Draft of Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended

3 Chap. 1. Of the Chronology of the first ages of the Greeks. 15 Chap. 1. Of the Chronology of the firtst agesof the Greeks & Latines.

Some of the Greeks called the times before the reign of Ogyges unknown because they had no history of them, those between his flood & the beginning of the Olympiads fabulous, because their history was mixed with poetical fables, & those after the beginning of the Olympiads historical because their history was free from fables. But although these last were more historical than the former. ☉yet they wanted a good Chronology for the 1st 60 or 70 Olympiads –

All nations before the just length of the solar year was known, recconed months by the course of the Moon & years by the aa Gen. 1. 14. & 8. 22. Censorinus c. 19 & 20. Cicero in Venem Geminus c. 6. p. 32. returns of winter & summer, Spring & autumn. And in making Calendars for their festivals they recconed thirty days to a Lunar month & twelve Lunar months to a year, taking the nearest round numbers. Whence came the division of the Ecliptick into 360 degrees. So in the time of Noah's flood when the Moon could not be seen, Noah recconed thirty days to a month. But if the Moon appeared a day or two before the end of the month, they bCicero in Venem began the next month with the first day of her appearing. And this was done generally till the Egyptians of Thebais found the length of the solar year. So Diodorus cc Diodor. l. 1 tells us that the Egyptians of Thebais use no intercalarymonths, nor subduct any days [ from the month ] as is done by most of the Greeks. And dd Cicero in Venem Cicero: Est consuetudo Siculorum cæterorumGrecorum quad suos dies menses congruere volunt cum Solis Lunæ rationibus, ut nonnunquam siquid discrepet, eximant aliquem diem, aut summum biduum ex mense [ civili dienum friginta ] quos illi εξαιρεσίμου;ς dies nominant. And Proclus upon Hesiod's τριακ;ὰς mentions the same thing. And ee Gem. Geminus c. 6. Geminus: Propositum fuit vetenibus, menses quidem agere secundum Lunam, annos vero secundum Solem. Quad enim a legibus et Oraculis prácipiebatur ut sacrificarent secundum tria videlicet patria, menses, dies, annos; hoc ita distincte, faciebant universi Græci ut annos agerent congmenter cum Sole, dies vero et menses cum Luna. Porro secundum solem annos agere est circa easdem tempestatus anni eadem sacrificia Dijs perfici, et vernum sacrificium semper in vere, æstivum autem in æstate, simïliter & in reliquis anni temporibus eadem sacrificia cadere. Hoc enim putabant acceptum et gratum esse Dijs. Hoc autem aliter fiere non posset nisi conversiones solstitiales & æquinoctialia in ÿsdem Zodiaci locisloces fierent. Secundum Lunam vero dies agere est tale ut congruant cum Lunæ illuminationibus appellationes dierum. Nam a Lunæ illuminationibus appellationes dierum sunt denominatæ In qua enim die Luna apparet nova, ea per compositionem Neomenia seu Novilunium appellatur. In qua vero die secundam facit apparitionem, eam secundam Lunam vocarunt. Apparitionem Lunæ quæ circa meduim mensis fit 6 fit, ab ipso eventu διχομηνιάν,id est, medietatem mensis nominarunt. Ac summatim, omnes dies a Lunæ illuminationibus denominarunt. Unde etiam tricasimammensis diem, cum ultima sit, ab ipso eventuτριακάδαvocarunt.

The ancient Calendar year of the Greeks conistedconsisted therefore of twelve Lunar months & every month of thirty days, & these years & months they corrected from time to time by the courses of the sun & Moon, omitting a day or two in the month as often as they found the month too long for the course of the Moon, & adding a month to the year as often as they found the twelve lunar months too short for the return of the four seasons.

Cleobulus aa ÁpudApud Laertium in Cleobulo. , one of the seven wise men of Greece, alluded to this year of the Greeks in his Parable of one father who had twelve sons, each of which had thirty daughters, half white & half black. And Thales bb Apud Laertium in Thalete. . called the last day of the month τριακάδα the thirtith. And Solon counted the ten last days of the month backwards from the thirtith, calling that day ἕνην καὶ νέαν, the old & the new, or the last day of the old month & the first day of the new. For he introduced months of 29 & 30 days alternately, making the thirtith day of every other month to be the first day of the next month.

To the twelve Lunar months aa Censorinus c. 18 Herod. l. 2. prope initium the ancient Greeks added a thirteenth every other year, wchwhichmade their Dietarís. And because this recconing made their year too long by a month in eight years, they omitted an intercalary month once in eight years, which made their Octaeteris, one half of wchwhich was their Tetraeteris. And these periods seem to have been as old as the religions of Greece, being used in divers of their sacra. The Octaeteris bb Apollodor. l. 3. p. 169. Strada l. 16. p. 476. Homer Odyss. T. vers. 179. was the annus magnus of Cadmus & Minos & seems to have been. brought into Greece & Crete by the Phenicians who came with Cadmus & Europa, & to have continued till after the days of Herotodus. For in counting the length of seventy years, cc Herod. l. 1. he reccons thirty days to a Lunar month & twelve such months or 360 days to the ordinary year without the intercalary months, & 25 such months to the Dieteris, And according to the number of days in the Calendar year of the Greeks, Demetrius Phalareus had 360 statues erected to him by the Athenians. But the Greeks Cleostratus, Harpalus & others, to make their months agree better with the course of the Moon, in the times of the Persian empire, varied the manner of intercaling the three months in the Octaeteris, intercaling a month in the second fourth & seventh year, or in the third fift & eighth year, or third sixt & eighth; & Meton found out the cycle of intercaling seven months in nineteen years.

The ancient year of the Egyptians was also Lunisolar, & continued to be so till the days of Hyperion or Osiris a king on Egypt the father of Helius & Selene or Orus & Bubaste. For the Israelites brought this year out of Egypt, & Diodorus aa Diodor. l. 3. c. 4. tells us ytthat Uranus the father of Hyperion used this year, & that bb Diodor. l. 1. c. 3. in the temple of Osiris the priests appointed thereuntothere unto, filled 360 milkbowles every day. I think he means one bowle every day in all 360 to count the number of days in the calendar-year & thereby 37 & thereby to find the difference between this & the true solar year. For this year of 360 days was the. year to the end of which they added five days

That the Israelites used the Luni-solar year is beyond question. Their months began with their new moons; their first month was called Abib from the earing of corn in that month; their Passover was kept upon the 14th day of the first month, the Moon being then in the full; & if the corn was not then ripe enough for offering the first fruits, the Festival was put off by adding an intercalary month to the end of the year; & the harvest was got in before the Pentecost, & the other fruits gathered before thefeast of the seventh month. David had only twelve courses of guards for the twelve months of the year, but it is to be understood that when a thirteenth month was added to the year, the course wchwhich was to serve upon the first month of the next year, served upon the intercalary month, & the next course served upon the first month of the next year & so on perpetually.

Simplicius in his Commentary aa Apud Theodorum de mensibus. on the 5t of Aristotel's Physical Aeroasis, tells us that some begin the year upon the summer solstice, as the people of Attica, or upon the autumnal Equinox as the people of Asia, or in winter, as the Romans, or about the vernal Equinox, as the Arabians & people of Damascus: & the month began according to some, upon the full Moon, or upon the new. The years of all these nations were therefore Lunisolar, & kept to the four seasons. The ancient civil year of the Assyrians & Babylonians was also Lunisolar. For this year was used by the Samaritans who came from several parts of the Assyrian Empire: And the IewsIews who came from Babylon, called the months of their Luni-solar year after the names of the months of the Babylonian year. And Berosus bb Apud Athenæum, l. 14. tells us that the Babylonians celebrated the feast Sacea upon the 16th day of the month Lous, which was a Lunar month of the Macedonians, & kept to one & the same season of the year. And the Arabians, a nation who peopled Babylon, use Lunar months to this day. And Suidas cc Suidas in Σάροι tells us that the Sarus of the Chaldæans conteins 222 Lunar months which are eighteen years consisting each of twelve Lunar months besides six intercalary months. I think he should have said 223.For in this Period ~~& another Lunar month,~~ the motions of the Moon returned to their former course very nearely. And when Cyrus dd Herod. l. 1. cut the river Gindes into 360 channels, he seems to have alluded unto the number of days in the calendar year of the Medes & Persians.

