 4 & Honor 3 Coss (i.e. 396.) Gildo per Africam sub finem autumni, veniente Hieme, teste Claudiano de bello Gildonico Tirannidem arripuit

Tribigildi in Phrygia Pisidia et Pamphylia motus primi huic anno \Honor 4 et Eutich Coss AC 398/ congruunt ut e plerisqꝫ Arcadij constitutionibus hoc anno editis colligit Gothofredus in Chron. Cod. Theod.

Gildo in Africa verno hujus anni \398/ tempore debellatus est: de quo Claud in bello Gild: Quam veniens induxit hicus ver perculit hostem. vide Marcellin chron et Zosim l 5.

Gainas superiore anno (400) victus, cum per Thraciam Istro transito in patriam reverti cogitaret ab Hulde Hunnorū duce cæsus est ineunte anno 401. Marcel Chron. Chron Alexandr

Gothi Alarico duce Pannonia Norico Rhetiaqꝫ superatis in Italiam brumæ tempore summa celeritate pentrarunt. Prudentius l 2 adv. Symmachum: Claudian de Bell. Get

<11r>

Now whereas at y^e fall of this Mountain the third part of y^e Sea became blood: by blood we are to understand first slaughter & then any kind of death, & by death y^e destruction even of a thing without life. See Ezek 14.19 & 3.18, 20 & 18. 13. Amos 2.2. Rom 7.9. Apoc 9.5. And by y^e third part of y^e Sea we are are to understand y^e western Empire becaus that was \being/ about y^e third part of y^e whole Roman dominions as you may easily perceive by dividing y^e whole into three equal parts according to y^e length of it. ffor Arabia Mesopotamia Armenia Syria Arabia & Palestine amount to about one third part: Egypt, Asia minor, Thrace, Grece & Illyricum to another: & Afric, Pannonia, Italy, Gallia, Spain & Brittain to y^e third. The two first are y^e Provinces of y^e Eastern Empire & y^e third of y^e Western. And hence you may understand why that w^ch is here called y^e third part of y^e sea, is in y^e second Vial called y^e sea: for as it is a distinct Empire it is a Sea by it self, although but y^e third part of y^e whole Roman Ocean.

By the third part of y^e seas becoming blood at y^e fall or being made bloody at y^e fall of the great Mountain, we are therefore to understand not onely much bloodshed but y^e politicall death of y^e Western Empire as if it were slain & its blood spilt by y^e fall of its Metropolis like an animal beheaded or torn in pieces.

Now for y^e event: In y^e beginning of y^e year 407 when the Eastern wind had newly done blowing \began to be allayed/ there brake forth a far more \another very/ vehement & pernicious irruption in y^e west ffor y^e Alemans, Burgundians, Vandals & Alans w^th great multitudes of other Barbarous nations out of Germany & Pannonia all at once overflow Gallia, & after two or three years grassation \wasting it/ with fire & sword & rapine, the Vandals Alans & Swevians advance into & Spain & overrun that country also w^th y^e like desolations & at y^e same time the Franks break into Gallia Lugdunensis, & y^e Picts & Scots also a while after, that no part of the west might be free, invade y^e Brittains. w^ch desolations S^t Ierom in <12r> his eleventh epistle hath thus partly expressed & partly hinted. Innumerabiles et ferocissimæ nationes universas Gallias occuparunt; quicquid inter Alpes et Pyrenæum est quod Oceano et Rhodano \Rheno/ includitur Quadus Vandalus Sarmata, Alani, Gepides, Heruli, Saxones Burgundiones, Alemanni, & \(O lugenda respublica)/ Pannonij vastarunt. Magunciatum {sic} capta atqꝫ subversa est, et in Ecclesia multa hominum millia trucidata. Vangiones longa obsidione ducti {sic}; Rhenorum urbs præpotens, Ambiani, Atrebates, Morini, Tornacus, Nemetæ, Argentoratus translati in Germaniam, Aquitaniæ novemqꝫ populorum Lugdunensis et Narbonensis Provinciæ, præter paucas urbes populata sunt cuncta. Non possum absqꝫ L lacrymis Tolosæ facere mentionem, quæ ut hucusqꝫ non rueret, sancti Episcopi Exuperij merita præstiterunt. Ipsa Hispaniæ jam jamqꝫ petituræ \quotidie/ contremescunt. Roma Vitam auro redimit.

After Gallia had been thus wasted for two or three years the Vandals Alans & Suevians pass into Spain & overrun y^t country also w^th y^e like desolations, & at y^e same time y^e Franks break into Gallia Lugdunensis; & y^e Picts & Scots also a while after, that no part of y^e west might be free, ^a[26]invade Brittrain {sic}, forcing many of y^e inhabitants to fly into that part of France w^ch from {sic} them is to this day called Brittain.

Whilst this torrent overwhelmed y^e west; Alaricus w^th his Goths, leaving their seats in Pannonia to y^e Huns, \invades Italy &/ beseiges Rome & \thoug at first bought off, yet then renuing the seige/ after two years takes it in y^e year 410 when it had been first so much wasted by famin & Pestilence that S^t Ieromsaith in Epist 16 saith Fame perit antequam gladio: et vix pauci qui caperentur inventi sunt. Ad nefandos cibos erupit e {sic} uriculium rabies & sua invicem membra laniarunt: dum mater non parcit lactenti infanti, et suo recipit utero quem paulo ante effuderat. And Zosimus l 5 Famem pe (ceu consentaneum erat) pestis comitabatur, omniaqꝫ plena cadaveribus erant. Cumqꝫ non possent extra urbem sepeliri cadavera quod omnem exitum hostes observarent: Vrbs sepeliri cadavera quod omnem exitum hostes observarent: Vrbs ipsa mortuorum sepulchrum erat: adeo quidem ut alioqui etiam solitudo in urbe foret, siquæ nulla fuisset alimentòrum penuria, <13r> vel exhalans e cadaveribus odor ad inficienda corrumpendaqꝫ corpora suffecisset.

When y^e City was almost taken Alaric set up Attalus a new Emperor at Rome in opp reserving to himself y^e command of both armies; & sends him to beseige Honorius at Ravenna, whereupon Honorius out of desperation began to think of flying to his Brother in y^e East. But when Alaric had \thus/ sufficiently derided y^e lost condition of y^e Empire he degrades Attalus & \But Attalus behaving him self foolishly Alaric degrades him again/ restores Honorius.^[27]Quid de infelicissimo Attalo, loquar, saith Orosius, cui occidi inter Tyrannos honor, & morilucrum fuit? In hoc Alaricus Imperatore facto, infecto, refecto ac defecto, citiùs his omnibus actis penè quàm dictis, mimum risit & ludum spectavit Imperij. < insertion from the right margin of f 13r > Castinus in Hispaniam cum exercitu mittitur A.C. 422.^[28]

Iwo puts Theudemir between Pharamund & Clodio, but y^t can't be for Castinus who slew him \A.C. 422/ was sent w^th an army into Spain A 422 to make war upon y^e Barbarians there & A.C. 424 fled to Boniface in Afric. {illeg} A.C. 425 was banished & A.C. 428 Codio began.

< text from f 13r resumes >

After these things \the city being taken/ Alaric lead his army into y^e furthest parts of Italy & \attempted to sail into Afric but being shipwracked & soon after dying/ there dying {illeg} his successor Adulphus returned back to Rome & spoiled it a second time. But then \he made a leage w^th Honorius & soon after dying/ Honorius that A.D. 412, that he might recover Rome w^th the remains of his Empire \Italy/ granted him \Ataulphus his successor/ Aquitain a Province of Gallia to inhabit: But being arrived there w^ch gave occasion to new \various/ fresh wars in Aquitain & Spain for about 10 or 12 \15 or 16/ years together \between y^e Goths Romans Vandals Suevis & Alans./. Comes The first ten years of these & y^e former wars in his country Aquitain, Prosper thus laments

< insertion from f 12v >

- inhabit; ^a[29]but being arrived there he begins to invade & spoile y^e neighbouring regions: whereupon Honorius sends Constantius w^th an army against him \who after two years war expelled him almost/ out of Aquitain & drove him upon spain. Then next \in the/ year A.D 415 Honorius makes a league w^th y^e Goths & sends Constantius with an army agains into Spain to recover that country from the Vandals Alans & Suevians, & w^th him y^e Goths joyn forces w^ch caused a very fierce war in those regions for about 8 or 9 years together wherin y^e Kingdom of y^e Alans was ruined & y^e Goths possessed themselves of a great part of Spain, & were also readmitted into Aquitain upon compact for their good service done in \those/ y^e Emperors wars. Yet after this, Honorius dying they turn again upon y^e empire, but are repulsed ^a[30] & a peace concluded in y^e yeare 427. y^e

The first ten years of y^e wars in Aquitain from y^e beginning of y^e invasion, you may hear Prosper thus lamenting

< text from f 13r resumes >

And a little after

|And| These are y^e wars by w^ch y^e western Sea became bloody & every body politiqꝫ therein died by the corruption of y^e fountain of life & tearing y^e members in pieces \soul therein suffered the pains of death/, & y^e third part of the ships, (that is y^e towns & Cities of y^e western Empire whose <14r> houses are analogous to ships) were destroyed, sinking \as it were in this tempest/ like y^e great mountain by being reduced into y^e power of y^e enemy.

< insertion from f 13v >

But here least by {illeg} death you should understand only bloodshed & real death: I must put you in mind that blood is used to signify not only slaughter but any other kind of death Ezek 14 19 & death is a figure to express any state of affliction & misery w^ch for y^e acuteness & misery may be compared to y^e pains of death. Thus y^e torments of hell, although of living men, are by y^e holy Ghost called death to express their acuteness {sic}, & this kind of death is expressed by blood in Ezek 3.18, 20 & 18.13 &c. And that blood & death are here to be extended to this figurative meaning you may easily collect from the third Vial compared w^th y^e third Trumpet. For that w^ch is exprest in y^e third vial by y^e water's becoming blood is exprest in y^e third Trumpet by their becoming wormwood, so that men died of the waters becaus they were made bitter: w^ch is as much as to say that through these northern invasions men drank of the waters of affliction acuated to so great a degree of bitterness as was analogous to y^e pain of death.

I know not whither it may be worth y^e while to take notis of Afric y^e only Province of y^e western Empire w^ch in this Trumpet escaped y^e Barbarians. Yet to prevent an objection I may tell you that as it escaped so it seems exempted from y^e main sea of this western Empire becaus separated \divided/ from it by y^e Mediterranean.

< text from f 14r resumes >

The third Trumpet.

The western Empire being now rent into many kingdoms, & those pretty well setled under their new lords: there breaks out a {illeg} war in y^e southern quarter w^ch is y^e quarter of y^e third wind. For y^e Vandals AC {sic} 427 passing out of Spain into Afric, the next year invade & afflict those regions w^th all kind of calamities \afflict those regions/ untill by degrees they subdued it. \⊛/ < insertion from f 13v > ⊛ The calamity of Afric in y^e first two or three years of this invasion when y^e Vandals had newly beaten y^e forces of Boniface & began to beseige him in Hippo; ^b Possidius Bish^p of Calama who was present to {sic} these {illeg} miseries thus laments in his Oration upon y^e Death of S^t Austin. Brevi, inquit, consequenti tempore, divina voluntate & potestate provenit ut manus ingens telis armata et bellis exercitata immanium hostium Vandalorum et Alanorum commixta secum habens Gothorum gentem aliarumqꝫ diversarum gentium personas ex hispania partibus transmarinis navibus Africæ influxisse & incisset: universaqꝫ per loca Mauritaniam etiam ad alias nostras trans eus Provincias & regiones, omni sæviens crudelitate & atrocitate, cuncta qua potuit expoliatione, cædibus alijsqꝫ innumerabilibus & infandis malis depopulata est, nulli sexui, nulli parcens ætati, nec ipsis Dei sacerdotibus & ministris, nec ipsis Ecclesiarum ornamentis seu instrumentis vel ædificijs. Et hanc, pergit, ferocissimam hostium grassationem et vastationem ille homo Dei (Augustinus) - profundius considerans, solito amplius fuerunt ei lacrymæ pane {illeg} die et nocte, amarissimamqꝫ & lugubrem cæteris suæ senectutis jam pene ducebat et tolerabat vitam. Videlicet enim illi homo dei civitates excidio perditas pariter cum ædificijs, villarumqꝫ habitatores alios hostili nece extinctos, alios effugatos atqꝫ dispersos <14v> dispersos, &c. ^[32] So Victor in his history \written many years after/ Invenientes saith he pacatam quietamqꝫ &c. < text from f 14r resumes > Invenientes {sic}, saith Victor,^[33] pacatam quietamqꝫ Provinciam, speciositatem totius terræ florentis quaquaversum, impietatis agminibus impendebant, deastando depopulabantur incendio & homicidijs totum exterminantes. Sed nec arbustis fructiferis omninò parcebant: ne fortè quos antera montium, aut prærupta terrarum, vel seclusa quæqꝫ occultaverant, post eorum transitum illis pabulis nutrirentur: et sic eadem atqꝫ iterum tali crudelitate furentibus, ab eorum contagione nullus remansit locus immunis. - In ædificijs nonnullis magnarum ædiū vel domorum ubi ministerium ignis minus valuerat, tectis admodum despicatis pulchritudinem parietum solo æquabant ut nunc antiqua {sic} illa speciositas civitatum nec quia fuerit prorsus appareat. Sed et urbes quamplurimæ aut raris aut nullis habitatoribus incoluntur. Nam \&/ hodie siqua supersunt subinde, desolantur. |Nor did y^e mediterranean Islands escape their fury: For {illeg} Marcelline saith A.C. 439 Theod. 17 & Fausto Coss: Vandali Piratæ multas  insulas | insulas sed præcipuè Siciliam vastavere.||

Wasted When they had thus by a tedious war w^th y^e Emperors forces wasted Afric & subdued it, they invaded Sicily & \& Sicily, they/ from thence A.D. 455 saild into Italy & spoiled Rome carrying into Afric y^e whole treasures of y^e city & consequently of y^e Empire w^ch y^e more merciful & abstemious Goths had spared: & captivating y^e flower of Italy.  | Post exitum Maximi confestim secuta est multis digna lachrymis Romana captivitas. Vrbem omni præsidio vacuam Gensericus obtinuit - et per 14 dies continuos secura et libera scrutatione omnibus opibus suis Roma vacuata est, multaqꝫ millia captivorum prout quisqꝫ aut ætate aut aræ placuerant cum Regina et filiabus ejus Carthaginem abducti sunt. Prosper apud Euseb l 1.| Gensericus vacuam præsidio civitatem capit, et occursu Leonis Papæ mitigatus ab incendio cædibus atqꝫ supplicijs urbem immanem servavit, omnibus tamen opi <15r> bus ablatis, multa inde captivorum millia cum Augusta Eudoxia & ejus filiabus Carthaginem revexit. Paul. Diac. l. 15. Exinde Regum multarum divitias cum populis captivavit. Victor de Pers. Vand. l 1. Gazam omnem Imperatoriam in navibus positam secum in Africam tulit: ac siqua erant Romæ decora, itemqꝫ Iovis Capitolini tegularum ex ære auratarum partem dimidiam abripuit. Vnam vero ex his navibus {sic} ubi statuæ fuerant, tempestate perijsse dicunt cæteras incolumes in Africam delatas. Procop. de bello Wandal. l 1. Amongst other things were y^{e a[34]} vessels {illeg} of y^e Temple of Ierusalem w^ch Titus had sent to Rome. |And to these spoiles of Rome they added \at the same time/ the prey of several other Cities. Miles Genserici avidus prædæ in < insertion from f 14v > avidus prædæ in Campaniam incursat, Capuam evertit, Neapolin expugnat, Nolam obsidet, urbes reliquas diripit - cum ingenti captvorum numero Africam repetit. Annales Boiorum. < text from f 15r resumes > |