At length the Egypitians for the sake of navigation applied themselves to observe the starrs, & by their heliacal risings & settings found the true solar year to be five days longer then the Calendar year, & thereuponthere upon added five days to the twelve Calendar months, making the solar year to consist of twelve months and five days. Strabo 8 Strabo aa Strabo l. 17. p. 816. & Diodorus bb Diodor. l. 1. p. 32. d. ascribe this invention to the Egyp~~teins~~tians of Thebes. The Theban Priests, saith Strabo, are above others said to be Astronomers & Philosophers. They invented the recconing of days not by the course of the Moon but by the course of the sun. To twelve months each of 30 days they add yearly five days. In memory of this emendation of the year, they dedicated cc Plutarch. de Osiride & Isde. Diodor. l. 1. p. 9. the five additional days to Osiris, Isis, Orus senior, Typhon, & Nephthe the wife of Typhon, feigning that those days were added to the year when these five Princes were born, that is, in the reign of Ammon the father of Sesae. And in the sepulchre dd Hecatæus apud Diodor. l. 1. c. 4. of Amenophis who reigned soon after, they placed a circle of 365 cubits in compass covered on the upper side with a plate of gold, & divided it into 365 equal parts to represent all the days in the year, & noted upon each part the heliacal risings & settings of the starrs on that day: which circle remained there till the invasion of Egypt by Cambyses king of Persia.

In the reign of Uranus the father of Hyperion & grandfather of Helio & Selene the Thebans began to appl~~ied~~y themselves to navigation & Astronomy, & by the heliacal risings of the starrs determined the length of the solar year. And in the reign of Amenophis when by further observations they had sufficiently determined the time of the summersolstice, they might place the beginning of this newyearnew year upon the Vernal Equinox. And this year being propagated into Chaldea gave occasion to the Æra of Nabonassar. For the years of Nabonassar & those of Egypt began on one & the same day (the first day of the month by them called Thoth) & were cruel &in all respects the same. And the first year of Nabonassar began on the 26th day of February, seven hundred forty & seven years before the vulgar Æra, & thirty & three days & five hours before the Vernal Æquinox according to the suns mean motion. For it is not likely that the Equation of the sun's motion should be known in the infancy of Astronomy. Now, recconing that the year of 365 days wants five hours & 49 minutes of the equinoctial year; the beginning of this year will move backwards ~~eleven minutes yearly, &~~thirty & three days & five hours in 137 years; & by consequence this year began at first in Egypt upon the Vernal Equinox according to the sun's mean motion 137 years before the Æra of Nabonassar began, that is, in the year of the Iulian Period 3830, or 96 years after the death of Solomon. For then ended the reign of Amenophis. And if it began upon the next day after the Vernal Equinox, it might begin four years earlier. This year the Persian Empire received from the Babylonian, & the Greeks also used it in the Æra Philippæa, dated from the death of Alexander, & Iulius Cæsar corrected it by adding a day in every four years, & made it the year of the Romans.

The first month of the Lunisolar year began sometimes a week or a fortnight before the Vernal Equinox, &59 & sometimes as much after it. And this year gave occasion to the first Astronomers who formed the Asterisms,to place the Equinoxes & Solstices in the middle of the constellations of Aries, Cancer, Chelæ, & Capricorn. Achilles aa Isagoge sec. 23, a Petarioedit. Tatius tells us that some anciently placed the Solstice in the beginning of Cancer, others in the eighth degree of Cancer, others about the twelft degree & others about the fifteenth degree thereof. This variety of opinions proceeded from the precession of the Egquinox then not known to the Greeks. When the sphere was first formed, the solstice was in the 15th degree or middle of the Constellation of Cancer. Then it came into the twelft, eighth, fourth & first degree sucecessively. Eudoxus, who was contemporary to Meton, in describing the sphere of the ancients, placed the Solstices & Equinoxes in the middles of the Constellations of Aries, Cancer, Chelæ, & Capricorn, as is affirmed bb Hipparch. ad Phænom. l. 32. sect. 3. a Petavio edit. by Hipparchus Bithynus & appears also by the description of the Equinoctial ~~circles~~& Tropical circles in Aratus, cc Hipparch. ad Phænom l. 1 sect. 2. who copied after Eudoxus, & by the positions of the Colures of the Equinoxses & Solstices, wchwhich in the Sphere of Eudoxus described by Hipparchus went through the middle of those Constellations. For Hipparchus tells us that Eudoxus drew the Colure of the solstices through the middle of the great Bear, & the middle of Cancer, & the neck of Hydrus, & the star between the Poop & Mast of Argo, & the tayl of the south Fish, & through the middle of Capricorn, & of Sagitta & through the neck & right wing of the swan, & the left hand of Cepheus. And that he drew the Equinoctial Colure through the left hand of Arctophylax, & along the middle of his body, & cross the middle of Chelæ, & through the right hand and foreknee of the Centaur, & through the flexure of Eridamus & head of ~~Cepheus~~Celus, & the back of Aries across, & through the head and right hand of Perseus.

Now Chiron delineated σχήματα ὀλύμπου the Asterisms as the ancient author of Gigantomachia cited by Clemens aa Strom. 1. p. 306, 332. Alexandrinus, informs us. For Chiron was a practical Astronomer, as may be c there understood also of his daughter Hippo. And Musæus the master of Orpheus & one of the Argonauts, bb Laertius Proæm. l. 1. made a sphere, & is reputed the first among the Greeks who made one: And the sphere it self shews that it was designed in the time of the Argonautic Expedition. For that Expedition is delineated in the Asterisms together with several other ancienter histories of the Greeks & without any thing later. There's the golden Ram, the ensign of the vessel in wchwhich Phryixus ~~sailed~~fled to Colchos; the Bull with brazen hoofs tamed by Iason; & the. Twins Castor & Pollux two of the Argonauts, with the Swan of Leda their mother. There's the ship Argo & Hydra the watchfull Dragon,with Medea's Cup, & a Raven upon its carcass a symbol of death. There's Chiron the master of Iason with his Altar & Sacrifice. There's the Argonaut Hercules with his Dart & Vultur falling down; & the Dragon, Crab, & Lyon whom he slew: & the Harp of the Argonaut Orpheus. All these relate to the Argonauts. There's Orion their contemporary, the grandson of Minos, with his Doggs & Hare & River & Scorpion. There's the story of Perseus in the Constellations of Perseus, Andromeda, Cepheus, Cassiopeia & ~~Cepheus~~Cete. That of Callisto & her son Arcas in Ursa major & Antophylax. That of Icareus & his daughter Erigone in Bootes Plaustrum & Virgo. Ursa minor relates to one of the nurses of Iupiter, Auriga to Erechthonius, Orphinchus to Phorbas, Sagittary to Crotus the Centaur the son of the nurse of the Muses, Capricorn to Pan, & Aquærius to Ganymede. There's Ariadne's crown, Bellerophon's Horse, Neptune's Dolphin, Ganymedes Eagle, Iupiter's Goat, with her Kidds, Bacchus's Asses, & the Fishes of Venus & Cupid, & their parent the South Fish. These (with Deltaton) are the old Constellationsmentioned by Aratus, & they all relate to the Argonauts & their contemporaries & to persons one or two generations older. And nothing later then that Expeditione was delineated there originally.10 originally. Antinous & Coma Berenices are novel. The sphere seems therefore to have been formed by Chiron & Musæus for the use of the Argonauts. For the ship Argo was the first long ship built by the Greeks. Hitherto they had kept within sight of the sphere & now upon an Embassy to several Princes upon the coasts of the Eurcine & Mediterranean seas, cc Apollodor. l. 1. c. 9, sec. 16. by the dictates of the Oracle & consent of the Princes of tGreece, the flower of Greeca were to sail with expedition through the deep & guide their ship by the starrs. The people of the island Corcyra dd Suidas in Ἀναγαλλίς. attributed the invention of the sphere to Nausicae the daughter of Aleinous king of the Pheaces in that Island. And its most probable that she had it from the Argonauts who ee Apollodor. l. 1. c. 9. sect. 25. in their return home sailed to that Island & made some stay there with her father. So then, in the time of the Argonautic Expedition, the cardinal points of the Equinoxes & sSolstices were in the middles of the Constellations of Aries, Cancer, Chelæ & Capricorn.

In the end of the year 1689 the star called Prima Arietis was in ♈ 28gr.degrees 51'. 00" with north Latitude 7. gr. degrees8'. 58". And the star called ultima caudæ Arietis was in ♉. 19gr. degrees 3', 42", with north latitude 2gr. degrees .34' : . 5". And the Colrus Æquinoctiorum passing through the point inthe middle of those two stars did then cut the Ecliptic in ♉ 6. gr.degrees44'. And by this recconing the Equinox in the end of the year 1689 was gone back 36grdegrees. 44' since the Argonautic Expedition. ✝ It goes back ~~one degree in~~fifty seconds in one year & one degree in seventy & two years & by consequence 36gr. degrees 44'. in 2645 years which counted back from the end of the year of our Lord 1689 or bgeginning of the year 1690, will place the Argonautic expedition about 25 years after the death of Solomon. But it may be better to fix the cardinal points by the stars through wchwhich the Colures ~~then~~ passed in the primitive sphere according to Eudoxus. By the Colure of the Equinoxes I mean a great circle passing through the Poles & cutting the Ecliptic in the Equinoxes in an angle of 66 1/2 degrees the complement of the Sun's greatest declination; & by the Colure of the Solstices I mean a great circle passing through the Pole & cutting the Ecliptic at right angles in the solstices.

In the back of Aries is a star of the sixt magnitude marked ν by Bayer. In the end of the year 1689 & beginning of the year 1690, its longitude was ♉ 9 grdegrees 38'. 45", & north latitude. 6. gr. degrees 7'. 56". And the Colurus Æquinoctiorum drawn through it, (according to Eudoxus) cuts the Ecliptic in ♉ 6 grdegrees 58'. 77". In the head of Cetus are two starrs of the fourth magnitude called ν & ξ by Bayer. In the end of the year 1689 their longitudes were ♉ 4gr. degrees 3'. 9" & ♉ 3gr. degrees 7'. 35", & their south latitudes 9gr. degrees 12'. 26" & 5gr. degrees. 53'. 7". And the Colurus Æquinoctiorum passing in the mid way between them cuts the Ecliptick in ♉ 6. gr. degrees 58'. 51". In the extreme flexure of Eridanus rightly delineated is a star of the fourth magnitude, of late referred to the breast of Cetus & called ρ by Bayer. It is the only star in Eridanus through wchwhich this Colure can pass. Its longitude in the end of the year 1689 was ♈ 25gr. degrees 22'. 10", & south latitude 25. 15. 50. And the Colures Æquinoctiorum passing through itt , cuts the Ecliptic in ♉ 7gr. degrees 12'. 40". In the head of Perseus rightly delineated is a star of the 4th magnitude called ητ by Bayer. The longitude of this star in the end of the year 1689 was ♉ 23gr. degrees. 235'. 30", & north Latitude 34grdegrees. 20'. 12". And the Equinoctial Colure passing through it cuts the Ecliptic in ♉ . 6. grdegrees 18'. 57". In the right hand of Perseus rightly delineated is a star of the 4th magitude called η by Bayer. It's longitude in the end of the year 1689, was ♉ 24. 23'. 327". & north latitude 37. 26'. 50". And the Equinoctial Colure passing through it cuts the Ecliptic in ♉ 4grdegrees. 56'. 40". And the fift part of the summ of the places in wchwhich these five Colures cut the Ecliptick is ♉ 6. gr. degrees 29'. 15. And therefore the great circle wchwhich in the primitive sphere accodrding to Eudoxus & by consequence in the time of the Argonautick expedition, was the Colurus Æquinoxiorum passing through the starrs above described, did in the end of the year 1689;, cut the Ecliptick in ♉ 6. gr. degrees 29'. 15", as nearly as we have been able to determin by the observations of the Ancients which were but coarse.