From this time the Vandals possessing themselves of many of the mediterranean Islands continued to play y^e Pyrats & infest Europe w^th very frequent incursions. Post mortem Valentiniani, saith Victor,^[35]Gensericus totius Africæ ambitum obtinuit, necnon et insulas maximas Sardiniam Siciliam Corsicam Ebusum Majoricam Minoricam et alias multas superbia sibi consueta defendit. And Procopius:^[36] Post mortem Valentiniani, aliquot annos Veris initio continuo longas fecit prædando & populando incursiones, nunc in Siciliam, nunc in Italiam, civitates insuper partim diripiendo partim solo æquando: ubi vero omnia delevit ad Orientis conversus Imperium Illyricum omne simul & Peloponnesum, hisqꝫ adjacentes insulas cum reliqua Græcia invadit. Ad Italiam rursum Siciliamqꝫ reversus quicquid erat reliqui diripuit. So Sidonius in his Panegyric called Anthemius: \***/ < insertion from f 14v > *** - Anthemius speaking of y^e short reign of y^e Emperors after Valentinian III saith

This was y^e afflicted estate of Afric & Europe under the insolencies of this troublesome enemy: for y^e restraining of w^{ch [37]}Leo y^e Greek Emperor AD 468 set forth a navy of eleven hundred ships & an hundred thousand men w^ch at first prevailed but having landed a great part of their men in Afric y^e Vandals set upon them afresh & burnt their ships & then beat y^e forces also w^ch they had landed. < insertion from inline > And thus having baffled both the Emperors, they continued their Pyraticall incursions till about <15v> about y^e year 500, when Theodoric King of y^e Ostrogoths having newly propogated his Kingdom into Italy, made peace w^th them as Baronius in his Annalls (ad Ann 500 sect 11) thus mentions: "Iam tutum inquit, redditum erat commercium inter Africanos et Italos cùm sancivisset fœdus Rex Theodoricus cum Wandalorum Rege a quo hactenus frequentes fiebant in solum Italicum incursiones. Stabilita est enim inter eos pax fœdere nuptiarum, data ei in matrimonium Amalafred{illeg} Amalafrida. De qua inita inter illos concordia hæc Enodius in Panegyrico Theoderici: Quid castigatas Wandalorum ventis parentibus eloquar deprædationes, quibus pro annua pensione satis est amicitia tua? Evagari ultra possibilitatem nesciunt. Duce sapientia affines esse meruerunt quia obedire non abnuunt."

And these I suppose are y^e wars to w^ch y^e third Trumpet - < text from f 15r resumes > And these I suppose are y^e wars to w^ch y^e third Trum <16r> pet sounded because y^e onely memorable wars in the south quarter, w^ch is y^e condition of y^e third wind.

Now the effect of these wars is that a great star fell from heaven burning as it were a Lamp; that is^[38] some very great Prince \from y^e heaven of his dignity/ consuming by war. And this points ^[39] at the fall of the western Cæsar, who from that time that y^e Vandals rent Afric & y^e Mediterranean Islands from y^e Empire & spoiled Rome & Italy, retained almost nothing but y^e nameof Emperor: insomuch that some historians make that the peri time y^e end of this {sic} Empire. Yet it resisted absolute death for about twenty years longer under y^e titular Cæsars Avitus, Majoranus, Severus Anthemitis, Olybrius, Glycerius & Nepos \falling by the sword of one another/ untill at last A.D. 476 it was utterly extinguished under y^e fatal name of \Augustus {illeg} or/ Augustulus by Odoacer King of the Heruli who \being invited by some of the Italians/ translated his nation into Italy.

The reason why I interpret this star of no less dignity then that of y^e Western Emperor is becaus it is described of y^e greatest magnitude, & whilst there are two Emperors in y^e Roman world, it would be against nature to represent them by suns. Yet least you should think \doubt of/ this interpretation unwarrantable you may compare it w^th Isa 14 12 where the fall of \as great a Monarch/ y^e {sic} King of Babylon, though a greater Monarch & w^thout \becaus he had \in like manner/ the king of the Medes for his/ a fellow unless y^e King of y^e Medes be accounted one, is expressed by the like Parable of a falling star. How art thou fallen \from heaven Con/, saith the Prophet from heaven O Lucifer son of the morning saith the Prophet, how art thou cut down to the ground w^ch didst weaken y^e nations.

Now whereas this star is described to fall upon the third part of y^e rivers & fountains of waters, it is a figure, likethat of casting y^e mountain into y^e Sea, to express at once both y^e ruin of the star & y^e disturbance of y^e waters. \& embitring them by that burning w^ch consumed y^e star/ By the third part of the rivers I still understand the people of y^e Western Empire the same waters w^ch were before called the third part of the Sea but are now compared to rivers because no longer in one intire mass but <17r> intermixed w^th y^e Earth those many northern nations w^ch in y^e last Trumpet by invading y^e Sea ^a[40] dried up its waters & converted y^e residue as it were to disseminated rivers. On these therefore & on y^{e b[41]} towns & Cities the fountains - of these waters, the great star fell burning as it were a lamp, & by its fall & burning |(that is by the decay of the Emperors power which should have defended y^e Romans & by the wars \in/ w^ch he consumed| smote y^e waters & made them bitter as if they had been imbibed w^th so much wormwood, or, as is exprest in y^e third vial it turned them to blood: the plague of w^ch blood being there much aggravated, it will not be amis to add somthing more of history becuase there were other {sic} very great wars in Europe, contemporary to y^e cardinal war in Afric, |w^ch \notably/ bloodied y^e rivers & conduced much to y^e fall of the great burning star|

^[42]And first the Huns {sic} under Attila \A.C. 450/ having \for y^e {illeg} five years before/ spoiled Grece & Illyricum \w^th unexpressible violence/, raises a very great army in y^e year 450 out \consisting/ of divers of y^e Scythian & German nations, amongst w^ch were y^e Gepides with their King Ardaricus & y^e Ostrogoths lead by y^e three brothers Valamir Theodomir & Vindemir. With these immens forces Attila sets forward to invade y^e western regions like a whilrwind, & making towards Gallia depopulates all places in y^e way. & y^e Marcomans, Suevians, Quadi, Heruli, Rugi, & what other nations had ben conquered by y^e Hunns, every one w^th their King: their whole number amounting to ^b[43]five hundred thousand \their number Sigebert puts five hundred thousand or at least five/. With these immense forces Attila set {sic} forward to invade y^e western regions like a whirlwind & making towards Gallia ^d[44] depopulated all places in the way. ^d[45]Chunni (saith Gregory Turonensis) e Pannonijs egressi; ut quidam ferunt, in ipsa sancti Pascæ vigilia ad Metensem vrbem reliqua depopulando pervenirent tradentes urbem incendio, & populum in ore gladij trucidantes, ipsosqꝫ sacerdotes Domini ante sacrosancta Altaria permentes, \Dein cum multas Galliarum civitates opprimerent Aurelianos aggrediuntur/ &c.

In the mean time Ætius y^e General of the Emperor, <18r> & the Kings of y^e west, Theodoric King of the Wisigoths Gudicar of y^e Burgundians, Sangiba of another Dynasty of y^e Alans, & Merovæus of y^e Franks combined to oppose him w^th y^e utmost of their strength. And y^e next year, ^a[46] after y^e Huns had wasted a great part of Gallia, the two armies meet & ingage in y^e fight there fell \ingaging/ ^r[47] on both sides \there fell/ a hundred & sixty two thousand besides ninety thousand Gepides & Franks w^ch fell y^e night before. At length Attila w^th much difficulty was {sic} beaten,^[48] but not being pursued retired w^th y^e residue of his forces into Venetia& y^e next year out of indignation harrassed all Italyw^th great violence ^b[49] forcing & rasing the prinicpall \severall/ Cities & scarce being prevailed w^th to spare Rome it self. Yet in the end of the year he was prevailed w^th by the Bishop of Rome to depart out of Italy into his own dominions \\&/ amongst w^ch was Aqui others Aquileia the second to Rome, but in y^e heat of his fury towards y^e end of the year he was ^a[50] curbd by a persuaded numerous army sent by the Greek Emperor Marcian, & forced to return home w^th damage/, & dying y^e next year \dying/, his sons quarrel \fell into civil wars/ about sharing his dominions & fall into civil wars: on w^ch advantage y^e Ostrogoths laying hold, rebelled, & subdued them in Pannonia, erecting there a very potent Kingdom; & soon after (viz A.C {sic} 489) \{illeg}/ made {sic} war upon Odoacer King of Italy y^e Heruli in Italy, & vanquishing him propagated their Kingdom thither {illeg} succeeded in y^e western Empire.

These wars (besides some others of less note) since they conduced very much to y^e bloodying of y^e western rivers may not unjustly be recconed among y^e wars to w^ch y^e 3^d Trumpet sounded. But then you will perhaps object: How can y^e wars of this Trumpet be esteemed a southern wind since they happened as well in other quarters? To w^ch I answer j That y^e four winds are not to be taken so stricktly that while they blow there shall be wars in none but y^e cardinal quarter. It is enough y^t y^e principal war is in that quarter; & therefore when there are divers wars together, the quarter is to be estimated by y^e principal. <19r> such was the Vandalic war. For though y^e wars of Attila were sufficiently \wonderfully/ violent for the time, yet they were |he kept in no quarter the certain quarter \that he invaded as the Vandals did in Afric/ but {illeg} from east to west. {illeg} his wars were also| very short being {illeg} \{illeg}/ in y^e western Empire) but of two \or three/ years continuance, & so may be more properly resembled to a whirlwind then a wind; whereas y^e Vandalic war lasted 70 years \together/ & upward w^thout any considerable intermission, & was far |much| more pernicious to y^e Empire \that depriving the Empire of no one Province but this rending away all Afric w^th Sicily & most of y^e Mediterranean Isles, besides y^e frequent Pyratical invasions of all european countries bordering upon the Mediterranean & amongst other spoiles y^e carrying away y^e immens treasures of Rome & other chief Cities of Italy {illeg} w^th y^e flower of their youth & Gentry w^ch was of so fatall consequence y^t y^e Empire never lookt up afterward, the following emperors being accounted litle more the titular, & {illeg} some reccon this the period of y^e Empire \as if the following Emperors were Emperors over nothing/. The wars of Attila therefore cannot be accounted the principal wind but \may/ rather for their shortness violence & uncertain quarter, may be compared to a whirlwind or Hurricane./ 2^dly In recconing up y^e four winds we are to regard only such winds as blow upon y^e Empire, that is such wars as are waged by y^e Barbarians {sic} not against one another but against y^e Romans. And this excludes almost all y^e above mentioned wars except y^e Vandalic. For y^e wars of y^e Ostrogoths were not {illeg} against y^e Empire but first against y^e Huns & then against y^e Heruli. Nor was y^e great Army of Attila at first designed against y^e Empire ^a[51] but against y^e Visigoths, he being sollicited by y^e Vandals to invade them. But becaus Ætius y^e General of y^e Emperor (fearing least after he had subdued y^e western barbarian kingdoms one after another he should turn upon y^e Empire) ingaged together w^th all those kingdoms against him, therefore in revenge he turned his fury upon y^e Romans, & this was y^e second summer only. And as for y^e translation of y^e kingdom of y^e Heruli into Italy, whereby y^e western Empire was finally abrogated |race of Emperors fel ceased|, that was done w^thout any memorable war, Odoacer being called in by some of y^e Italians.

There may be another objection, namely that <20r> Vandalic nation whilst in Spain concurred w^th y^e other barbarous nations to constitute y^e western wind, & therefore the southern wind ought not also to be derived from them but from some other nation & rather from a southern nation {sic} (as y^e Moors, {illeg} who \especially since they/ were in y^e winds when they blew altogether before y^e angels held them) \especially since they were in the wind when they blew altogether before the angels held them)/ then from y^e Vandals who came from y^e north. But this is easily answered by considering y^e nature of winds: ffor y^e same air accordingly as it moves this way or that way may constitute a wind one while in one quarter & afterwards in another quarter; & so y^e same Vandalic nation accordingly as they war in divers quarters may constitute divers metaphorical \figurative/ winds. And as we denominate a wind in this or that quarter only from y^e p^rsent motion w^thout considering from what country the Air came originally, so we are here not to regard from whence y^e Vandals came originally but only in what quarter they war at p^rsent. And for y^e same reason it is not material whither y^e nations w^ch now successively constitute y^e 4 winds be y^e same w^th those w^ch constituted them when they blew all together before y^e angels held them. It is enough that they break forth in y^e 4 quarters wherein they blew before, though the Air be changed. And hence in y^e next Trumpet because y^e successive wars of y^e Goths & Lombards were in y^e same quarter, I consider them but as one & the same wind notwithstanding the diversity of the {sic} Nations.

<21r>

The fourth Trumpet.

The last blast of y^e third wind we may reccon to be y^t notable war wherein y^e Vandalic kingdom was overthrown by Bellisarius: w^ch happend in y^e years 533 & 534. And this directs us to y^e fourth wind, that famous Ostrogothic war w^ch began y^e next year (between y^e Romans & Barbarians) whose main seat was on y^e north of Rome, y^e quarter of this wind: ffor y^e main seat thereof was Venetia & Lombardy w^th y^e other regions between Rome & y^e Alps, besides some actions in Illyricum; & y^e duration was first ✝^[52] about {illeg} \20 or 21/ years {illeg} w^th y^e Goths, in w^ch y^e Lombards sided w^th \aided/ y^e Romans, & \a/^[53] then w^th y^e Lombards for \37 or/ 38 years together \more w^ththe Lombards/ almost w^thout intermission. Between these there was an little respite \interruption/, but y^e last \war/ being \y^e/ more violent & lasting yⁿ y^e f yⁿ y^e first & in y^e same regions \w^th y^e first/, fulfilling y^e desolations w^ch y^e first began, so as to put an absolute period to y^e Empire; it deserves more especially \also/ to be referred to this \the last/ wind, \& that more especially/ as being y^e principal part thereof.

|Between these wars ^b[54] there was |also| another \a/ war w^th y^e Heruli under Sindual in Tuscia; of whome ^c[55] Anastasius says, peremibant cunctam Italiā. But this I mention only as a copula of y^e years before & after.|

In y^e former Trumpet you had y^e fall of y^e Western Cæsar, but this proceeds yet higher, even to y^e darkning of y^e Sun Moon & Stars, that is to y^e utter extinction of y^e remaining light of y^e Western Empire: ffor y^e understanding of w^ch you are to know y^t y^e Empire was fundamentally seated, not in y^e Dominion of y^e Emperour, but in that of y^e city of Rome. It was an Empire before y^e race of Emperours began & might have continued so long after their fall could y^e city but have recovered it's pristine extent of dominion & greatnes.