In the middle of Cancer is the south Assellus, a star of the fourth magnitude711magnitude called by Bayer δ. Its longitude in the end of the year 1689, was ♌ 4grdegrees 23'. 40". In the neck of Hydra rightly delineated is a star of the fourth magnitude called δ by Bayer. Its longitude in the end of the year 1689 was ♌ 5gr. degrees 59'. 3". Between the Poop & Mast of Argo is a star of the third magnitude called ε by Bayer. Its longitude in the end of that year was ♌ 7gr. degrees 5'. 31". In Sagitta is a star of the sixt magnitude called θ by Bayer. Its longitude in the end of the year 1689, was ♒ 6gr. degrees 29'. 53". In the middle of Capricorn is a star of the fift magnitude called η by Bayer. Its longitude in the end of the said year was ♒ 8gr. degrees 25'. 55". And the fift part of the summ of the three first longitudes & the complements of the two last to 180 degrees, is ♌ 6gr. degrees 28'. 46". And therefore the Colurus solstitiorum wchwhich passes as nearly as can be through these five stars, cuts the Ecliptick in ♌ 6gr. degrees 28'. 46". The same Colurus passes also in the middle between the stars η & χ of the fourth & fift magnitudes in the neck of the Swan, being distant about a degree from each. It passes also by the star ζ of the fourth magnitude in the right wing of the Swan, & by the star ο of the fift magnitude in the left hand of Cepheus rightly delineated: & by the starrs in the tayl of the south Fish; & is at right angles with the Colurus Æquinoctiorum found above: & so it has all the characters of the Colurus solstitiorum rightly drawn. The two Colures therefore wchwhich in the time of the Argonautic Expedition cut the Ecliptic in the Cardinal points, did in the end of the year 1689 cut it ♉ 6gr. degrees 29', ♌ 6gr. degrees 29', ♏ 6gr. degrees 29', & ♒ 6gr. degrees 29', as nearly as we have been able to determin from the coarse observa tions of the Ancients, And therefore the Cardinal points between the time of that expedition & the end of the year 1689, have gone back 1sign. 6deg. degrees 29', wchwhich after the rate of 72 years to a degree, answers to 2627 years. Count those years backwards from the end of the year 1689, or beginning of the year 1690, & the recconing will place the Argonautic Expedition about 43 years after the death of Solomon. The longitude of the first star of Aries in the end of the year was 1689 was, ♈ 28gr. degrees 51', as above. Count backwards 1sign. 6gr. degrees 29', & its longitude counted from the equinox in the time of the Argonautick EpeditionExpedition will be ~ ♓ 22degr. degrees 22'. And by the same way of arguing the longitude of the Lucida Pleiadum in the time of the Argonautic Expedition will be ♈ 19grdegrees. 26'. 8". And the longitude of Arcturus ♍ 13. 24. 52. And so of any other stars. After the Argonautic expedition we hear no more of Astronomy till the days of Thales. He aa Laert. in Thale te. Plin. l. 2. c. 12 revived Astronomy & wrote a book of the Troipcs & Equinoxes & predicted Eclipses; & bb Plin. l. 18. c. 23. Pliny tells us that he determined the occasus matutinus of the Pleiades to be upon the 25t day after the autumnal Equinox. And thence cc Petav. Var. Diss. l. 1. c. 5. can. 19. Petavius computes the Longitude of the Pleiades in ♈ 23gr. degrees 53'. And by consequence the Lucida Pleiadum had since the Argonautic Expedition moved from the Equinox 4grdegrees. 26'. 52" & so was in the middle of thethis motion after the rate of 72 years to a degree answers to 320 years. Count these years back from the time in wchwhich Thales was a young man fit to apply himself to Astronomical studies, that is from about the 41th Olympiad: & the recconing will place the Argonautic eExpedition about 44 years after the death of Solomon as above. And in the days of Thales the Solstices & Equinoxes by this recconing will have been in the middle of the eleventh degrees of the signes. But Thales in publishing his Book about the Tropics & Equinoxes might lean a little to the opinion of former Astronomers so as to place them in the twelft degrees of their signes. Meton & Euctemon aa Petav. Doct. Tempe l. 4. c. 26. in order to publish the Lunar Cycle of 19 years, observed the summer solstice in the year of Nabonassar 316, the year before the Peloponnesian war began; & Columella bb Columel. l. 9. c. 14. Plin. l. 18. c. 26 tells us that12 that they placed it in the eighth degree of Cancer: wchwhich is at least seven degrees backwarder then at first. Now the Equinox after the rate of 72 years to a degree, goes backwards seven degrees in 504 years. Count backwards those years from the 316th year of Nabonassar & the Argonautic Expedition will fall upon the 44th year after the death of Solomon, or thereabouts, as above. Hipparchus Rhodius the great Astronomer comparing his own observations with those of former Astronomers, concluded first of any man that the Equinoxes had a motion backwards in respect of the fixt stars; & his opinion was that they went backward one degree in about an hundred years. He made his observations of the Equinoxes between the years of Nabonassar 586 & 618 or about 286 years after the aforesaid Observation of Meton & Euctemon; & in these years the Equinox must have gone backward four degrees, & so have been in the fourth degree of Aries in the days of Hipparchus, & by consequence have then gone back eleven degrees since the Argonautick Expedition, that is, in 1090 years according to the chronology of the ancient Greeks then in use. And this is after the rate of an hundred years to a degree, as was then stated by Hipparchus. But it really went back a degre in seventy & two years, & eleven degrees in 792 years. Count backwards these 792 years, & the recconing will place the Argonautic Expedition about 44 years after the death of Solomon as above. The Greeks have therefore made the Argonautic Expedition about three hundred years ancienter then the truth & thereby given occasion to the opinion of the great Hipparchus that the Equinox went backwards after the rate of only a degree in an hundred years. Hesiod tells us that sixty days after the winter solstice the star Areturus rose just at sunset. Till his days & long after, the solstices were placed in the middles of the signes, their motion not being then known; & the Suns ApheliumApogee was then in ♉ 24. gr. degrees In those sixty days & almost six huours moremove from noon to sunset, the sun would move from the winter solstice into ♓ 0grdegrees. 10'; & the opposite point of the Ecliptic wchwhich. rose at the same time wthwith Areturus would be in ♍ 0gr. degrees 10'. The north Latitude of Arcturus is 30gr. degrees 57', & the elivation of the Pole at MoutMount Helicon neare Athens where Hesiod lived, was 37gr. degrees 45' according to Ptolomy. And thence Ricciolus (Lib. VI Almagest. cap. XX. Prob. VIII.) teaches how to compute the excess of the Longitude of Arcturus above the longitude of the said opposite point of the Eccliptic: & by the computation I find that this excess is 11degr. degrees 14'. Which being added to ♍ 0gr. degrees 10' gives the longitude of Areturus ♍11deg. degrees 24'. When the Sun sets visibly his upper limb is 33' below the Horizon, being. so much elevated by the refraction of the Atmosphere, & his center is still 16' lower, in all 49' below the Atmosphere Horizon, & the part of the Ecliptick between the Horizon & the center of the sun, is an arch of 62' minutes.And when the star rises visibly it is 33' below the horizon being so much elevated by the refraction. And the Arch between the refractionhorizon & the star in the parallel of the stars latitude is 41 1/4 minutes. And these 103 1/4 minutes being added to the longitude of the star found above gives its correct longitude in ♍ 13.gr. degrees 7'1/4. The longitude of this star at the time of the Argonautic Expedition was ♍ 13.gr. degrees24'. 52"as above. . And the difference 17'. . 37" is so small as scarce to be sensible in the coarse observations of the ancients, & will vanish by allowing a minute of time between the observation of the setting sun whereby the eyes of the spectator would be dazzelled & the observation of the rising star after the eyes were recovered. From all these circumstances grounded upon the coarse observations of the ancients, we may reccon it certain that the Argonautic Expedition was not earlier then the reign of Solomon, & most propbable that it was about 40 or 45 years after his death. The Trojan war was one generation later then that Expedition. , several913 several captains of the Greeks in that war being a sons of the Argonauts. And the ancient Greeks recconed Memnon or Amenophis king of Egypt, to have reigned in the times of that war, feigning him to be the son of Tithonus the elder brother of Priam, & in the end of that war to have come from Susa to the assistance of Priam. Amenophis was therefore of the same age with the elder children of Priam. In the opinion of the ancient Greeks he was with his army at Susa in the last year of thaet war Trojan war; & after that he might return into Egypt & adorn it with building,s & Obelisks & Statues, & dye there about 90 or 95 years after the death of Solomon when he had determined & setled the the beginning of the new Egyptian year of 365 days upon the Vernal Equinox, so as to deserve the monumetmonument above mentioned in memory thereof. Thus by the consent of two arguments taken from Astronomy, the one taken from the Precession of the Equinox, the other from the Æra of the Theban year of the Egyptians, it appears that the Argonautic Expedition was about 40 or 45 years later then the death of Solomon, & the last year of Solomon about the Trojan war about 75 years later then his death, & the death of Amenophis or Memnon, according to the date of his sepulchral monument, about 90 or 95 years later then Solomon's. And the truth of these things will be further confirmed when it shall appear that Sesostris was Sesae, & invaded the nations one generation before the Argonautic Expedition. Now these recconings differing from the Chronology of the Greeks, give us occasion to enquire into the reason of the difference. The Europeans had no Chronology before the times of the Persian Monarchy. And whatever Chronology they have of ancienter times hasth been framed since by reasoning & conjecture. In the beginning of that Monarchy, Acusilaus made Phoroneus as old as the Ogyges & his flood, & that flood 1020 years older then the first Olympiad, wchwhich is above 680 years older then the truth. And to make out this recconing his followers have encreased the reigns of kings in length & number. Plutarch tells aa Plutarch. de Pytheæ Oraculo. us that the Philosophers anciently delivered their opinions in verse as Orpheus, Hesiod, Parmenides, Xenophanes, Empedocles, Thales, but afterwards left of the use of verses, & that Aristarchus, Timocharis, Aristillus, Hipparchus, did not make Astronomy the worsemore contemptible by describing it in prose after Eudoxus Hesiod & Thales had wrote of it in verse. Solon wrote bb Plutarch. in Solon. in verse, & all the seven wise nmen were addicted to poetry, as Anaximenes cc Apud. Diog. Laert. in Solon. p. 10. affirmed. Till those days the Greeks wrote only in verse, & while they did so there could be no Chronology, nor any other history then such as was mixed with poetical fancies. Pliny dd Nat. Hist. l. 7 c. 56. in recconing up the inventors of things, tells us that Pherecides Syrius taught to compose discourses in prose in the reign of Cyrus,& Cadmus Milesius to write history. And in ee Ib. l. 5. c. 29. another place he saith that Cadmus Milesius was the first that wrote in prose. Iosephus tells us ff cont. Apion. sub. initio. that Cadmus Milesius & Acusilaus were but a little before the expedition of the Persians against the Greeks. And Suidas gg In Ἀκουσíλαος. calls Acusilaus a most ancient historian, & saith that he wrote Genealogies out of Tables of brass wchwhich his father, as was reported, found in a corner of his house. Who hid them there may be doubted, For the Greeks hh Ioseph. cont. Ap. l. 1. had no public table or inscription older then the laws of Draco. Pherecides Atheniensis in the reign of Darius Hystaspis, or soon after, wrote of the antiquities & ancient genealogies of the Athenians in ten books,&was one of the first European writers of this kind & one of the best: whence he had the name of Genealogus, & by Dionysius ii Daionys. l. 1, initio. Halicarnassensis is said to be second to none of the Genealogers. Epimenideos, not the Philosopher but an Historian, wrote also of the ancient genealogies. And Hellanicus, who was twelve years older than Herodotus, digested his history by the ages (or successions) of the Priestesses of Iuno Argiva. Others digested14 digested their's by theose of the Archons of Athens, or kings of the Lacedemonians. Hippias the Elean published a breviary of the Olympiads supported by no certain arguments as Plutarch kk In Numa tells us. He lived in the 105th Olympiad, & was derided by Plato for his ignorance. This Breviary seems to have conteined nothing more then a short account of the Victors in every Olympiad. Then Ephorus ll Diodor. l. 16 p. 550. Edit. Steph the disciple of Isocrates formed a chronological history of Greece, beginning with the return of the Heraclides into Poloponnesus, & ending with the siege of Perinthus in the twentith year of Philip the father of Alexander the great, that is, eleven years before the fall of the Persian Empire. But mm Polyb. p. 379. b. he digested things by generations: & the recconing by the Olympiads, or by any other Æra was not yet in use among the Greeks. The Arundelian Marbles were composed sixty years after the dath of Alexander the greatn(An. 4. Olymp. 128,) & yet mention not the Olymipads nor any other standing Æra, but reccon backwards from the time then present. But Chronology was now reduced to a recconing by years. And in the next Olympiad Timæus Siculus improved it. For he wrote a history in several books down to his own times according to the Olympiads, comparing the Ephori, the kings of Sparta, the Archons of Athens, & the Priestesses of Argos with the Olympic victors, so as to make the Olympiads, & the gGenealogies & successions of kings and Priestesses, & ;Poetical histories, suit with one another according to the best of his judgement. And where he left off, Polybius began & carryed on the history. Eratosthenes wrote above an hundred years after the death of Alexander the great. He was followed by Apollodorus, & these two have been followe ever sinece by Chronologers. But how uncertain their Chronology is, & how doubtfull it was reputed by the Greeks of those times, may be understood by these passages of Plutarch. Some reccon Lycurgus, saith aa In vita Lycurgi sub initio. he, contemporary to Iphitus, & to have been his companion in ordering the Olympic festivals, amongst whom was Aristotel the Philosopher; arguing from the Olympic Disk wchwhich had the name of Lycurgus upon it. Others supputing the times by the succession of the kings of Lacedæmon, as Eratosthenes & Apollodorus, affirm that he was not a few years older then the first Olympiad. He began to flourish in the 16th or 18th Olympiad, & at length Aristotel made him as old as the first Olympiad, & then Eratosthenes Apollodorus & their followers made him above an hundred years older. And in another place Plutarch bb In Solon. p. 157. tells us: The congress of Solon with Crœsus some think they can confute by Chronology. But a history so illustrious & verified by so many witnesses, & which is more, so agreeable to the manners of Solon, & worthy of the greatness of his mindd, & of his wisdom, I cannot perswade my self to reject because of some chronological Canons,as they call them, wchwhich hundreds of authors correcting have not yet been able to constitute any thing certain, in which they could agree amongst themselves about repugnances. And as for the Chronology of the Latines that is still more uncertain. Plutarch aa Plutarch in Romulo & Numa. represents great uncertainties in the Originals of Rome, & so doth bb In Æneid VII v. 678. Servius. The old Records of the Latines were cc Diodor. l. 1. burnt by the Gauls an hundred & twenty years after the Regifuge & sixty four years before the death of Alexander the great. And Quintus Fabius Pictor, dd Plutarch in Romulo. the oldest historian of the Latins, lived an hundred years later then that king, & took almost all things from Diocles Peparæthius a Greek. And the Chronologies of Gallia, Spain, 1115 Spain, Germany, Scythia, Suedeland, Britain & Ireland are of a date still later, For Scythia beyond the Danube had no letters till Ulphidas their Bishop formed them: wchwhich was above six hundred years after the death of Alexander the great. And Germany had none till it received them from the western Empire of the Latines above seven hundred years after the death of that king. The Hunns had none in the days of Procopius who flourished 850 years after the death of that king. And Sueden & Norway received them still later. And things said to be done an hundred&twenty years before the use of Letters, are of little credit. Diodorus aa Lib. 1. in Proæm. in the beginning of his History tells us that he did not define by any certain space the times preceding the Trojan war, because he had no certain foundation to rely upon: but from the Trojan war, according to the recconing of Apollodorus, Atheniensis whom he followed, there were eighty years to the return of the Heraclides into Peloponnesus: & that from that period to the first Olympiad there were three hundred & twenty eight years, computing the times from the kings of the Lacedemonians. Apollodorus followed Eratosthenes & both of them followed Thucydides, & perhaps he followed Acusilaus,in recconing eighty years from the Trojan war to the return of the Heraclides. But in recconing 328 years from that return to the first Olympiad, the Chronologers only computed the times by the successiomssuccessions of the kings of Lacedæmon, as bb Plutarch in Lycurgo sub initio. Plutarch also affirms; & therein they have been ever since followed by later Chronologers. And tsince this recconing was gathered by computing the times from the kings of the Lacedemonians, that is, from their number; let us reexamin that computation. All nations before they began to keep exact accounts of time, have been prone to raise their antiquities, & this humour has been promoted by the contentions