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But though it could not recover them yet it continued for some time after y^e fall of y^e Cæsars to shine considerably. The Consulship Odoacer indeed at first took away in anger, but after two years restored it & conserved it to y^e end of his reign: & then Theoderic King of y^e Ostrogoths being sent by Zenon y^e Greek Emperor against Odoacer & having conquered & slain him, besides Dalmatia & Rhætia w^ch were Odoacer's Provinces he added Sicily \& ✝^[56] all Alemannia/ to his dominions & freed Italy w^th y^e rest of his Kingdoms from y^e incursions of y^e Vandals & setled it in peace. ✝^[57] So far was y^e dominion of Italy restored by his coming y^t Ennodius in his Panegyric to him said: Interea ad limitem suum Romana Regna remearunt. He ^b[58] repaired also y^e wals of Rome & {illeg} other buildings w^th a great summ of money given for that purpose & changed no custom but retained y^e Senate, Consuls, Patricij,Prætors, Quæstors, Præfects of y^e City, Masters of y^e hors & foot & other offices w^ch had been in y^e times of y^e Emperors, & assigned them \these Roman dignities/ only to those of y^e Romans {sic} nation, as did also y^e succeeding Ostrogothic Kings Athalaric & Theodatus. Thus Rome \still governed by her own Senate/ flourished under y^e Goths after y^e same manner as formerly under her own Emperors < insertion from f 21v > between Romans a Roman was judged, between a Goth & a Roman a Goth & a Roman. < text from f 23ar resumes > as if she had changed nothing but y^e title of {illeg} Emperors to that of Kings

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|And| in {sic} this degree y^e western light continued to shine till y^e sounding of y^e fourth Trumpet, but then was quite put out. < insertion from f 22v > - put out. The Goths partly by constraint partly on their own accord ^a[59] dissmissed most of their dominions & amongst y^e rest all Alemannia from their subjection; letting go what ever was not of present use that they might contract their whole strength into Italy; & Feb 20 A.C. 537 laid strait siege to Rome w^th an army of an hundred & fifty thousand: by w^ch siege - - - < text from f 23br resumes > ffor Rome being first seized by y^e Goths was betrayed to Belisarius in y^e ✝^[60] begin \beginning/ of y^e second \third/ year of y^e war \Ian. 9/, & ^g[61]from Feb. 20 to March following for above a year together straitly beseiged by y^e Goths w^th an ^c[62] By w^ch seige her dignities being reduced to titular shaddows, y^e Consulship after five years more (viz: A.C. 542) expired. Afterward y^e City was again besieged & ^d[63]taken by Totila & for a time made destitute of all her inhabitants & a third part of her walls \or more/ demolished, & then recovered by Belisarius & again taken by Totila & retaken by Narses. After this when Iustin <24r> came to y^e Empire, he to caress y^e {Italians} & together assert his dominion over them took upon him y^e title of Consul for his two or three first years, making a show as if he would restore y^e ruined dignities of Rome: but ✝ then y^e Lombards immediately invaded & wasted all Italy much more then y^e Goths had done & again ^e[64] besieged Rome in y^e time of their 30 Tyrants, A.C. 577. And partly by these desolations but chiefly by storms & fiery meteors y^e City was so wasted y^t ever since it hath scarce been y^e tenth part of what it was before, & that too for y^e most part w^thout y^e compas of its former foundation.

Thus was y^e Imperial City, w^ch formerly shone gloriously w^th her Consuls Senate & other dignities reduced into darknes, being made a heap of runs, & deprived of her Magistracy, & from being Queen of y^e world degraded to I know not what ignoble Dukedom, & compel'd to serve under Ravenna w^ch formerly served under her, & (O darknes!) even to pay tribute to y^e Exarchs presiding there.

This was y^e conclusion of this great Empire: concerning w^ch I cannot but note y^t it was done accomplished by the direst desolations that (I beleive) ever nation felt: God reserving his most grievous scourge for y^e fountain of Apostacy & y^e most grievous part of that scourge for y^e last place to try y^e utmost before he would give over an incorrigible insensible people. For all former desolations seem to be equalld if not outdone by y^e Gothic (y^e Goths & Greeks both wasting Italy as y^e countrey of y^e enemy,) & yet those desolations were manifestly outdone by y^e Lombardic. For y^e order of their {sic} history I refer you to Procopius, Iornandes de Regn. success. Paulus Diaconus, Sigonius de Occid. Imp. Aventinus's Annales Boiorum, & others, & shal <25r> only for a tast of their direness give you a passage or two out of Gregory y^e great who being then Bishop of Rome both saw & felt what he wrote of.

A little before y^e Lombardic invasion, as this Gregory relates, there came a revelation to one Redemptus a Bishop in these words. Finis venit universæ carnis. Finis venit universæ carnis. Finis venit universæ carnis. Which Gregory understanding of y^e end of y^e world, made this comment upon it. Post illam Prophetiam ^f[65] mox illa terribilia in Cœlum signa secuta sunt ut hastæ atqꝫ acies igneæ ab Aquilonis parte viderentur. Mox effera Longobardorum gens de vagina æ habitationis educta in nostram cervicem grassata est; atqꝫ humanum genus quod in hac terra præ nimiæ multitudine quasi spissæ segetis more surrexerat, ^g[66] succisum aruit. Nam depopulatæ urbes, eversa castra, concrematæ Ecclesiæ, destructa Monasteria virorum & feminarum, desolata ab hominibus prædia, atqꝫ ab omni cultore {sic} destituta in solitudine vacat terra; nullus hanc Possessor inhabitat, occuparunt Bestiæ loca quæ prius multitudo hominum tenebat. Et quid in alijs mundi partibus agitur ignoro. Nam in hac terra in qua \nos/ vivimus finem suum non nunciat sed ostendit. - Vpon w^ch place of Gregory Baronius writes thus. At ^h[67] nequis putet mendax fuisse Oraculum de fine universæ carnis prædictum: sciat his verbis non seculi consummationem significatam sed gentis Italicæ cladem: sicut olim Deum per suum Prophetam comminatum fuisse constat ubi ait, ^i[68] Hæc dicit Dominus Deus terræ Israel: Fini venit: venit finis super quatuor plagas terræ: Nunc finis super te &c. Sicut ergo finem universæ carnis minitante Propheta non mundi est demonstratus interritus, sed imminentes tantum clades præfiguratæ fuere, ita pariter eodem quæ prædicta <26r> sunt. Redempto accipenda erunt.^[69]Certè quidem finis quodammodo tunc dici potuit advenisse Romani Occidentalis Imperij cum Longobardi Italiam invadentes rerum potiti sunt. Etenim post paucos Exarchas Constantinopoli ab Imperatoribus in Italiam missos qui Ravennæ {illeg} considere consuevere, ijsdem diu prævalentibus Longobardis, Occidentis Imperium penitus collapsum est, neqꝫ usqꝫ ad Carolum Magnum restitutum, ut tamen in Gallias fuerit ipsum translatū. Sane quidem quàm durissima fovet Longobardorum adventu grassatio ejusmodi factis divinitus vaticinijs præsignata potest intelligi, quibus mundi ipsius interritus fuit ereditus significari. Quid autem passa sit Longobardis Italia, vel hoc uno collige argumento: Si teste Procopio cum ijdem amici essent Imperatoris & laboranti Italiæ bello Gothico in auxilium Longobardi venientes longè deteriora hostibus perpetrarunt, ut opus fuerit eos dimittere: quid ab ijsdem factum potest existimari cum jam hostes redditi hostili animo Italiam invaserunt. Sane quidem adeò immensa ubiqꝫ increbuêre sub ipsis mala ut non leves quæqꝫ personæ sed ipse Gregorius Papa existimarit jam instare novissimum diem quo universi orbis conflagratio immineret.

After this I know not what can be well said more: & yet out of y^e manifold lamentations of y^e same Gregory I shal trouble you w^th one more w^ch he makes thus to y^e people. ^k[70] Destructæ urbes, eversa sunt castra, depopulati agri in {sic} solitudinem terra redacta est. Nullus in agris incola, penè nullus in urbibus habitator remansit. Et tamen ipsæ parvæ generis humani reliquiæ, adhuc quotidiè et sine cessatione feriuntur, & finem non habent flagella celestis justitiæ. Ipsa autem quæ aliquando <27r> mundi domina esse videbatur qualis remansit Roma consipcimus, innumeris doloribus multipliciter attrita, desolatione civium impressione hostidie, frequentia ruinarum. - Ecce jam de illa omnes hujus seculi potentes ablati sunt. - Ecce populi consumptæ sunt carnes, omnis defecerunt - Vbi enim Senatus? ubi jam populus? contabuerunt ossa, consumptæ sunt carnes, omnis enim secularium dignitatum ordo extinctus est, et tamen ipsos nos paucos qui remansimus adhuc quotidiè gladij, adhuc quotidie innumeræ tribulationes premunt. - Vacua jam ardet Roma. Quid autem ista de hominibus dicimus. Cum ruinis crebrescentibus ipsa quoqꝫ destrui ædificia videmus: postqꝫ defecerunt homines etiam ^l[71] parietes cadunt. Iam ecce desolata, ecce contrita, ecce gemitibus oppressa est &c - Hanc autem quæ de Romanæ urbis contritione dicimus in cunctis facta mundi civitatibus scimus; alia enim loca desolata sunt, alia gladio consumpta, alia fame cruciata, alia terræ hiatibus absorpta. Despiciamus ergo ex toto animo hoc præsens seculum vel extinctum. Greg. M. in Ezek. Hom. 18.

Of y^e wars in other places w^ch Gregory here touches upon, those made by y^e Hunns invading Illyricum Occidentale & Orientale & Thrace (regions situate to y^e Northeast of Rome as y^e seat of y^e Lombardic wars inclined to y^e north west) were y^e most grievous & lasting. They continued from y^e year 539 to y^e year 558 & downward w^th notable violence & soon after brake forth again. And these w^th what others there were at this time w^thin y^e Roman world may be \in general/ referred to this Trumpet, but y^e first place must be allowed to y^e Lombardic as y^e direst wars & those by w^ch y^e effect of this Trumpet, that is y^e extinction of y^e western Empire was accomplished.

Now whereas this is exprest by y^e darkning y^e third part of y^e Sun Moon & Stars: by y^e Sun & Moon you <28r> may understand ^[72] y^e Greek Emperour & y^e next to him in dignity whether y^e Empress or any other person \/ < insertion from f 27v >  by their light, y^e splendor & glory of their Imperial Cities \Rome & Constantinople/ by w^ch they irradiated the Empire, & by y^e third part of that light y^e splendor of Rome by w^ch they irradiated Italy \Sicily/ Afric & Dalmatia \Rhætia \&/ Noricum./ y^e remainder {sic} half of the western Empire w^ch \being about one half thereof/ was therefore the third part of their p^rsent dominions. So by the third part of y^e stars are to be understood y^e Consuls Senators & other Magistrates & {illeg} dignities of y^e \western/ Empire w^ch \formerly/ shone as stars in y^e heaven of this third part. All these I referr to y^e Greek Emperor as y^e sun in this heaven rather then to y^e king of y^e Goths partly because y^e Goths \never/ intermedled not w^th y^e government of Rome but left it w^th all it's dignities (y^e stars of this heaven) wholly to y^e Romans to manage & enjoy after y^e old manner as if still y^e head city of y^e western Empire \& sister of Constantinople/; & partly because y^e Greek Emperor\had a right to this city w^th it's territories & claimed it/ before his wars w^th y^e Goths claimed it as his right; but chiefly because y^e Emperors forces took it for him \a little/ before y^e y^e darkning of y^e third part of y^e Sun moon & stars, (as you shall hear,) & held it during y^e darkness.

ffurther by y^e expression y^t y^e day shone not for - < text from f 28r resumes > [& by y^e third part of their light,^[73] the third part of their dominions, that is the Western Empire, y^e right of w^ch by y^e ceasing of its own Emperors devolved upon y^e Greek Emperor & was accordingly claimed by him before & in his wars w^th y^e Vandals, Goths, & Lombards, & for a time recovered. And so by y^e stars are to be understood y^e subordinate Magistrates in y^e whole Empire, & by y^e third part of them y^e Magistrates of y^e third part, that is y^e Consuls Senators & other dignities of Rome by w^ch as stars this Empire had irradiated & influenced y^e world.] And lastly \Further by y^e expression/ that y^e day shone not for a third part of it & y^e night likewise we are to understand y^e duration of y^e darknes of y^e Sun Moon & Stars, that is, of y^e obscure state or Eclips of y^e Western Empire: interpreting day & night of one & y^e same time of obscurity called day in respect of y^e Sun & night in respect of y^e Moon & stars. For here y^e Sun, Moon & stars shine not alternately, as in nature, to constitute successive days & nights, but shine altogether & are darkned altogether. Now of y^e western day & night whereof y^e darknes was a third part, y^e beginning must be at y^e beginning of y^e reign of y^e Beast w^ch was & is not viz: A.C. 395,) because he is y^e eighth king or head y^e subject of this prophesy of y^e Trumpets, beginning & ending together w^th them; & 'tis his day & night y^t is darkned. Also y^e end of that day & night, (so much of it as was darkned to a third part) must be at y^e end of y^e darknes; not sooner because the darknes is a part of it, (viz: y^e third part,) nor later because that is y^e latest time of w^ch y^e Prophesy hath hitherto taken a view & if it should extend further it would be to us indefinite. The end of dark- <29r> nes I put in y^{e m[74]} year 607 when y^e Bishop of Rome obteined y^e universal Bishopric by y^e grant of y^e Emperor Phocas: not sooner because y^e Lombardic wars continuing till y^e \^a[75] Papacy of Sabinian that is till y^e year/ year 605, left Rome & Italy in y^e lowest degree of obscurity, nor later because Rome by that concession of Phocas began again to be Empress of y^e world & to irradiate y^e whole west by y^t hermaphroditic Luminary y^e Pope, & by those stars y^e Cardinals w^th y^e rest of his Court, w^ch from that time brake forth more & more out of y^e cloud till they out shone all other temporal Potentates. Moreover the beginning of y^e darknes I reccon at y^e beginning of y^e siege of Rome w^ch was in March \9 Kal. Feb: 20/ in y^e third year of y^e Gothic war ^n[76]A.C 537: for then {illeg} the \lost/ western dignities w^ch after a few years more were annihilated began to be manifestly obscured. In y^e first year y^e war proceeded no farther then Dalmatia & Sicily, in y^e second it entred Italy but approached not Rome till y^t {illeg} siege began w^ch continued a year & nine months \days/ & was so sharp y^t in y^e time thereof y^e Goths & Romans had no less then ^o[77]threescore & nine conflicts besides several other less skirmishes, besides ^p[78]y^e \sore/ afflictions of fa- <28v> -min & rapine w^thin.^[79] Then it was that y^e western dignities y^e light & splendor of y^e Empire began to be utterly extinguished. Nothing then regarded but a soldier. Nothing remained but titles of dignities \of dignities but their titles/, y^e shaddows of things that had been; & those too, y^e substance being gone, \soon/ vanished of their own accord as it were in a moment. T Consules enim quarto anno post hoc obsidium cessarunt et senatus non multo post dissolutus decennio \et senatus {illeg} non multo post dissolutus/ /mox Senatus itidem. Nam nono\ anno Vrbs \anno a Gothis iterum obsessa est/ capta est a Gothis, mœnia ex parte diruta, opum reliquiæ direptæ quicquid opum erat direptum, & cives \omnes/ in Campaniam captivi abducti: post quam devastationem Roma quadraginta dies aut amplius inquit Marcellinus Roma fuit ita desolata, inquit Marcellinus, ut nemo ibi hominum nisi bestiæ morarentur. In Vrbem dein \se/ recepit belisarius, Et Gothi iterum capiunt

[iterum obsessa est et proximo anno post famem gravissimum capta. Ex civibus qui soli in urbe remanserant, in

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Supposing therefore y^e desolation of Rome between y^e fall of y^e temporal & rise of y^e spiritual Empire to be y^e time of darknes & y^e ascention \beginning/ of y^e Beast's {sic} out of y^e bottomles pit \reign/ to be y^e beginning of day & night: the length of y^e whole day & night will be more then 212 & les then 213 years & y^e third part thereof {illeg} \between 70 &/ 71 years, & y^e length of darkness wil be 70 years complete & some part perhaps of y^e next year running w^ch agreeing so well w^th y^e said third part, makes good y^e Prophesy that y^e day & night shone not for a third part thereof.