between nations about the antiquity of their originals. Herodotus aa Herod. l. 2. tells us that the Priests of Egypt recconed from the reign of Menes to that of Sethon who put Sennacherib to flight, three hundred forty & one generations of men, & as many Priests of Vulcan, & as many kings of Egypt: & that three hundred generations make ten thousand years, (for, saith he, three generations of men make an hundred years;) & the remaining forty &one generations make 1340 years. And so the whole time from the reign of Menes to that of Sethon was 11340 years. And by this way of recconing, & allotting longer reigns to the Gods of Egypt, Herodotus tells us from the Priests of Egypt,that from Pan to Amosis were were 15000 years, & from Hercules to Amosis 17000 years. The Greeks & Latines have been more modest in this point then the Egyptians but& Persians & some other nations, but yet have exceeded the truth. For in stating the times by the reigns of such kings as were ancienter then the Persian Monarchy, they have also put their reigns equipollent to generations, & saccordingly made them one with another an age a piece, recconing three ages to an generation hundred years. For they make the seven kings of Rome who preceeded the Consuls to have reigned 2244 years, wchwhich is one with another 35 years a piece. And the first twelve kings of Sicyon (Ægialeus, Europs &c) to have reigned 529 years, wchwhich is 44 years a piece. And the first eight kings of Argos (Inachus, Phoroneus &c) to have ~ reigned 371 years, wchwhich is above 46 years a piece. And between the return of the Heraclides into Peloponnesus & the end of the first Messenian war, the ten kings of Sparta in one race (Euristhenes, Agis, Echestratus, Labotas, DoriagusDonagus, ÆgesilausEAgesilaus, Archelaus, Telechus, Alcamenes, & Polydorus,) the nine of the other race (Procles, 16 (Procles, Sous, Euripon, Prytanis, Eunomus, Polydectes, Charilaus, Nicander, Theopompus,) the tenn kings of Messene, (Cresphontes, Epitus, Glaucus, Istmius, Dotadaaus, Sibotas, Phintas, Antiochus, Euphaes, Aristodemus,) & the nine of Arcadia (Cypselus, Olœas, Buchalion, Phialus, Simus, Pompus, Æginela, Polymnestor, Æchmis,) according to Chronologers, took up 379 years: which is 38 years a piece to the ten k kings, & 42 years a piece to the nine. And the five kings of the race of Eurysthenes between the end of the first Messenian war & the beginning of the reign of Darius Hystaspis (Eurycrates, Anaxander, Erycrates II, Leon, Anaxandrides) reigned 202 years, wchwhich is above 40 years a piece. Thus the Greek Chronologers who followed Timæus & Eratosthenes have made the kings of their several cities who lived ~ before the times of the Persian Empire, to reign about 35 or 40 years a piece one with another, wchwhich is a length so much beyond the course of nature as is not to be credited. For by the ordinary course of nature kings reign one with another about eighteen or twenty years a piece. And if in some instances they reign (one with another) five or six years longer, in others they reign as much shorter. Eighteen or twenty years is a medium. So the 18 kings of Iudah who succeeded Solomon, reigned 390 years wchwhich is one with tanother 22 years a piece. The fifteen kings of Israel after Solomon reigned 259 years wchwhich is 17 1/4 years a piece. The eighteen kings of Babylon (Nabonassar &c) reigned 209 years which is 11 2/3 years a piece. The ten kings of Persia (Cyrus &c) reigned 208 years which is almost 21 years a piece. The sixteen successors of Alexander the great & his brother & Son in Syria (Seleucus &c) reigned 244 years after the breaking of that monarchy, wchwhich is 15 1/4 years a piece. The eleven of Egypt from the same period (Ptolomæus Lagi &c) reigned 26777 261 years, counted from the same period, wchwhich is 25 1/4 years a piece. The eight in Macedonia (Cassander &c) reigned 138 years wchwhich is 17 1/4 years a piece. The 29 kings of England (William the conqueror &c) reigned 648 years wchwhich is 22 1/3 years a piece. TheFfirst 24 Kings of France (Pharamund &c) reigned 458 years, wchwhich is 19 years a piece. The next 24 kings of France (Ludovicus Balbus &c) 451 years, wchwhich is 18 3/4 years a piece. The next 15 (Philip Valesius &c) 315 years, wchwhich is 21 years a piece. And all the 315 63 kings of France 1224 years, wchwhich is 19 1/2 years a piece. Generations from father to son may be recconed one with another at about 35 years a piece, or about three generations to an hundred years. But if the recconing proceed by the eldest sons, they are shorter so that three of them may be recconed at about 75 or 80 years. And the reigns of kings are still shorter because kings are succeeded, not only by their eldest sons, but sometimes by their brothers, & sometimes they are slain, & succeeded or deposed, & succeeded by others of an equal or greater age, especially in elective or turbulent kingdoms. ☉And within these last 2000 years, there is scarce an instance to be found of ten kings reigning any where in continual succession, above 2560 years. But Timæus & his followers &. I think also some of his predecessor coppying after the Egyptians have taken the reigns of kings for generations & recconed three generations to an hundred and sometimes to an hundred and twenty years, & founded the technical chronology of the Greeks upon this way of recconing. Let the recconing be reduced to the course of nature by putting the reigns of kings one with another at about eighteen of twenty years a piece: & the ten kings of Sparta by one race, the nine by another race, the ten kings of Messene & the nine of Arcadia above mentioned between the return of the Heraclides into Peloponesus & the end of the first Messenian war, will scarce take up above 180 or 2190 years: whereas according to Chronologers they took up 379 years. Euryleon the son of Ægeus aa Pausan l. 4. c. 3. p. 28. & c. 7. p. 296. et. l. 3. c. 15. p. 245. commanded the main body of the Messenians in the fift year of the first Messenian warr, & was in the fift1317 the fift generation from Oiolicus the son of Theras the brother in law of Aristodemus, & tutor to his sons Eurysthenes & Procles, as Pausanias aa Pausan. l. 4. c. 7. p. 296. relates. And by consequence, from the return of the Heraclides, wchwhich was in the days of Theras, to the battel in the fift year of theis war, there were six generations; which (as I conceive) being for the most part by the eldest sons, will scarce ~ exceed thirty years to a generation, & so may amount to about 170 or 180 years. That war lasted 19 or 20 years. Add the last 15 years, & there will be about 190 years to the end of that warr: whereas the followers of Timæus make it about 3879 years. In the race of the Spartan kings descended from Euristhenes, after Polydorus reigned these kings, Eurycrates I, Alexander, Ery Eurycrates II, Leon, Anaxandrides, Cleomenes, Leonidas, &c. And in the other race, after Theopompus reigned, Zeuxedamus, Anaxidamus, Archidamus, Agasicles, Ariston, Demaratus, Leutychides II, according to Herodotus. Leonidas was slain at Thermopylæ, in the sixt year of Xerxes, & Leutychides was then alive: so that in one race there were seven kings between the end of the first Messenian war & the sixt year of Xerxes, & in the other race there were between six & seven kings according to Herodotus Pausanius, or between seven & eight according to Herodotus, or at a medium, seven kings in both races. And their reigns at twenty years a piece one with another, amount to 140 years; that is, 90 years to the death of Cyrus, & 50 years more to the invasion of Greece by Xerxes. Whereas according to chrologerschronologers, from the end of the first Messenian warr to the sixt yeare of Xerxes were 244 years. Anaxandrides & Ariston, the last of those seven kings but tw of Sparta but two, in the two races, were aa Herod. l. 1. c. 67. contemporary to Crœsus, And Crœsus began his reign about 28 years before the death of Cyrus. Count backwards from the death of Cyrus those 28 years & eighty years more for the four preceding reigns of the kings of Sparta unto the end of the first Messenian war, & 190 years more unto the return of the Heraclides into Peloponnesus as above: & this return will be about 298 years before the death of Cyrus. Subduct the years of the Olympiads, & there will remain about 51 years between the return of the Heraclides & the first Olympiad. But the followers of Timæus place the return of the Heraclides about 275 years earlier. And this is the fundamental error of the artificial Chronology of the Greeks. The kingdom of Macedon was aa Herod. l. 8. was founded by Caranus and Perdiccas, who being of the race of Temenus king of Argos, fled from Argos in the reign of Phidon the brother of Caranus Temenus, entered Peloponnesus with the Heraclides as above, And was one of the three brothers who led the Heraclides into Peloponnesus, & shared the conquest amongst them. He obteined Argos & after him & his son Cisus, the kingdom of Argus, became divided among the posterity of Temenus untill Phidon reunited it, expelling his own kindred. He Phidon grew potent, appointed weights & measures in Peloponnesus, & coyned silver moneys, & removing the Pisæans & Eleans, presided in the Olympic games, but was soon after subdued by the Eleans & Spartans. Herodotus bb Herod. l. 8. reccons that Perdiccas was the first king of Macedon. Later writers, as Livy, Pausanias & Suidas, make Caranus the first king, Iustin calls Perdiccas the successor of Caranus, & Solinus saith that Perdiccas succeeded Caranus & was the first that obteined the name of king. Its probable that Caranus & Perdiccas were contemporaries & fled at the18 at the same time from Phidon, & at first erected small principalities which after the death of Caranus became one under Perdiccas. Herodotus cc Herod. l. 8. tells us that after Perdiccas reigned Aræus (or Argæus,) Philip, Aeropus, Alcetes, Amyntas, & Alexander successively. Alexander was contemporary to Xerxes king of Persia, & died an. 4 Olymp. 