It makes good also y^e prophesy of y^e seventy years desolation of Tyre, w^ch as we proved in Posit     was to be a seventy year's desolation of y^e Imperial City betwen y^e fall of y^e temporal & rise of the spiritual Empire & to happen in y^e time of y^e 4^th Trumpet & be about y^e length thereof: All w^ch being so punctually fulfilld & applicable to no other time is a most certain character of y^e right application of this Trumpet.

The correspondent Vial too confirms its' application notably. The tenour of this is that it was poured on y^e Sun & power was given him to scorch men w^th fire & men were scorched w^th great heat & blasphemed God, &c. That is^[80] y^e pouring out of this Vial was an incitement of y^e suprem power terrestrial potentate to torment men w^th war & men were tormented w^th vehement war & blasphemed God. And thus it happned. For y^e Greek Emperor (y^e supreme terrestrial Potentate) was y^e cause of y^e wars of this Trumpet by sending his armies into Italy in pursuit of his claim to those regions. The <30v> ^p[82] Gothic King laboured by all meanes for peace causing y^e Senate to mediate for it & y^e Bishop of Rome himself to go Embassadour to y^e Emperour on y^e same account & promising to acknowledg his ^p[83] Crown held of y^e Emperour & that in his dominions y^e nEmperour should have equal honour w^th himself as by ^q[84] stamping both their {illeg} images together on his coyn & by ^r[85] y^e peoples naming y^e Emperor always together w^th him & before him in public acclamations, &c. But nothing would satisfy but y^e extirpation of y^e Gothic Kingdom & for that end y^e imbroyling Italy in these \scorching/ wars.

I have now done w^th y^e wars of y^e first four Trumpets y^e winds w^ch blew upon y^e Empire till they had consumed {illeg} it, & ^s[86] together w^th frequent Pestilences, ffamins, Earthquaks, Tempests, fiery Meteors, & other Calamities, were one continual consumption of men & Cities for above two hundred years together, leaving y^e world barbarous & thin w^ch they found flourishing in learning & so thick peopled that y^e northern nations were forced to empty themselves upon their neighbours for want of room. These four trumpets relating therefore to y^e same subject were not unfitly connected w^th one another & distinguished from y^e next w^ch in troduces a new scene of things. By these \four/ he w^ch {hindred} being \fully/ taken out of y^e way, we are now to expect y^e revelation of y^e man of Sin 2 Thes. 2.7 But his description belongs not to y^e Trumpets. But before we But we proceede in y^e explication of y^e Trumpets.

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Prop.
The fift Trumpet expresses the wars of y^e Saracen Empire upon y^e Romans & begins with y^e rise ofy^e Mahometan religion A.C. 609.

The conditions of the fift Trumpet are these 1. It is {sic} to begin w^th y^e rise of a new fals religion: ffor this y^e ascention of any thing out of y^e bottomless pit implies. To rise out of y^e sea or earth is a phrase accommodated to expres y^e rise of temporal dominions w^thout respect to religion, but to rise out of y^e bottomless pit expresses further the bringing up some infernal devises together w^th that dominion w^ch arises. Thus the ten horned beast is said to rise out of y^e bottomless pit (chap 11.7. & 17.8) becaus he was to rise together w^th y^e great Antichristian Apostacy. And so in chap 20 to express y^e ceasing of fals religions for a 1000 years & afterds their springing up again, the Dragon is said to be cast into y^e bottomles pit that he should deceive the nations no more till after y^e 1000 years & then to be let out again to deceive them.

2. This fals religion is to rise |at| soon after y^e ceasing of y^e wars \end/ of y^e 4^th Trumpet. For this y^e order of y^e Trumpets requires. |Yet between y^e contents of these two Trumpets some little intervall may be allowed answering to y^e space taken up by y^e flight of y^e Angel through heaven which cryed Wo.|

3. The professors of this religion are to be very numerous, becaus exprest by a smoke so thick as to darken y^e Sun & Air, & by Locusts <32r> being a very numerous insect were by y^e ancient interpreters applied to numerous Armies. See Def     By the Smoke you may understand y^e whole multitude of this new sect & by y^e Locusts their Armies. ffor y^e Locusts plainly signify armies by their description. ffor y^e first to signify that they are not real Locusts but men, it is said that they should not hurt y^e grass \herbs/ of y^e earth neither any green thing neither any tree but only those men w^ch have not y^e seal of God in their foreheads; that is, that they should not prey upon real herbs & green things of the earth as natural Locusts do, but upon y^e figurative herbs & green things, the men w^ch have not y^e seal of God in their foreheads. They are therefore not real Locusts but men & not peaceable men but such as are hurtfull to others. Moreover it is said that they were like unto horses prepared unto {sic} battel, & had faces like men (i.e. were horsmen,) & had breastplates as it were of iron, & y^e sound of their wings was as y^e sound of chariots of many hores {sic} running to battel. And to represent them y^e more pernicious & dreadfull they are said to have tailes like Scorpions w^th stings in them, & teeth as y^e teeth of Lyons, both w^ch are also of a ^a[87]pugnacious military signification by Def     &     The Locusts therefore are soldiers: & since they come out of y^e Smoke, y^e smoke w^ch (by Def    ) signifies a multitude must be y^e whole multitude of y^e followers of this new religion.

4. The professors of this new religion are to constitute a kingdom. ffor it is exprest that they have a king over them.

5 Their king is y^e same w^th y^e Author <33r> & Guardian of their religion. ffor he is called y^e angel of y^e bottomless pit, that is, {illeg} He (w^th his successors) to whom power over the pit was given, who a little before was exprest by y^e star w^ch fell from heaven to whom was given y^e key of y^e bottomles pit that he should open it. Their king is therefore both a spirituall & temporall Prince: a temporall prince as he is King over y^e Locusts, that is chief commander over soldiers, & a spirituall prince as he is y^e angel of y^e bottomless pit.

6. This King is further described by his name, w^ch in hebrew is said to be Abaddon & in greek Apollyon: both w^ch words signifying y^e same thing namely a Destroyer, it is to be supposed that there is some further mystery in y^e hebrew word then the bare signification. ffor it is not likely y^t y^e holy Ghost would make an excursion into y^e hebrew tongue for a mere tautology.

7. The {sic} generation Locusts were to be a people w^th long hair & w^th some ornament upon their heads resembling a crown; in that they are said to have crowns of gold & hair like weomen.

They were to be enemies of y^e Roman state ffor y^e Trumpets are alarms to so many plagues of war upon y^e Romans, whereof this inflicted by y^e Locusts is one. Those whom y^e Locusts torment are described to be y^e men w^ch had not y^e seal of God in their foreheads, that is those w^ch stand in opposition to y^e sealed saints, or w^ch had y^e mark of y^e Beast. And acording y^e fift vial (w^ch expresses y^e same thing w^th this seal) is said to be poured upon y^e seat of y^e Beast. It is y^e Beast there- <34r> fore, that is y^e Roman state, on w^ch y^e plague of this Vial & Trumpet are is inflicted, & consequently y^e Locusts are their enemies.

9. They were not to kill men but torment them only; that is (as was explained above in y^e second Trumpet) to afflict kingdoms by war but not utterly to ruin them. |ffor here by y^e killing of men is to be understood not y^e killing of single men but of Kingdoms as was explained above in y^e 2^d Trump^t|

10 They were to rage five months, that is, five times thirty prophetiqꝫ days or 150 years; & this repeated, vers 5 & 10. ffor this repetition I cannot but esteem rather mysterious then superfluous, especially since there is not (that I know) any where in y^e prophetiqꝫ scriptures \(y^t I know)/ such another instance of a repetition in a {sic} continued narration of y^e same type.

These are y^e conditions of this seal Trumpet, & they singularly point out y^e Saracenical Kingdom. For

1. There have been since y^e writing of y^e Apocalyps but two notable new fals religions of large extent & long duration, y^e Roman & y^e Mahometan. And so in y^e Prophesy of y^e Seales & Trumpets there are described but two states w^ch arise out of y^e bottomless pit, y^e Beast & y^e Locusts. Wherefore since y^e Beast is y^e Roman religion state (as shall be further explained hereafter,) it remains y^t y^e Locusts be y^e Mahometan.

2. The Mahometan is y^e religion w^ch arose soon after y^e ceasing of y^e wars \at the end/ of y^e 4^th Trumpet. For these wars \the darkness of the Sun Moon & stars in that Trumpet/ continued till y^e year 609 {sic}, & then there was a lasting peace concluded between y^e Lombards & Romans whereby an end was put to y^e desolations of Italy. And in y^e year 609 {sic} y^e Mahometan religion began to be hatched; as is manifest out of Elmacinus who in y^e beginning of his history records that <35r> ^[88] Mahomet was \born in y^e year of {illeg}/ called to y^e {illeg} of prophesy /office of a Prophet\ in y^e Month Rabie prior in \the beginning end of/ y^e 40^th year of his age, w^ch was in y^e 20^th year of Casras King of Persia \922^d year of Alexander y^e great/, & y^t in y^e 44^th year of his age he began to manifest his vocation having before invited only privatly to Islamism (as they call their religion,) & in y^e \beginning of y^e/ 14^th year of his vocation & 54^th year of his age \(namely in the very beginning of those years)/ he fled to Medina entring y^e City on y^e 12^t day of y^e same month Rabie prior: from w^ch flight y^e Æra of y^e Hegira begins \y^e first year thereof being y^e same w^th y^e 54 of Mahomet/. Wherefore both by y^e 20^th year of Casrae w^ch fell in y^e year 606 \922 year of Alexander w^ch began in september A.C. 609 & in whose first month the month Rabie prior began/ & by y^e Æra of y^e Hegira, w^ch by y^e common consent of Chronologers began Iuly 17 A.C. 622, y^e yeare 609 was that in w^ch \& w^th w^ch y^e 54^th year of Mahomet was coincident/ y^e Mahometan religion took its beginning /in autumn in y^e year 609 of o^r Lord 609\. ffor from y^e \Autumn in y^e/ year 622 \(y^e time at w^ch Mahomet entred Medina)/ discounting 13 {sic} years (not Lunar years of y^e Hegira, but Syro-Caldaic years w^ch were in use w^th y^e Hagarenes before y^e Hegira began & were equipollent to solar years,) you will fall upon \Autumn in/ y^e year 609.

** |** The same is also evident out of {illeg} Abul Pharajius \history/ who writes y^t Mahomet was born in y^e year of Alexander 882 & died on y^e 29^th day in y^e beginning of y^e 11^th year of y^e Hegira having lived 63 years whereof 40 were spent before he arrogated to himself y^e his prophetiqꝫ function, 13 years more whilst he was at Mecha & the last 10 years after y^e Hegira during w^ch time he was at Medina after y^e Hegira began. Sic et in Tractatu de ejus de origine et moribus gentium Arabum scribit Mahometeum post com{illeg}|

Supposing therefore Mahomet (y^e Angel of y^e bottomless pit) to be y^e star w^ch fell from heaven to y^e Earth & opened y^e pit; we may reccon that he fell from heaven in y^e year 609 {sic} when he first began to contrive his doctrine, & consequently from thence date this Trumpet; & that in y^e year 612 when he first manifested his pretended vocation, he began to open y^e pit & let out y^e smoke; & that in y^e years 622 & 623, when (as y^e same Elmacinus writes) he first armed his followers, y^e Locusts began to come out of y^e smoke.

3. The great multitude {sic} of these Locusts is notoriously manifest conspicuous; their kingdom being as large as y^e Roman Empire in its greatest extent & their armies far more numerous.

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4 & 5. Also y^e qualities of their king, that he should be both angel of y^e bottomless pit & king of y^e Locusts do singularly agree to Mahomet & y^e succeeding race of Califas, who founded & propagated as well their religion as their Empire, being Princes both spirituall & temporall in y^e strictest sence. Nor hath there been, that I know, any other considerable Prince to whom this character so well agrees. The Pope indeed comes nearest to it, being such another spirituall Prince among Christians as y^e Califa was among Mahometans, but in temporall power he falls short thus far short, that although he claims & exercises superiority over kings yet he never had y^e absolute command of their armies. He never appeared in y^e head of an army like Mahomet & y^e Califas & therefore cannot be called King of Locusts.

6. As for this Kings name Abaddon it seems to allude to y^e common name of y^e ancient Kings of y^t tract of Arabia from whence y^e Saracenical Kingdom \I conceive/ took its beginning: w^ch tract from an ancient king Obodas (deified by his posterity) was called Oboda, & y^e Kings thereof Obodas, after y^e same manner that y^e Kings of Egypt were called Pharaoh & Ptolome, of y^e Romans Cæsars, of y^e Parthians Arsacæ, & of y^e people bordering upon Arabia petrea Arstæ.

Concerning Obodas y^e \deified King or/ God of y^e Arabians you may see Tertullian ad Nat. l 2. c 8. & y^e notes of Gothofredus thereupon. Also Eusebius mentions him in his book de laudibus Constantini p 478. Ἄραβες, saith he, Δούσαρίν τινα καὶ Ὄβδον θεοὺς ἀνηγόρευσι. Of \this deified king &/ y^e name of the Country derived from him {sic} deified King, Stephen a Byzantine writer, out of Vranius a writer of Arabic matters, in his 4^th book saith <37r> Ὄβοδα χωρίον Ναβαταίων ὅπου Ὀβόδης ὁ βασιλεὺς ὁν θεοποιουσι τέθαπται: w^ch Nabathæans were Ismaelites (that is Hagarens or Saracens) so called from Nabaioth y^e first born of Ismael Gen 25 13.

✝ < insertion from f 36v > ✝ D^r Pocock out of Firanzabad tells us also how Obaid y^e father of a Tribe Obadius became a patronymical word word {sic} & ى٨ٺإفت \Obida/ the name of a Province with its king among them, that is y^e common name of the kings of that Province, informing us also how of Obaid the signification of y^e word & of y^e various names of men derived thence: both w^ch make y^e word more fit to be alluded to by S^t Iohn. Inter veri Dei titulos, inquit, vocem ںøڢ ~ ~ recenset ipse Mohammedes, docente Ebnol Athir. {illeg} A themate |ى٨ڢ| nominis hujus ratio petenda, a quo ٨ڡ٨ٶڢ Maabud dicitur quicquid colitur et ى٨ٶں٥ Obudah, cultus, obedientia. - Varia autem sunt ab isto Themate derivata virorum nomina, qualia ى٨٨ڢ Obaid, ى٬٨١ڢ {illeg} Obad, ١ى٨ڢ Aabod, ى٨ٶب Abbud ى٨ڢ٥ Obdah &c. Ab Obaid patre Tribus formatur patronymicum ى٨بى Obadius, ى٨ڢ١ل, et Regis & Provinciæ in Yaman nomen teste Al ffirauzabad. Apud eundem ١٧ى٨ٶب Al Obud, Al Sacsaci septimi regum Hamy arensium filius. Hæc Pocockius in notis {illeg} in Abul Pharajium de origine et moribus Arabum. What relation this Al Obud had to this kingdom I know not but towards y^e end of it Iosephus mentions \two of/ their kings twice by this name w^ch agrees well with what was said of this name, being common to them all. One of them was well known to y^e Iews by his victory - < text from f 37r resumes > And lastly concerning y^e kings of this country that they also were from hence called by y^e common name of Obodas seems deducible out of Iosephus who mentions two of their kings under this name, a^[89] the one well known to y^e Iews by his victory over their king Alexander Iamneus whom that Arabian Obadas, having slain his whole army in the region of Galaad, compelled to fly to Ierusalem about 90 years before Christ. And him the Iews might well by a slight mutation have called Abaddon, y^t is, y^e Destroyer. The other ^b[90] Obodas was in y^e time of Herod y^e great, in whom y^e line ended for after his death y^e neighbouring King Aretas by the favour of Augustus united his Kingdom to his own. Of this Obodas Strabo also in y^e Arabic expedition of Ætius Gallus makes mention; out of whom it may be collected that y^e Kingdom Oboda bordered upon y^e red Sea southward of Aretas's territories, where I suppose Mahometism took its rise.

7. Moreover y^e shape of these Locusts, in that they had hair like weomen & crowns of gold, points out y^e Arabians who, as Pliny writes, intonso utuntur crine & (mulierum more) mitrati degunt. Plin. l 6. c 28. & w^th whom it is at {sic} custom p^rsent a custome as travellers affirm, for those that go into battel (ex proprijs capillis sibi cornua et cincinnos nectere) to adorn their heads w^th their own hair tied up. Camerar. operum subcis. Tom 1. c 93. Herodotus indeed mentions that they cut their hair round underneath, but I suppose he means only upon their {sic} foreheads becaus he adds that they did it shaving their temples. However it is not to be doubted but Pliny had seen Arabians at Rome.

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8. Again y^e Saracens Empire is further characterised by their wars upon the Romans, in that the Trumpets denote so many plagues inflicted upon the Roman territories by war whereof y^e 5^t is one of y^e three greatest & accordingly y^e wars of y^e Saracens upon them hath been one of y^e most universal & lasting plagues w^ch y^e Christian world hath hitherto felt. As for y^e universality there is scarce any Roman territory w^ch hath not felt them, Syria, Egypt, Afric, Spain, France, Italy, Illyricum, Grece, Thrace & Asia \& Armenia./ And y^e duration was much greater then of any former plague.

9. The precise duration of this plague, exprest to be five months, & that {illeg} repated, I limit thus.

In y^e 13^th year of y^e Hegira (w^ch began March 7^th A.C. 634) the Saracens first entred Syria & began to make war upon y^e Romans as Elmacinus writes, & y^e next year in y^e month Regjebo (w^ch was in o^r September A.C. 635) they took Damascus & made it the seat of their Empire. And from y^e taking of this City I date y^e beginning of their Empire as well becaus it laid y^e foundation to their conquests (all Syria & Egypt together w^th y^e whole world like a flood following thereupon,) as becaus y^e holy spirit usually measures y^e duration of Empires by that of y^e Metropolis.

Moreover y^e end of this Empire I put to be in y^e year 936 when y^e Califa lost all temporall power & Bagdad (y^e new seat of y^e Empire) came into y^e hands of temporal Princes. For this Kingdom is not to be extended beyond y^e time that y^e angel of the bottomless pit continued King of y^e Locusts. Now that this downfall of y^e Califa was completed in the year 936 is evident out of the same Elmacinus. ffor having described before how the severall Provinces of y^e Empire were rent from the Califa, so that (Egypt <39r> in the last place being lost the year before) there was now nothing left but Bagdad: he proceeds thus to describe how Arradis y^e last absolute Califa subjected both Bagdad & himself to Muhammed one of y^e temporal Princes who had shared y^e Empire. Anno, inquit, Hegiræ 324 (qui cœpit Novemb. 30. A.C. 935) ad se venire jussit Califa Arradis Billa Imperatorem Muhammedem f. Rajici qui Wasiti erat & ibi dominabatur; cogente ad id eum necessitate propter perturbationem Imperij & ineptitudinem Consiliarij ad eam dignitatem. Venit itaqꝫ filius Rajici Bagdadum, & constituit eum Arradis Imperatorem Imperatorum, commisitqꝫ ei administrationem regni - et jussit eum pro se concionari super suggesto, induit quoqꝫ ei vestem dignitatis ac dedit ei vexillum. Venit autem Bagdadum vicessimo quinto Dulhiggiæ (i.e. Novemb 13. A.C. 936) - curavitqꝫ ea omnia quæ curare soliti erant Consiliarij ({illeg}) Atqꝫ ab eo tempore dignitas Consiliarij Bagdadi obsolevit, neqꝫ remansit nisi nomen ejus.^[91] Potestas autem omnis cessit Imperatoribus qui rerum potiebantur. Atqꝫ id duravit donec florere desierunt ^[92] Salgjuki (i.e. Turcarum Imperatoris) Bagdadum.

Ineunte itaqꝫ anno ^[93]325 (qui cepit Novemb 19. A.C. 936) mundus in manibus erat Principum qui Imperio se ingesserant & reges terræ ^[94] erant. Quicunqꝫ enim urbem aliquam nanciscebantur ^[95]Regem re ejus nominabat, alios omnes arcens. Eratqꝫ Basra ^[96] {limitum} & Ahwaza in manu Abu Abdallia {illeg} et fratrum ejus; Persia in manu Ama^[97]duddaula, Dailami et Wasmakini; Mausila, & Diarrebia & Diarbeera in manu filiorum Hamadani; Ægyptus et Syria in manu Mahammedis Achsijdi; Occidens et Africa in manu Caijmi. Hispania in manu filiorum Ommiæ. Chorasana in manu Nasri. Iamama, Bahraina & Hagjara in manu Taheri. Tabristana & Gjorgjana in manu Dailamorum. Neqꝫ mansit in manu Chalifa & filij Rajici quicquam <40r> præter Bagdadum. Et abolita sunt telonia Regni. - Pecunia autem omnis portata est in gazophylacia Imperatorum, qui pro lubitu suo de ea disponebant & impensas imperiales omnes faciebant.

** < insertion from f 39v > ** To y^e same purpose writes Abul-Pharajius \another Arabic historian/, whose words \{illeg}/ are these \translated/. Anno (Hegiræ scil.) trecentesimo vicesimo quarto impulit {sic} necessitas Al Radium ut Abu-Becrum Mohammedem filium Raycki imperatorem exercitûs crearet. Eum ergo Imperatorem Imperatorum constituens vectigalibus & tributis & curijs per omnes regiones præfecit, jussitqꝫ in omnibus suggestis nominis ejus in concionibus mentionem fieri, atqꝫ ab eo tempore {illeg} irritum factum est Vizieri munus. F. Raycki siquidem & ipsius scriba omnium rerum curam gerebant: eodemqꝫ modo quicunqꝫ post eum Imperatores Imperatorum fiebant se habebant. Omnes peculinæ in eorum Gazophylacia importebantur, easqꝫ pro lubitu erogabant, & Chalifæ nihil aliud quãm quod ipsis visum, relinquebant. < text from f 40r resumes >

This may suffice to determin y^e end of this Empire of y^e Chalifas: w^ch \deter {sic}/ yet is further confirmed by the ensuing actions. ffor before y^e son of Raijci had been Emperor of Emperors two full years, Bagdad (as y^e same Elmacinus writes) was taken {illeg} by one Iahcamus a Turk, & from that time often taken & retaken, being sometimes in the hands of y^e Turks & sometimes of y^e Saracens untill at length Togrulbec took it & there laid the founddation of y^e Turkish Empire \established it to y^e Turks/.

The whole duration of y^{e [98]}Empire therefore from its beginning at Damascus ^[99] A.C. 635 to its end at Bagdad A.C. 936 is 301 years. ^[100] from w^ch if y^e last year be exempted wherein ^[101] Egypt being lost there remained nothing to y^e Chalifa ^[102] of those Provinces w^ch had been taken from y^e Romans, ^[103]& consequently the Romans were no longer tormented ^[104] by any Locusts w^ch had y^e Angel of y^e bottomles pit ^[105] for their King; there will remain 300 years ^[106] precisely, that is twice five months of years ^[107] for y^e whole time that men were tormented by these ^[108] Locusts.

< insertion from f 39v >

Eutychius y^e Patriarch of Alexandria in his history w^ch was written two or three hundred years at least before y^t of Elmacinus {illeg} y^e taking of Damascus to y^e 1 {illeg}^th year of y^e Hegyra, w^ch fell in w^th y^e {illeg} to y^e year of o^r Lord 636 & from hence to y^e end of y^e empire {illeg} \a year later then Elmacinus, & so, the Empire will {illeg}/ just 300 years. Take w^ch computation you like best. The former is confirmed by Theophanes & Anastasius \& Cedrenus/ who put \refer/ y^e taking Damaskus to y^e 25^t year of Heraclius; w^ch agrees w^th Elmacinus, for Heraclius began A.C. 610. Octob 3. as Petavius (in Rationario Temporū lib 4, cap 15 & more at large in his notes ad Nicephori Breviarium) demonstrates out of Chron: Alexandr. {illeg}, Theophanes Cedrenus & others.

< text from f 40r resumes >

If you now ask ^[109] why y^e duration of this kingdom was not exprest ^[110] by one round number of ten months rather then by a repetition of five months: I answer j^st it was done for y^e property of the type For Locusts continue but five months, namely from y^e rise of the Pleiades (esteemed by y^e Ancients y^e end of Spring, being about a month after y^e Vernall Equinox) at w^ch time they are hatched out of eggs left all winter in y^e earth, untill y^e begining of Autumn when <41r> having left eggs in y^e earth for a new ofspring, they die. See Pliny lib 11. c 29. 2^dly The condition of the Saracens empire required it. ffor this was not one only uniformly continued Empire but compounded of two Dynasties succeeding one another the first at Damascus y^e second at Bagdad. And therefore y^e holy Ghost measuring the duration of Empires by that of their Metropolis, it was not fit to combine both these in one number but to express y^e duration of each apart: As if he had said y^t y^e Kingdom should continue five months at a seat & by y^e repetition thereof in y^e family of Ommia, y^e second at Bagdad in y^e race of y^e Abasides. ffor y^e Abasides wresting y^e Chalifate from y^e family of Ommia, took Damascus by force & pulled down y^e walls, & in y^e year of y^e Hegira 145 (w^ch began April 1. A.C. 762) gave commandment that for y^e building of Bagdad translating y^e seat of y^e empire thither so soon as it was finish the building was finished \it was habitable/. See Elmacinus lib 2. The time of this translation I find not recorded, but it seems to have been either at or before y^e year 775; for in y^t year Mahad was there created Chalifa, his father Almansor dying neare Mecca. Now the Empire being thus translated from one seat to another, & y^e holy Ghost measuring y^e duration of Empires by that of their Metropolis, it was not fit \not/ to combine both these in one number, but to express y^e duration of each apart: as if he had said y^t y^e Empire should continue five months at a seat, & by y^e repetition thereof insinuated y^e duality of seats. Tis true y^e duration of y^e Empire at these two seats was not justly of this length, but \the difference not being great/ it may suffice that the last Dynasty exceeded {sic} five months as much as y^e first fell {sic} short so that one w^th another they may be recconed at 5 months a piece: perhaps not much unlike Locusts w^ch according to y^e condition of the year may sometimes continue longer then five months & sometimes not so long, & yet their life <42r> one yeare w^th another be recconed at five months, if at one time they exceed that continuance as much as they fall short of it at another.

10. In y^e last place whereas it is said y^t the Locusts should torment men but not kill them, I suppose it is spoken chiefly w^th respect to \to distinguish them from/ y^e Constan Euphratean horsmen who in y^e next Trumpet killed y^e 3^d part of men, y^t is overthrew y^e Constantinopolitan Empire as I shall explain in its place: whereas these Locusts though they often harassed y^e whole \whole/ Empire w^th fire & sword, & beseiged Constantinople no less then 8 times, & that sometimes for two or three years together, reducing y^e inhabitants to so great straits that they came even to man's flesh, yet they could not take y^e city, it being not granted that the

Prop.
The sixt Trumpet conteins y^e wars of the Turkish Empire upon y^e Romans, & begins w^th y^e solution of y^e four Euphratean Sultanies A.C. 1258.

The conditions of y^e sixt Trumpet are these.

1. The Euphratean horsmen are to be y^e next great enemy after y^e Locusts w^ch makes war upon y^e Roman territories.

2. There is a great affinity between y^e Locusts & & {sic} Euphratean horsmen. For y^e Locusts were represented like horses prepared to battel w^th faces like men & breastplates, w^ch is y^e shape of these horsmen. Also both have tailes of a serpentine form, whereby I conceive their affinity in religion is insinuated. ffor a tail of y^t shape is an emblem of their cognation to y^e old Serpent, as well as of their pugnacious disposition.

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3. These horsmen were at first a quaternion of Kingdoms for they are y^e army w^ch was loosed to slay y^e third part of men & consequently y^e same w^th y^e 4 Angels w^ch represent so many \that is/ |4| great bodies politiqꝫ. In y^e former Trumpet an Angel was put to signify \a king painted/ y^e King of y^e Locusts, & thence it is obvious to collect y^t y^e four Angells here may signify so many kingdoms or nations, since \For as/ a King in these prophesies is used promiscuously to signify sometimes a single person & sometimes a Kingdom (as in Dan 7.17 & 8.20 & Apoc 17.10, 12,) & Angels \so may Angels be used since they/ are beleived to be no less superintendents over nations then Kings.

**|** 4. These nations were seated in a foursquare position. This is hinted by y^e 4 horns of y^e golden Altar from whence y^e voice concerning them came. ffor y^e horns by this their voice are made a type of y^e Angels & consequently of their position. ffor they can typify them in nothing but their position & number, & it would be a superfluous circumstance were it only to express their number since y^t is otherwise sufficiently defined.|

5 {sic}. These {illeg} Nations were at first seated upon Euphrates, as is manifest by y^e expression y^t y^e angels were bound in y^t river.