79, & was succeeded by Perdiccas II. & he by his son Archelaus. And Thucydides dd Thucyd. l. 2 sub finem. tells us that there were eight kings of Macedon before this Archelaus [ the son of Perdiccas ] . Now by recconing above forty years a piece to these kings, Chronologers have made Caranus older then the Olympiads: whereas if we should reccon their reigns at about 18 or 20 years a piece, the first seven reigns counted backwards from the death of Alexander, will place the beginning of the kingdom of Macedon under Perdiccas & Caranus upon the 46th Olympiad or thereabouts. It could not be earlier because Leocides the son of Phidon & Megacles the son of Alcmæon at one & the same time courted Agarista the daughter of Clisthenes king of Sicyon (as ee Herod. l. 6. Herodotus tells us,) & the Amphyictyons by the advice of Solon made war Alcmæon & Clisthenes & Eurolycus king of Thessaly commanders of their army in their war against Cyrrha, & the Cyrrhæans were conquered An. 2 Olymp. 47 according to the Marbles. Phidon therefore & his brother Caranus were contemporary to Alcmæon & all of them to Clisthenes & Solon, & flourshedflourished about the 47th or 48th Olympiad. This Alcmæon ff Herod. l. 6. c. 125, 126. enterteined & conducted the messengers whom Crœsus sent to consult the Oracle at Delphos An. 1 Olymp. 56, according to the Marbles, & for so doing was sent for by Crœsus, & rewarded with much riches. Megacles the son of Alcmæon married Agariista: & Pisistratus, when he obteined the tyranny at Athens married the daughter of Megacles and Agarista. And Clisthenes the son of Megacles & Agarista, expelled the sons of Pisistratus An. 1, Olymp. 67, according to the Marbles. By all which circumstances, the times of Leocides & Megacles & their fathers Phidon & Alcmæon are sufficiently stated. But the Greeks corrupted their Chronology before the Marbles were made, so as to add to the antiquity of all things done before the warrs of the Persians under Darius Hystaspes & Xerxes against them. And therefore the war against Cyrrha may have been a little later, suppose an. 1 Olymp. 53, & the message of Crœsus to the Oracle at Delphos an. 2 Olymp. 58, & the taking of Sardes an. 2 Olymp. 59, & the expulsion of the Sons of Pisistratus an. 3 Olymp. 698, & the death of Pisistratus an. 2 Olymp. 65. And suitably to these recconings, the Legislature of Draco may have been about yethe 50th or 51th Olympiad, that of Solon about the 55th Olympiad, the return of Solon to Athens (after a travel of ten years) about the 58th Olympiad, the conversation of Solon with Crœsus about the 59th Olympiad, the tyranny of Pisistratus an. 2 Olymp. 58, & the death of Solon about an 3 Olymp. 59. For you have heard Plutarch complaining that Chronologers have placed the life of Solon a little earlier then they should have done. And hence the first annual Archon of Athens might be about an. 1, Olymp. 50, & the first decennial Archon about an. 1 Olymp. 40, some of the seven decennial Archons dying in their regency. And the death of Codrus king of Athens & the Ionic migration under his sons & the Ionic migration under Neleus his son might be about two hundred years earlier, or about fourteen years after the death of the return1519 return of the Heraclides into Peloponesus there reigning twelve Archons for life successively between the death of Codrus & the first decennial Archon & six kings between the taking of Troy & the death of Codrus, viztvidelicet Demophoon, Oxyntes, Aphidas, Thymœtes, Melanthus & Codrus, the third & fourth of which reigned together but nine years according to Chronologers.  Pausan. l. 7. c. 2. Herod. l. 1. About two years after the death of Cadrus was the Ionic migration into Asia, under his son Neleus & soon after also under his younger sons Androclus & Cyaretus. And about 26 years after his death these new colonies set up over them a common council called Paniontium, & composed of Councelleurs sent from the twelve cities Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephesus, Colophon, Lebedus, Teos, Claromencæ, Phocæa, Samus, Chius, & Erythrea. About two years Iphitus aa Strabo l. 8. p. 355. presided both in the Temple of Iupiter Olympius & in the Olympic games; & so did his successors till the 26t Olympiad: & so long the Victors were rewarded with a Tripus. But then the Pisæans getting above the Eleans, began to preside, & rewarded the Victors with a crown, & insttiuted the carnea to Apollo & continued to preside & rewarded till Phidon interrupted them, that is, till about the time of the 48th Olympiad. For bb Pausan. l. 6. c. 22. in the 48th Olympiad the Eleans entered the country of the Pisæans, suspecting their designs, but were prevailed upon to return home quietly. Afterwards the Pisæans confederated with several other Greek nations, & made ~ war upon the Eleans, & in the end were beaten. In this war I conceive it was that Phidon presided, suppose in the 49th Olympiad. For cc Pausan. l. 5. c. 9. in the 50th Olympiad, for putting an end to the contentions between the kings about presiding, two men were chosen by lot out of the city Elis to preside, & their number in the city 65th Olympiad was encreased to nine, & afterwards to ten: & these Iudges were called Hellenodicæ, judges for or in the name of Greece. Pausanias tells us that the Eleans called in Phidon & together with him celebrated the 8th Olympiad, he should have said the 49th; but Herodotus tells us that Phidon removed the Eleans. And both might be true. The Eleans might call in Phidon against the Pisæans, & upon overcoming them claim the presiding in thepresiding in the games & be refused by Phidon, & then confederate with the Spartans, & by their assistance overthrow the kingdom of Phidon & recover their ancient right of presiding in the games Strabo tells aa Strabo tells us l. 8. p. 358 græce. us that Phidon was the tenth from Temenus, not the tenth king but (for between Cisus &Phidon they reigned not,) but the tenth from father to son including Temenus. If 27 years be recconed to a generation by the eldest sons, the nine intervalls will amount unto 243 years; which being counted back from the 48th Olympiad in wchwhich Phidon flourished, they will place the return of the Heraclides about 50 years before the beginning of the Olympiads as above. But Chronologers reccon about 515 years from the return of the Heraclides to the 48th Olympiad, & account Phidon the seventh from Temenus: which is after the rate of 85 years to a generation, & therefore not to be admitted. The artificial Chronologers have made Lycurgus the Legislator as old as Iphitus the restorer of the Olympiads, & Iphitus abovean hundred & twelve years older then the first Olympiad. And to help out the Hypothesis they have feigned twenty eight Olympiads older then the first Olympiad wherein Corœbus was victor. But these things were feigned after the days of Thucydides & Plato. For Socrates died three years after the end of the Peloponnesian war, & Plato aa Plato in Minoe introduceth him saying that the Institutions of Lycurgus were not of three hundred years standing or not much more. And Thucydides bb Thucyd. l. 1. p. 13. in the reading followed by Stephanus, saith, that the Lacedemonians had from ancient times used good laws, & been free from tyranny, & that from the time that they had used one & the same administration of their common wealth20 wealth to the end of the Peloponesian war, there were three hundred years & a few more. Count three hundred years back from the end of the Peloponesian war, & they will place the Legislature of Lycurgus upon the 19th Olympiad; & according to Socrates it might be upon the 20th or 22th. Athenæus tells us out of ancient authors (Hellanicus, Sosimus, & Hieronymus) that Lycurgus the Legislator was contemporary to Terpander the Musician, & that Terpander was the first man who got the victory in the Carnea in a solemnity of music instituted in those festivals in the 26th Olympiad. He overcame four times in the Pythic games & therefore lived at least till the 29th Olympiad. And beginning to flourish in the days of Lycurgus, it is not likely that Lycurgus began to flourish much before the 18th Olympiad. The name of Lycurgus being on the olympic Disk, Aristotel concluded thence that Lycurgus was the companion of Iphitus in restoring the Olympic games. And this argument might be the grownd of the opinion of Chronologers that Lycurgus & Iphitus were contemporary. But