6 {sic}. This Trumpet begins at their loosing from y^t River.

7 {sic}. The Army is described exceeding numerous. δύο μυριάδες μυριάδων, or according to some readings μυριάδες μυριάδων the word δύο being omitted. In either reading we are to understand only an immense number (as in Psal 58.17, The chariots of God are two myriads) For y^e number μυριὰς רבוא or רככה is of those numerall words w^ch y^e Hebrews use not only for ten thousand but indefinitely for any great number, especially when it is doubled, as may be seen in Dan 7.10.

8 {sic}. Their armour is described after a very singular manner; viz: That they had breastplates of fire & Iacynth & Brimstone, & out of y^e mouths of y^e horses (whose heads were as y^e heads of Lyons) issued fire & smoke & brimstone whereby they killed men.

9 {sic}. By these three (y^e fire & {sic} smoke & brimstone) y^e third part of men was killed.

10 {sic}. The rest of men w^ch were not killed by these plagees {sic} repented not.

11 {sic}. The time for w^ch they were prepared was an to destroy y^e third part of men is an hower & a day & a month & a year.

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These being y^e conditions of this Trumpet, they do after a very singular manner point out y^e Turkish Empire. ffor 1 The Turks were y^e next great enemy to y^e Roman territories. Their's & y^e Saracen's Empire have been y^e two greatest & y^e only two very great scourges of y^e Christian world for this last thousand years, & therefore none but these can be intended by y^e two first of these three great woes, unles we will suppos y^t y^e Holy Ghost has been very particular in describing some smaller plagues of y^e Christians & taken no notis of y^e greatest, w^ch would be to make y^e parts of y^e Prophesy hold no proportion w^th those of history.

The common period of these two Trumpets I assigne to y^e year 1258. For I measure y^e whole duration of y^e former Trumpet by the standing of y^e Chalifate & not by y^e twice five months raging of y^e Locusts, that being but a more signal intermediate period. For after y^t time y^e world continued in y^e hands of y^e Saracens for many years, though not under y^e dominion of y^e Chalifa but broken into many temporal kingdomes \& the Chalifa himself was always of the Saracen nation & from before y^e foundation of Bagdad to y^e end of y^e Chalifate of one & y^e same family of y^e Abasiom/. And therefore as this Trumpet began w^th y^e birth of y^e angel of y^e bottomles pit (exprest by y^e falling of y^e star from heaven) w^ch was before his empire was founded, so it should end w^th y^e deceasing of y^t angel though long after his empire was rent in pieces. Now y^e deceasing of this Angel was in y^e year 1258 when Hulacu y^e Tartar took Bagdad & put an end to y^e Chalifate; & immediately after this followed y^e loosing of y^e four angels as shall be explained hereafter.

The Turks indeed long before this time erected severall powerfull Sultanies among y^e Saracens, & were for some time Lords even over y^e Chalifa. But y^e last hundred years y^e Chalifa shook of their yoke & became sole Lord of Bagdad w^th its territories Iraca & a good part of <45r> Persia; & therefore now equalling or rather exceeding y^e Turkish Sultanies in temporall greatness, & as to spirituall jurisdiction being universally acknowledged & honoured as well by y^e Turkish Sultans as by y^e Saracens, much after y^e same manner y^t y^e Pope is acknowledged supreme among Christian Princes; it will be more proper to to {sic} look upon y^e Turkish Sultanies hitherto as grafted into y^e Saracen's Empire then as another Empire planted in its stead. This at least we must do if we will follow y^e judgment of y^e Eastern historians who are in this y^e most competent & unprejudic't judges. For Elmacinus, although he distinguish y^e Saracen Empire into three parts or Dynasties, the first conteining \its increase during/ y^e reign of y^e Abasides at Bagdad untill they subjected themselves to temporall Princes (w^ch two Dynasties I interpreted to be y^e twice five months reign of y^e Locusts,) & y^e third its continuation after its distaction {sic}: yet at y^e setting up of y^e Turkish Sultanies, whether by Togrulbec or others, he makes no distinction but interweaves their history w^th y^e Saracen's in y^e third Dynasty. And Abul-Pharajius, who divides his history into so many dynasties as there had been supreme Empires \since the creation/ & reccons y^e Empire of y^e Saracens in y^e 9^th place, extends this from their {sic} Prophet Mahomet to y^e taking of Bagdad by y^e Tartars & there concludes it making y^e shortliv'd Empire of y^e Tattars then founded upon y^e ruins of y^e Saracens & Turks by Hulacu to be y^e 10^th Dynasty or supreme Empire & y^e year 1258 their common period.

By extending y^e fift Trumpet thus far downward its length will be verey great in proportion to y^e former Trumpets. But it was fit y^t y^e first Trumpets should be but short being a description of y^t most criticall time wherein y^e true religion was everted & y^e Apostacy set up, & therefore to <46r> be delineated more articulately: & y^e H. Ghost has signified y^e far greater length of these last Trumpets by dwelling much longer upon their description.

2. The affinity between y^e Turks & Saracens \& Turks/ is sufficiently conspicuous, y^e last having been interwoven w^th y^e Empire of y^e former, (sometimes as subjects, sometimes as neighbouring fellow Princes) for some hundreds of years together so as to be esteemed almost one people: & both being also of y^e same religion.

3, |4| & 5 {sic} The originall of y^e Turkish Empire agrees also to y^e prophesy y^t it should be from a quarternion of kingdoms seated upon Euphrates \in a square position/. For such was y^e constitution of y^e Turks between y^e time that they first grew powerfull & the invasion of y^e Tartars \as may be learned out of y^e histories of Abul-Phrajius, Elmacinus. William Tyrius & Ayton Armenus/. The first that notably promoted their state was Togrulbec (called also Togra, Tangrolipix, Dogrissa & Sadoc,) who having conquered Chorasan & Persia added Bagdad to his Empire A.C. 1055 & made that the seat thereof. And his successor Olub'Arslan (called also Asan Olbarsalan, Alpasalem, & Aspasalem) who began his reign A.C. 1063, added also Mesopotamia; a good part of w^ch he took from y^e Greeks, captivating at y^e same time their Emperour Diogenes Romanus. The third Sultan Malechsah or Melecla who began his reign A.C. 1071, sent Aksis \& Sjarfuddaulas the governour of Mausela/ to invade Syria & Cutlumuses to invade y^e lesser Asia, the \two/ first of w^ch took Damascus A.C. 1075 & \the second & \added/ Aleppo \to Mausela/ AC 1079 ^[111] & between them/ subdued y^e almost {sic} all {sic} Syria, & y^e other made no less progress in Asia, [taking Cæsaria A.C 1079.] And now this Empire being arrived to its ἀκμὴ became after y^e death of Malechsah (w^ch happened A.C. 1092) became rent in pieces by civil dissentions, y^e subordinate Sultans of y^e principal cities asserting to themselves absolute dominion over y^e territories w^ch they formerly held by y^e favour of Malechsah & his predecessors; whence sprang y^e following Dynasties.

1 The remainder of y^e Sultans of Bagdad, whose Sul- <47r> tans were Barchiaruc (or Belchiaroc,) Muhammed, Mahmud, David, Masud, Melechsah, Muhammed, & Solyman Shah in whom y^e race of y^e Salghucides at Bagdad ended about y^e yeare 1160 or soon after: & from thence forward unto the taking of Bagdad by y^e Tartars, the Chalifa {sic} recovered & maintained y^e Supreme temporal power w^thin this Sultany, w^ch had been intermitted for about 224 years.

The Sultany of Mausela or Mosul a city of Mesopotamia seated upon Tigris about 6 or 7 days journey ^a[112] westward from Bagdad, & almost one or two days journey from one of y^e streames of Euphrates. Its Sultans were 1 Iagarmish. 2 Zengius fil: who began his reign A.C 1107. 3 Maudud 1109. 4 Oksenkar (or Assangur) 1121. 5 Ezzoddin fil: 1126. 6 Zengius (or Sanguin) frat: 1127. 7 Gaza fil: 1145. 8 Cotboddin frat. 1149. 9 Gazi fil: 1170. 10 Ezzoddin frat: 1180. 11 Nuroddin fil 1193. 12 Ezzoddin fil. 1211. 13 Nuroddin fil 1218. 14 Naseroddin frat: 1218. 15 Badroddin 1234. 16 Saleh fil: with his brothers 1259, whose dominions after two years were taken from them by y^e Tartars. To this Sultany belonged y^e southern regions of Mesopotamia together w^th a good part of Assyria on y^e other side Tigris.

3. The Sultany of Maredin, Mirdin, or Marde another city of Mesopotamia seated also upon Tigris northwest of Mausela. Its territories were watered by y^e river Alchabur w^ch \is an arm of Euphrates & afterwards/ runs through y^e regions of Mausela. into y^e main channel of Euphrates. Its sultans were 1 Ortoc who was contemporary to Olub-Arslan, Melechsah & Barkiaruc. 2 Gazi fil. 3 Tamartash fil: who began his reign A.C. 1122. 4 Nojmoddin fil: who began 1152. 5 Gazi fil. 6 Cotboddin fil. 7 Hosamoddin fil: who began 1184. 8 Kotboddin frat: who began about y^e year 1200 \& did valiantly/. * 9 Pater Modhafferi anonymus. 10 Modhaffer who began A.C. 1260.

This Sultany towards y^e latter end became divided into two. ffor when Saladin invaded Mesopotamia, amongst his other victories he took from this Sultany Miepharekin a City of y^e greater Armenia upon y^e borders of Mesopotamia, seated ^a[113] about two days journey beyond Tigris. And after y^e <48r> death of Saladin, Miepharekin had its proper Sultans, Abdel Modhaffer, & Ashraf, y^e last of w^ch was slain by y^e Tatars A.C. 1260.

4. The Sultany of Syria usually seated at \Damascus &/ Aleppo. Its Sultans were 1 Tagjuddaulas Tatash {illeg} y^e son of Olub-Arslan. He first obteined Damascus A.C 1079, & then Aleppo & Antioch w^th all Syria A.C. 1085. * < insertion from f 47v > * 2 Decac fil 1095 w^th his brother Roduan. 3 Togtacin Atabec (or Doldequin Abacuc) 1104. 4 Buri fil. 5 Muhammed fil (Shehaboddin or Tegel-melud) 6 Majiroddin fil. 7 Nuroddin who began at Aleppo A.C. 1145 & at Damascus AC 1154. 8 {illeg} \Malec/ Saleh fil 1174. 9 Saladin 1175. 10 Dhaher fil 1193. 11 Aziz fil 1216. 12 Naser fil 1237 who was slain by y^e Tatars A.C. 1260.

After y^e death of Tajuddaulas this Sultany became divided between his sons Decac & Roduan, y^e first residing at Damascus {sic}, y^e other at Aleppo. And in this divided state it continued about 29 years y^e successors of Roduan being Tajuddaulas fil 1113. Bulgar 1117. Solyman 1122. & Balac 1123. The next year A.C. 1124 Aleppo became subject to Oksenkar y^e Sultan of Mausela, & after him to his Son Zengius untill y^e year 1145. And then he dying his son Nuroddin inherited Aleppo w^thout Mausela, & after 9 years reunited it & Damascus under himself. And from that Th time y^e regions of Damascus continued almost always joyned either to y^e Sultany of Aleppo or Egypt or divided between them. < text from f 48r resumes > [2 Roduan fil: w^th his brother who began A.C. 1095. 3 Tajuddaulas \fil/ 1113. 4 Bulgar 1117. 5 Solyman 1122. 6 Balac 1123. 7 Oksenar 1124. 8 Quidam e filijs Oksenkar, 1126. 9 Zengius frat 1128. 10 Nuroddin fil: 1145 11 Malechsaleh fil 1174. 12 Saladin 1175. 13 Dhaher fil: 1193. 14 Aziz fil: 1216. 15 Naser fil: who 1237 who was slain by y^e Tartars A.C. 1260.

After y^e death of Tajuddaulas this Sultany became divided between his sons Roduan & Decac, y^e first residing at Damascus Aleppo, y^e other at Damascus. And in this divided state it continued about 60 years, namely till y^e reign of Nuroddin who reunited it A.C 1154. And from that time y^e regions of Damascus continued almost always subject either to y^e Sultan of Aleppo or Egypt or divided between them.]

5 The Sultany of Asia seated chiefly at Iconium \& watered by an arm of Euphrates w^ch runs through y^e midst of it/. Its Sultans {sic} were 1 Cuthumish |of| y^e son \race/ of Saljuk. 2 Solyman fil. 3 Kelvi-Arslan (or Tanisman) fil: who began his reign A.C 1100. 4 Masud fil: 1106. 5 Kelij-Arslan (or Clisastlan) fil: \with his brothers/ 1152. 6 Cai-Closroes fil \w^th his brothers/: 1192. 7 Ezzoddin fil: 8 Aladin frat: 1219 9 Giyathoddin fil 1237. 10 Ezzoddin fil 1244, together w^th his brothers Rocnoddin & Aladin.

Besides these (& y^e Sultanies of Egypt & Chorasan, w^ch I reccon not here \as well becaus they c as well/ by reason of their distance from Euphrates \as becaus they ceased in y^e time of the fift Trumpet/) there were sometimes other Sultanies split out of these; but those were but of small extent, bearing perhaps y^t proportion to these w^ch y^e European Dukedomes & Principalities do to Kingdoms. And if any of them were at any time greater yet they were but of short continuance & extinct before y^e incursion of y^e Tartars \end of the fift seal Trumpet/, & therefore deserve not <49r> to be here remembred unless w^th reference to y^e forementioned cardinall Sultanies out of w^ch they were derived & into w^ch they returned again.

Now of these five Sultanies if y^e first be omitted becaus it ceased long before y^e loosing of y^e Angels, & was coincident w^th y^e Chalifate while it lasted; there will remain only four, according to \as/ y^e number of y^e Angels \requires/. These four, & only these are fellows in all respects: ffor they were all of y^e same people, & sprang out of y^e same great Empire & took their beginning much about y^e same time, & lasted together for almost two hundred years, though not w^thout variety of fortune, till at length they were ruined by y^e Tartars: & therefore being also situate upon y^e branches of Euphrates on all sides \so as to comprehend that river/, they \& that in a square position, they/ fully answer to y^e type of y^e 4 angels bound in that river \in therein/.

*** < insertion from f 48v > *** Their position was not indeed exactly square. But as Daniel expressed that y^e successors of Alexander y^e great should be divided toward y^e four winds of Heaven Dan 11.4, & yet they lay not exactly east west north & south from any common center but only something nearely approached y^t posture: so here it may suffice if y^e posture of y^e 4 Turkish nations pretty nearly resemble a square. And this they seem to do whether you consider their dition in general or their head cities. ffor, accounting Damascus y^e head of Syria as it was unquestionably in y^e beginning of this Sultany & many ages before; their position, so nearly as I can gather it out of         & y^e Nubian Geography, is this < text from f 49r resumes >

5. Suppposing therefore that these Tetrarchies are y^e 4 Angels & that by their being bound in Euphrates is meant their residence upon y^t river, the loosing of them, must be interpret as \since/ it stands in opposition to binding, must be interpreted their loosing from those seats. And this happened at y^e invasion {sic} of y^e Tartars, y^e history of w^ch is as follows.

In y^e year 1203 the \supreme/ Empire of y^e Tartars (a name not heard of before this time) was founded by Iingiz Chan, by whom amongst other eastern & northern regions Chorasan was subdued & by his successors y^e Kingdom of Armenia much afflicted & y^e Sultany of Iconium also (A.C. 1243,) but not ruined. At length Mangaca Chan y^e 4^th Emperor of y^e Tatars being converted to Christianity by means of Ayton king of Armenia, sent his brother Hulacu (or Halaon) w^th a great army to invade y^e Turks & root out their religion. Hulacu therefore advancing from y^e east, after he had stayed some time in Persia <50r> & subjected it, came to Bagdad Ian 22 1258, & in a day & a night compassed y^e city w^th a wall & a ditch, & took it y^e 10^th of February following; & his soldiers continuing to spoile kill & make captives for seven days together, at y^e end of w^ch time y^e Chalifa was also {y^e} put to death & so y^e Chalifate dissolved.

After this \Hulacu/ y^e same year Hulacu upon some provocation sends his son Yashmut w^th part of his army to beseige Miepharekin, who in a day & a night compas it w^th a wall & a deep ditch & begin to assault it, but after some sharp conflicts finding they could not take it by force, they determined to keep it shut up till it should be worn out by famin.

The next year A.C 1259 Hulacu cites y^e Sultans of Syria & Asia to come to him & submit themselves, w^ch Ezzoddin y^e Sultan of Asia w^th his brother Rucnoddin did, but Naser y^e Sultan of Syria refused. Wherefore he sent back y^e Asian Sultans honourably & established th confirmed them in their dominions, but invaded Syria A.C. 1260 w^th an army of four hundred thousand, taking first {illeg} ^a[114] Harran \(Churrha)/ & b^[115] Roan (Edessa) w^th y^e adjacent regions on y^e east of Euphrates w^ch belonged to the {eastern} \Syrian/ Sultany, & then having passed y^e river, whilst his Captains invaded y^e other cities of this Sultany, (amongst w^ch was Damascus, Emessia, Hama, Moarra &c) he himself besieged Aleppo & took it in a few days, a greater number of people being slain there then at Bagdad. Naser himself was fled before y^e siege, but soon after taken & slain w^th his whole family |In the mean while Naser, who w^th his court resided at Damascus, hearing of y^e progress of the Tatars fled w^th his family into y^e Desert Carac & Shaubac, & the Nobles of Damascus so soon as the Tatars approached y^e City delivered it to y^m. & after a while Naser w^th his family was taken & slain.|

Not long after Hulacu being about to return into y^e eastern regions, y^e other army came to him from y^e siege of Miepharekin, bringing w^th them Ashraph y^e Sultan thereof, & relating how they had slain all y^t were in y^e city, there being but few of them whom y^e famin had not destroyed before, |because otherwise y^e army of Tatars would \not/ have been sufficed to take y^e citty|

About y^e same time Hulacu, so soon as he came <51r> neare Maredin cited y^e Sultan thereof to appeare before him, but he refusing, y^e Tatars beseige y^t city also, But y^e Sultan dying suddenly, his son Modhaffer presently yeilds y^e city to Hulacu; whereupon Hulacu treated him honourably & restored y^e city to him w^th y^e rest of his fathers dominions. Yet about 30 years after this Sultany as well as y^e rest was dissolved.

\Whilst Hulacu besieged Maredin, Naser w^th his family was taken & slain. And/ the {sic} next year A.C 1261 Saleh y^e sultan of Mausela w^th his brother combining w^th y^e Egyptians against y^e Tattars, was invaded also by them under y^e leading of Samdago one of Hulacu's captains, & {illeg} Mausela beseiged & taken, y^e soldiers continuing for eight days together to spoile kill & captvate. And amongst y^e rest Saleh was taken & commanded to be slain by Hulacu.

^[116]Vntill this time y^e Greeks had constantly possessed Asia strictly {sic} so called, Paphlagonia, Bythinia, Phrygia magna, Phrygia Pacatiana, Caria & part of Cilicia. And y^e rest of y^e Asian Provinces to Euphrates, namely Lycaonia, Galatia, Pamphilia, Armenia, Hellenopontus, Pisidia, & Lycia belonged to y^e Sultany of Iconium. But now y^e Turks of Mesopotamia & Syria being molested by y^e Tatars flocked into Asia to shelter themselves under y^e Iconian Sultan, & to obtein new seats their severall Princes made wars upon y^e Grecians. Mantachia subdued y^e city Ephesus & y^e Province Caria, Atin conquered Lydia as far as Smyrna. Sarchan all Magnesia to Pergamus together w^th y^e whole Province of y^e Magedi. Carmian all Phrygia. Carasses y^e other Phrygia between Hellespont & y^e city Asso, & Othman all Bythinia w^th part of Paphlagonia.

In y^e mean time y^e Iconian Sultany became much <52r> afflicted & weakned by y^e Tatars pressing upon them & taking from them y^e regions next Euphrates insomuch y^t at y^e death of Aladin it was utterly dissolved. And then or soon after, namely in y^e year 1299, Othoman being grown more powerfull then y^e rest of y^e Turkish Princes took upon him y^e dignity & title of Sultan & by degrees became y^e universall Monarch of y^e Turks, y^e rest of y^e Princes uniting under him under him y^e whole body of y^e Turks united by degrees: whereby being rendred more powrfull they prevailed still more upon y^e Greeks, & w^thin a while invaded Europe, not ceasing to propagate their victories till at length they overthrew y^e Constantinopolitan Empire & on its ruins erected |  founded y^t great Empire w^ch we see at present.

Now in this history we have first y^e desolation of y^e Bagdad. But this being not a Turkish Sultany like y^e rest, but in y^e hands of y^e Chalifa who had been always of y^e Saracen Nation & from before y^e foundation of Bagdad |of| one & y^e same family of y^e Abasides; it will be most proper to refer y^e desolation of this city to y^e former Trumpet as y^e conclusion thereof, & so there will remain these four Turkish Nations, the south-Mesopotamian, y^e north-Mesopotamian including part of Armenia, y^e Syrian, & y^e Asian w^ch at this time were y^e full extent of y^e Turkish dominions, & all w^ch w^thin y^e compass of 30 or 40 years after y^e dissolution of y^e Chalifate, that is at \in/ y^e beginning of this Trumpet were overrun & loosed by y^e Tatars from their Eufratean seats, & forced upon y^e Christians to make war upon them & erect that great Empire w^ch reigns at present & is y^e plague of apostate Christendom threatned in this Trumpet.

The greatest objection against this interpretation is that Miepharekin was at this time a distinct Sultany & <53r> so there should have been rather 5 then 4 Angels. But if we consider y^t this Sultany was neither of equall standing nor perhaps \probably/ of equall extent w^th y^e rest, it being but lately rent from the Sultany of Maredin & guirded on y^e one hand by y^e kingdom of Armenia & on y^e other by y^e Sultany of Maredin, whose seats Maredin & Miepharekin were not above 80 or 90 Italian miles distant; & also y^t Miepharekin was seated beyond Tigris, & so not could not be so properly said to be bound in Euphrates as y^e rest: it will be more naturall to refer this (as I signified above) to y^e Sultany of Maredin as a branch thereof, recconing them still to make but one great Nation or Angel as formerly, then to fellow it with y^e originall Sultanies. A case not unlike this we have in y^e third of Daniel's universal Empires represented by y^e Leopard, who had 4 heads to signify its division into 4 Kingdoms at y^e death of Alexander. And yet it was divided into more then four Kingdoms. ffor besides y^e Egyptian, Syrian, Asian, & Macedonian, there was (to mention no others) y^e Thracian w^ch continued distinct about 36 years, & yet, becaus none of y^e principall kingdoms, such as might properly be represented by heads of a Beast, it was not recconed among y^e other four but rather {sic} referred to y^e Kingdom of Macedon as I suppose becaus it was at length united to that. Compare this w^th y^e present case of y^e Turks, & I think it will make y^e interpretation clear.

Analogous to y^e loosing of these Angels is y^e drying up of y^e waters of Euphrates in y^e 6^t Vial. For these two actions must correspond w^th one another becaus they are y^e beginnings of this Trumpet & Vial w^ch are contemporary. Now by y^e waters of this river we are to understand y^e people situate upon it by Def     that is, y^e Turkish Sultanies. \And by y^e pouring the |a| Vial upon this river the inflicting of some great calamity upon y^e people such as was y^e tartarian invasion./ And by y^e \continued/ drying up the {sic} waters \of that river/, y^e wasting of y^e power & dominion of that people by Def       that is, y^e dissolution of the {sic} \Turkish/ Sultanies by y^t Tartarian <54r> invasion. And consequently by y^e Kings or ^a[117] Princes from y^e east whose way was prepared by y^e drying up these waters, we must understand y^e chief leaders of y^e great army of horsmen w^ch upon y^e loosing of y^e 4 Angels came from Euphrates {sic} to execute y^e plague of this Trumpet, that is y^e Princes under whose conduct y^e Turks fled from y^e Tattars into Asia to invade y^e Christians For these were y^e Princes or Kings of \from/ y^e East whose way was prepared by y^e dissolution of y^e Euphratean Sultanies. And of these there are recconed by historians seven eminent ones a little before they united under Othoman \besides others of inferior note w^ch first united under those/. Thus much concerning y^e original of this great empire. Proceed we now to y^e rest of y^e circumstances.

7. And y^e next is y^e numerousness of y^e Turkish armies. But how great this hath been since their loosing & still is, is better known then y^t I need stay to compute it. I shall rather observe y^t since these horsmen as well as y^e Locusts were to be so exceeding numerous, we may thence collect that they were to be y^e armies of two very great Empires, & consequently of none other then y^e Saracenical & Turkish, y^e only two great ones by w^ch y^e Christian world has been hitherto afflicted.

In both these armies there is mention made only of horsmen but we are not to conclude thence y^t y^e armies should consist of horsmen only, but rather y^t y^e description is taken from y^e nobler part & that part wherein they should notably excell. Yea y^e foot are included in y^e hors being represented by their tailes. For y^e tail of a hors according to ancient Interpreters^[118] signifies y^e train of his rider, & y^e train of an Army is y^e foot. Hence it is that in this Trumpet y^e tailes are said to have heads & to do hurt, y^t is to fight as well as y^e riders of y^e horses: w^ch is a plain insinuation that they signify men as well as the riders.

8. The description of y^e armour of these horsmen (that they had breastplates of fire & jacinth & brimstone &c) is very singular, there being no where els in y^e whole scriptures such a description of armour to be met with. What therefore can be here intended but the new way of fighting not known in the world before the beginning of this

<55r>

{illeg} manner called an Angel, & kings being put for kingdomes as in Dan 7.17 & 8.20 & Apoc 17.10, 12.

4. These Kingdoms were at first seated upon Euphrates, as is manifest by y^e expression y^t y^e angels were bound in that river.

5. This Trumpet begins at their loosing from that river.

6. The Army is described exceeding numerous. δυο μυριάδες μυριάδων, or according to some readings μυριάδες μυριάδων, y^e word δυο being omitted. In either reading we are to understand only an immens number, y^e number (as in Psal 58.17 The chariots of God are twenty thousand two myriads.) For y^e number μυριὰς רבוא or רככה is of those words numerall words w^ch y^e Hebrews use not only for ten thousand but indefinitely for any great number, especially when it is thus doubled, as may be seen in Dan 7.10.

7. Their armour is described after a very singular manner; viz: That they had breastplates of fire & of Iacinth & Brimstone Brimstone, & y^e heads of y^e horses were as y^e heads of Lyons, & out of their mouths issued fire & smoke & brimstone whereby they killed men.

8. By these three (the fire & smoke & brimstone) the third part of men was killed.

9. The rest of men w^ch were not killed by these plagues repented not.

10 The time for w^ch they were prepared to destroy y^e third part of men is an hour, & a day & a month

<56r>

These being y^e conditions of this Trumpet, they do after a very singular manner point out y^e Turkish Empire. For j The Turks were the next great enemy to y^e Roman territories. Their's & y^e Saracen's Empire have been y^e two greatest, & y^e only two very great scourges of y^e Christian world for this last thousand years, & therefore none but these can be intended by y^e two first of y^e three great woes; unles we will suppose y^t y^e Holy Ghost has been very elaborate in describing some smaller plagues of y^e Christians & taken no notis of y^e greatest; w^ch would be to make y^e parts of y^e Prophesy hold no proportion w^th those of history.

The common period of these two Trumpets I assigne to y^e yeare 1258. For I measure the whole duration of y^e former Trumpet by y^e standing of y^e Chalifate & {sic} not by the twice five months raging of y^e Locusts, that being but a more signall intermediate period. For after that time y^e world continued in y^e hands of y^e Saracens for many years though not under y^e dominion of y^e Chalifa but broken into may temporall kingdoms. And therefore as this Trumpet began w^th y^e birth of y^e Angel of y^e bottomless pit ({illeg} exprest by y^e falling of y^e star from heaven) w^ch was before his Empire was founded, so it should end w^th y^e deceasing of that angel though long after y^e abrogating of his Empire. Now y^e deceasing of this Angel was in y^e year 1258 when Haalon y^e Tartar took Bagdad & put an end to y^e Chalifate. And at that very time y^e 4 Angels were loosed as shall be explained hereafter

<57r>

The length of y^e fift Trumpet is indeed thus assigned very great in proportion to y^e former Trumpets. But it was fit that y^e first Trumpets \should be but/ short, being a description of that most criticall time wherein y^e true religion was everted & y^e Apostacy set up, & therefore to be delineated more articulately: & y^e holy Ghost has signified y^e far greater length of these last Trumpets by dwelling much longer upon their description.

2. The affinity between y^e Turks & Saracens is sufficiently conspicuous, y^e last having \been interwoven w^th the Empire of y^e former/ living {sic} w^thin |it| y^e dominnions of y^e former \sometimes as subjects, sometimes as neighbouring Princes/ & warred under them for some hundreds of years \together/, so as to be esteemed almost one people; & at length erecting their Sultanies out of the other's ruins; & both being also of y^e same religion.

3, & 4. The original of y^e Turksh {sic} Empire agrees also to y^e prophesy y^t it should be from a quaternion of kingdoms seated upon Euphrates {sic}. For such was y^e constitution of y^e Turks when they began first to have y^e face of an Empire; they then consisting of these four Kingdoms or Sultanies, the Persian, Damasacene, Alepian, & Cæsarian \Iconian/. The first of these was founded by Togrulbec (or Tangrolipix) who first subdued Chorasan & Persia, & then advanced to Bagdad & made himself master thereof in y^e year 1055 fixing y^e seat of his empire there & in y^e year 1057 being inaugurated Emperor of Emperors by the Chalifa. Out of this Sultany sprang y^e other three whereof that at Damascus was founded by Tagjuddaulus Nisus, (y^e Nephew of Togrulbec) who <58r> took Damascus \from y^e Saracens/ in y^e year 1079. His successor was Ducathes (or Decacus) A.C. 1095, to whom, saith {sic} Scilix,^[119] all y^e region of Decapolis was subject, w^ch region bordered upon Euphrates

The Alepian Sultany was founded by {illeg} Sjarfuddaulas in y^e same year 1079: whose metropolis Alepo was watered by an arm of Euphrates drawn thither by one of y^e Sultans.

The fourth Sultany whose Metropolis at first was Cæsara (not Cæsarea of Cappadocia but a town a days journey beyond Euphrates \upon y^e river Tigris \Orontes/ in Syria/ called Sjazarum by Elmacinus & corruptly Cæsarea for Cæsara by the Europeans as William Tyrius writes^[120] ) was founded by Sedijduddaulas (a Kinsman of y^e afforesaid Togrulbec,) who took Cæsara from y^e Romans y^e next year 1080, & he dying w^thin two years after, his successors Belfeve & Soliman inlarged the kingdom on this side Euphrates even to \into Asia beyond/ Nicæa of Bythinia, although not long after they were beaten back again to {sic} Euphrates by y^e champions of y^e Ierusalemitan war. The sultans of this Tetrarchy though at first they made Cæsara the seat of their kingdom yet afterward they resided most at Iconium in Cappadocia, whence they were by y^e Europeans called Sultans of Iconium.

In this fourfold form y^e Turks {sic} Empire continued for many \almost two hundred/ years though not w^thout some mutations. For y^e Iconian Sultany was twice if not oftener towards y^e latter end was sometimes for a while divided into two or more dynasties by y^e posterity of y^e deceased Sultan, & y^e Damascene & Alepian Sultanies were for some time united under Noradin & again under Saladin, but after their deaths became divided again as before were reduced \returned/ to their ancient state, excepting that about y^e year 1247 {sic} the Damascene Sultany fell into y^e hands of y^e Egyptian Sultan (who from y^e year 1168 had ben of y^e <59r> race of y^e Turks springing out of y^e Damascene Sultany:) & I know not whether it continued in this state till y^e loosing of y^e Angels \about 6 or 7 years after it was take from the Egyptians by the Sultan of Alepo./. But however it is enough if during these little intervalls it continued a distinct Province w^th its own Metropolis & people.

For y^e better understanding this busines I have here given you a table of these Sultans w^th the beginnings of their reign so far as I have met w^th them in y^e histories of Elmacinus, W. Tyrius, Io. Herold, & some of y^e Byzantine writers.

Besides these four, W. Tyrius^[121] mentions \a fift/ at Antioch given to Accian by Belfesc, adding that it was but of narrow bounds, y^e Chalifa of Egypt posses (who was of y^e Saracen nation) possessing all y^e regions unto Laodicea of Syria. But this lasted not above 14 years, Antioch being taken A.C. 1098 by y^e Christians under Boamudas: & therefore since it was so inconsiderable & expired \was utterly extinct/ so long before y^e loosing of y^e angels, there is no reason it should be recconed among those that were loosed.

5 Now y^e loosing of y^e Angels I suppose to be y^e re- <60r> laxation of y^e afforesaid Tetrarchies from their Euphratean seats by y^e invasions of y^e Tartars. For when these Tetrarchies were first founded they began to gain grownd very much from y^e Romans but were suddenly checked by y^e famous Ierusalemitan expedition, & as it were confined or bound to Euphrates untill by y^e Tartars they were driven from thence upon y^e Romans. And therefore this must be their loosing supposing their precedent residence upon that river to be their binding therein.

As for y^e time of this loosing it began to be attempted about y^e year 1200 {sic} when y^e Tartars first w^th an innumerable army led by Changius Chan brake in upon y^e Turks, but was not performed till 1258 when Haleon {sic} y^e Tartar overran Persia, took Bagdad & dissolved y^t Sultany {illeg} y^e together w^th y^e Chalifate, & still proceeding \then crossing Mesopotamia/ took Alepo & Damascus A.C. 1260 & soon after Ieonium also, dissolving y^e two first of those sultanies, & taking y^e third from Iathatines & {illeg} dividing it between Masut & Keicubades whom he made tributaries, & then in y^e sixt year of his expedition \A.C 1262/ returning home to succeed his father \deceased brother/. Thus were y^e Turks w^thin y^e dition of these four Sultanies all at once as it were at a watch word given loosed from Euphrates & driven into y^e lesser Asia \Natolia/ to make war upon y^e Romans; the reliqꝫs of them also w^ch after this remained beyond Euphrates in broken Dynasties being in y^e year 1289 universally ejected out of Persia into y^e Roman territories: w^ch they continually gained upon as they lost grownd to y^e Tartars. For although they were now divided into many Satrapies, yet by degrees they \overran &/ possest {sic} themselves of almost all {y^e lesser} Asia \Natolia/. Nor stopt they there \Nor stopt they there/ but after a while <61r> uniting under Ottoman began to rage more fiercely, invaded Europe & propogated their victories over the Christians till they overthrew y^e Constantinopolitan Empire & upon its ruins erected that great Empire w^ch reigns at present, & is y^e \main/ subject of this Trumpet.

In the sixt Vial this loosing is exprest as if y^e Kings were to come from beyond Euphrates. But I suppose relation is there had only to y^e Persian Sultany; that being by many degrees greater & more considerable then all y^e rest put together, & at y^e loosing dissipated into many Satrapies. For it was y^e custom of y^e Turks to sort themselves in great bodies according to their severall families, the heads of w^ch families were upon occasion given ready to assert their liberty. Whence by y^e incursion of y^e Tartars (w^ch as I said began first about y^e year 1200) the {sic} Persian Sultany being so very large must necessarily have been broken by degrees into many second many new Sultanies (as they called all free Satrapies) some of w^ch (though not recconned among y^e angels bound in Euphrates becaus none of y^e original Sultanies but comprehended in y^t of Bagdad, nor seated upon Euphrates^[122] but lying beyond y^e Emperor of Musula (or Nineve) who possessed Mesopotamia & \Mesopotamia a good part of w^ch was in y^e hands of y^e King of Armenia who being a christian/ was an enemy to y^e Turks combining w^th y^e Tartars against them) yet might they probably be no whit inferior in extent of dominion to y^e Sultanies on this side y^e river, seing it was 30 years after the fall of y^e Sultany of Bagdad before y^e Tartars could conquer & expell them all. From these chiefly I conceive sprang that great number of Satrapies in Natolia, whereof there are recconned seven principall ones a little before Ottoman. And these therefore I suppose to be y^e Kings of the east for y^e preparing of whose way the waters <62r> of Euphrates were dried up; that is figuratively. For I conceive nothing more is intended by that expression but to signify that those kings should come from beyond that river & pass over it, & consequently come out of Persia. Thus much concerning y^e originall of this great Empire. Proceed we now to y^e rest of y^e circumstances.

6. How numerous y^e Turkish armies have been since their loosing is better known then that I need stay to compute it. I shall rather observe that since these Euphratean horsmen as well as y^e Locusts were to be so exceeding numerous we may thence collect that these were to be the armies of two very great Empires, & consequently of none other then the Saracenicall & Turkish Empires, the only two great ones by w^ch y^e christian world has been hitherto afflicted.

In both these armies there is mention made only of horsmen, but we are not to conclude thence y^t y^e armies should consist of horsmen only, but rather that y^e description is taken from y^e nobler part & that part wherein they should notably excell. Yea the foot are included in y^e hors, being represented by their tailes. For the tail of a hors according to ancient interpreters signifes y^e train of his rider & the train of an army is y^e foot. Hence it is that in this seale \Trumpet/ the tailes are said to have heads & to do hurt, that is to fight as well as y^e riders of y^e horses: w^ch is a plain insinuation that they signify men as well as y^e riders.

7. The description of the armour of these horsmen (that they had breastplates of fire & jacinth & brimstone &c) is very singular, there being no where els in y^e whole scripture such a description of armour to be met with. What therefore can be here intended but the new way of fighting not known in the world before the beginning of this <63r> Trumpet? I mean w^th gunns w^ch send forth fire & jacinthine smoke & brimstone, whereby the medium being corrupted a soldier to his enemy appears covered w^th fire & thick smoke whose colour is jacinthine & substance sulphureous; & y^e heads of y^e horses are also made to seem more fierce & terrible as it were of Lions. For that this is to be understood not of y^e reall armour of y^e horsmen & shape of y^e hors heads, but of their appearance by means of y^e corrupted medium, is manifest from hence y^t y^e fire & smoke & brimstone is said to come out of y^e horses mouths & consequently must corrupt y^e medium. Hence in y^e beginning of this description S^t Iohn saith: Thus I saw y^e horses ἐν ὁράσει, in appearance; w^ch is as much as to say: This is y^e description of their appearance to y^e enemy, that they should seem covered as it were w^th breastplates of fire & smoke & brimstone, & y^t y^e horses heads should appear like Lyons, & y^e fire & smoke & brimstone be sent forth after such a manner that one would think it came forth out of y^e horses mouths. For this is y^e force of ἐν ὁράσει as may appear out of Ch 4.3 Ὅμοιος ὁράσει λίθω Ιάσπιδι καὶ ἰρις ὁμοία ὁράσει σμαραγδίνω: the only place besides in y^e Apocalyps where this word is used.

Now that all this is a description of a fighting engin is manifest from hence that y^e third part of men should be killed by this fire & smoke & brimstone w^ch ἐν ὁράσει came out of y^e horses mouths. But if you examin all sorts of engins that ever were in use before guns you will not find any to whom this description has any similitude: & therefore none other then guns can be intended by it.

9. And these were the engins (as is well known) by <64r> which y^e Turks killed y^e third part of men, that is overthrew y^e Constantinopolitan Empire w^ch in y^e beginning of this Trumpet was about y^e third part of all y^e Christian Kingdoms w^ch sprang out of y^e old Roman Empire. For y^e Constantinopolitan Empire, w^ch I told you was at first two parts in three of y^e whole, was by now diminished by about three quarters of it: having lost all that half w^ch lay eastward of Natolia, y^e Mediterranean sea & Egypt, & also about one half of y^e remainder, namely Egypt, Illyrium, Mœsia, & part of Natolia.

10. Yet notwithstanding this judgment upon y^e third ꝑt of men the other two third parts w^ch were not killed by these plagues, namely y^e rest of y^e European Kingdoms w^ch descended from y^e western Empire, repented not of y^e works of their hands that they should not worship Ghosts & Idols of gold & silver & brass & stone & wood which neither can see nor hear nor walk: neither repented they of their murders, nor of their sorceries, nor of their fornication, nor of their thefts. That the men here spoken of are these western regions \Kingdoms/ is plain since there are not nor have been for many hundreds of years any other sort of men besides y^e Papists w^thin y^e old \compas of y^e/ Roman Empire w^ch worship Ghosts & Idols. Nor are there any others so much guilty of murder as these have been by their massacres & daily persecution of all those they call heretiques, w^ch since y^e execution of this plague they have been so far from repenting of that they have exceedingly aggravated it by setting up y^e bloody inquisition. These also are they that stand guilty of φαρμακείαι deluding men as it were by magicall operations. For what are their miracles w^ch they <65r> much boast of, & their piæ fraudes but φαρμακείαι inchanted love potions \of y^e whore/ whereby she {sic} intoxicates y^e understandings of men, & (as is exprest in ch 18.23) deceives y^e nations. How much also these European {sic} \nations/ are guilty of fornication is too notorious; especially among y^e papists who blush not to incourage it by tollerating publiqꝫ stews. And I could wish y^t in y^e last sin here mentioned, namely cheating, exactions, & all kinds of rapaciousness w^ch are of y^e nature of theft, y^e christians exceeded not even y^e ancient heathens & p^rsent Turks. But y^e heaping up riches is y^e main design of almost all men, nor care they by what means, but are so universally addicted to overreaching & all kinds of dishonesty that even amongst y^e Turks we are become a reproach & proverb for it.

11 {sic}. Having run through y^e circumstances by w^ch y^e Turkish Empire is characterised, there remains only y^e duration of this wo to be considered. And this I suppose is y^t intervall exprest by an hower & a day & a month & a year. For that is y^e time for w^ch y^e 4 angels were prepared {illeg} to slay y^e third part of men, that is, as I interpret, y^e time of y^e people of y^e four angels for w^ch they were prepared to constitute an empire upon killing y^e third part of men, or y^e time y^t y^e third part of men should be killed \continue slain/ by them. For as in y^e former Trumpet y^e five months expressed y^e main time of that wo & of y^e {illeg} Empire w^ch inflicted it, so by analogy must this number do in this Trumpet. Now y^e killing y^e third part of men being, as I explained, y^e dissolution of y^e Constantinopolitan Empire, we are to date this time from y^e taking of Constantinople whereby y^e Empire was dissolved & this happened May 29^th, A.C. 1453; from w^ch if we therefore count y^e afforesaid time, recconning (according <66r> to S^t Iohn's computation ch 12.6, 14 & 11.2, 3) thirty days to a month & twelve months to a year, the Turkish Empire \& there be not a further mystery in the trumpet then I am aware of/ will expire \may be expected to loose Constantinople its imperial seat/ in y^e year 1844, |& perhaps to expire w^thin a few years after| \& perhaps the Emperors may then seat themselves for a time in Iudæa according to what Daniel seems to intend when he saith of this monarch y^t he in y^e conclusion that he shall plant y^e Tabernacle of his Palace between y^e seas in y^e glorious holy mountain Dan 11.45./

Historians indeed make Ottoman y^e founder of this Empire |date this Empire from y^e reign of Ottoman rather then from the taking of Constantinople,| but y^e rise & fall of Imperial cities being changes of y^e greatest moment note, y^e holy Ghost, as I signified, measures Empires rather by the standing of them yⁿ by y^e dominion of single persons. And besides, the Turkish dominions before y^e taking of this City \Constantinople/ were but of a moderate extent being limited {illeg} on y^e east by Cappadocia Paphlagonia & Cilicia w^ch belonged to y^e Trapezuntine Emperor & other kings: so that we may reccon this the time when their Empire began to transcend the bounds of an ordinary kingdom. For upon this followed not only the notable enlargement of their dominions into Europe but also into Cappadocia Paphlagonia Cilicia Armenia Paphlagonia Cappadocia, Calchis, Armenia, Cilicia Mesopotamia, Syria, \Babylon,/ Arabia, Egypt, & part of Afric; & therefore this period may well be accounted the beginning of their kingdom to be an Empire, though not y^e beginning of y^e reign of y^e Ottoman family.

If you ask why y^e standing of this Empire is expressed by parts, an hower & a {sic} day & a month & a year, & not by one round number; it seems to insinuate that there shall be a changing of y^e imperial seat so often towards y^e end. And perhaps it will be translated into Iudæa, according to Daniel {sic} \who thus concludes his/ description of this kingdom, who concluds {sic} it thus. Tidings out of y^e east & out of y^e north shall trouble him & he shall go forth w^th fury to destroy & \utterly/ to make away many & shall plant y^e tabernacle of his Palace between y^e seas in y^e glorious holy mountain Dan 11.44, 45. But what y^e genuine interpretation of these things is y^e event will determin more certainly.

I should now proceed to y^e seventh Trumpet, but since that concerns y^e time to come, it will be better to consider first \return to/ y^e things that are contemporary to y^e \Seales &/ Trumpets already explained, & in y^e next place to describe at large what was hinted concerning in Posit     Arg: 5, concerning y^e Beast & his horns.