Iphitus did not restore all the Olympic games. He dd Pausan. l. 5. c. 8. restored the racing in the first Olympiad, Corœbus being victor. In the 14th Olympiad the double stadium was added, Hypænus being Victor. And in the 18th Olympiad the Quinquertium & wrasteling were added, Lampus & Eurybatus (two Spartans) being Victors. And the Disk was one of the games of the Quinquertium. And Pausanias ee Pausan. l. 6. c. 19. tells us that there were three Disks kept in the Olympic Treasury at Altis. These therefore having the name of Lycurgus upon them, shew that they were dedicated by him at the restoringinstitution of the DiskQuinquertium in the 18th Olympiad. Now Polydectes king of Sparta being slain before the birth of his son Charillus or Charilaus, left the kingdome to Lycurgus his brother, and Lycurgus upon the birth of Charillus became Tutor to the Child; & sometime after travelled into Crete & Asia till the child ~ grew up, & brought back with him the Poems of Homer; & soon after published his laws, suppose upon the 22th or 243th Olympiad, for he was then growing old. And Terpander was a Lyric Poet & began to flourish about this time. For ff Plutarch. de Musica. Clemens Strom. l. 1. p. 308. he imitated Orpheus & Homer & sung Homers verses & his own, & wrote the Laws of Lycurgus in verse, & was victor in the Pythic games in the 26th Olympiad as above. He was the first who distinguished the modes of Lyric music by several names. Ardalus & Clonas soon after did the like for wind music. And from hence forward, by the encouragement of the Pythic games now instituted, several eminent Musitians & Poets flourished in Greece: as Archilochus, Eumelus Corinthius, Polymnestus, Thaletas, Xenodemus, Xenocritus, Sacadas, Tyrtæus, Tlesilla, Rhianus, Alcman, Arion, Stesichorus, Mimnermnus, Alcæus, Sappho, Theognis, Anacreon, Simonides, Æschilus, Pindar, by whom the Music & Poetry of the Greeks were brought to perfection. Lycurgus published his laws in the reign of Agesilaus the son & successor of Dorissus in the other race of the kings of Sparta. From the return of the Heraclides into Peloponesus to the beginning of the reign of Agesilaus there were six reigns including that short one of of Aristodemus the father of Eurysthenes & Procles. For Aristodemus came to the kingdom according to aa Herod. l. 6. c. 52. Herodotus. And from the same return to the beginning of the reign of Polydectes in the other race of the Spartan kings, there were also six reigns; & these reigns at twenty years a piece one with another amount to 120 years. Count those years backwards from the 18th Olympiad & the return of the Heraclides will be about 52 years before the first Olympiad, as above. Iphitus1721 Iphitus who restored the Olympic games, aa Pausan. l. 5. c. 4 was descended from Oxylus the son of Hæmon the son of Thoas the son of Andræmon. Hercules & Andræmon married two sisters. Thoas warred at Troy. Oxylus returned into Peloponesus with the Heraclides. In this return he commanded the body of Ætolians & recovered Elea, bb Pausan. l. 5. c. 1, 3, 8. Strabo. Geogr. l. 8. p. 357. from whence his ancestors Ætolus the son of Endymion the son of Aethlius had been driven by Salmoneus the grandson of Hellen. And b by the friendship of the Heraclides, Oxylus had the care of the Olympic Temple committed to him: & the Heraclides for his service done them, granted to him further upon oath, that the country of the Eleans should be free from invasions, & be defended by them from all armed force. And when the Eleans were thus consecrated, Oxylus had the care of the Olympic restored the Olympic games. And after they had been again interrupted, Iphitus their king cc Pausan. l. 5. c. 4. restored them again. Iphitus c is by some recconed the son of Hæmon, by others the son of Praxonidas the son of Hæmon. But Hæmon being the father of Oxylus, I would reccon Iphitus the son of Praxonidas the son of Oxylus the son of Hæmon. And by this recconing the return of the Heraclides into Peloponesus will be two generations by the eldest sons (or about 54 years) before the Olympiads as above. Pausanias aa Pausan. l. 5. c. 18 represents that Melas the son of Antissus (of the posterity of Gonussa the daughter of Sicyon) was not above six generations older then Cypselus king of Corinth, & that he was contemporary to Aletes who returned with the Heraclides into Peloponesus. The reign of Cypselus began an. 2 Olymp. 31, according to Chronologers, & six generations at 29 years to a generation amount unto 174 years. Count those years backwards & they will place the return of the Heraclides into Peloponnesus about 52 years before the first Olympiad, where I placed it ~ above. In this interval of time reigned nine kings of Corinth, Aletes, Ixion, Agelas, Primnes, Bacchis, Agelas, Primnes, Bacchis, Agelas II, Eudemus, Aristodemus, & Telestes. And then reigned the Prytanees annually till the tyranny of Cypselus & his son Periander. It to the nine reigns wchwhich preceeded the annual Prytanes & the two which followed them, be allotted about 18 years years a piece with one another, they will take up about 198 years: wchwhich being subducted from the intervall of 244 years between the return of the Heraclides & the death of Periander and. 4 Olymp. 48; there will remain 46 years for the annual Prytanes. And there may be a few more if Cypselus & Periander lived a little later. Suppose that the reign of Cypselus began an. 2 Olymp. 37 & that Periander died an. 4 Olymp. 54, & reccon the six generations at 34 years a piece, & the eleven reigns at 20 years a piece one with another: & this recconing will place the return of the Heraclides 50 years before the Olympiads & allow 60 years for the annual Prytanes. But Chronologers for raising the antiquities of the Greeks have made these kings & Prytanees reign 517 years. Hercules the Argonaut was the father of Hyllus, the father of Cleadius, the father of Aristomachus, the father of Temenus, Cresphontes, & Aristodemus, who led the Heraclides into Peloponesus. And Eurystheus who was of the same age with Hercules was slain in the first attempt of the Heraclides to return, Hyllus was slain in the second attempt, Cleodius in the third attempt, Aristomachus in the fourth attempt, & Aristodemus died as soon as they were returned, & left the kingdom of Sparta to his sons Eurysthenes & Procles. Whence their return was more then four & less then five generations later then the Argonautic expedition. ButAnd these generations were short ones, being by the chief of the family, & suit with the recconing of Thucidides & the ancients that the taking of Troy was eighty years before the return of the Heraclides into Peloponesus, & the Argonautic expedition one ordinary generation earlier then the taking of Troy. Count therefore eighty years backward from the return of the Heraclides into Peloponnesus to the Trojan war: & the taking of Troy will be about 75 years after the death of Solomon. And the Argonautic expedition wchwhich was one generation earlier will be about 43 years after it, as was determined above by arguments taken from Astronomy. From the taking of Troy to the return of the Heraclides could scarce be more then 80 years because Orestes the son of Agamemnon was a youth at the taking of Troy & his sons Penthilus & Tisamenus lived till the return of the Heraclides. From the return of the Heraclides count 80 years backwards to the Trojan war, & the destruction of Troy will be about 75 years after the death of Solomon, & the Argonautic Expedition wchwhich was one generation earlier, will be about 43 years earlier after it, as was determined above by arguments taken from Astronomy. And these recconings are confirmed by one or two arguments more. For Æsculapius & Hercules were Argonauts & Hippocrates was the eighteenth inclusively by the fathers side from Æsculapius, & the nineteenth from Hercules by the mothers22 mother's side. And because these generations being taken notice of in history, were most probably by the principal of the family & so for the most part by the eldest sons: we may reccon about 28 or at the most about 30 years to a generation. And thus the seventeen intervalls by the fathers side, & eighteen by the mothers, will at a middle recconing amount unto about 507 years; which counted backwards from the beginning of the Peloponesian warr, at which time Hippocrates began to flourish, will reach up to the 43th 43th year after the death of Solomon & there place the Argonautic Expedition. When the Romans conquered the Carthaginians, the archives of Carthage came into their hands. And thence Appion in his history of the Punic warrs, tells in round numbers that Carthage stood seven hundred years.And Solinus aa Solin. c. 30. adds the odd numbers of years in these words: Hadramyto & Carthagini author est a Tyro populus. Carthaginem (ut Cato in Oratione Senatona autumat) cum Rex Hiarbas rerum in Libya potiretur, Elissa mulier extruxit domo Phœnix, & Carthadam dixit, quod Phœnicum ore exprimit civitatem novam; mox sermone verso Carthago dicta est: quæ post annos septingentos triginta septem exciditur quam fuerat extructa. Elissa was Dido & Carthage was destroyed in the Consulship of Lentulus & Mummius in the year of the Iulian Period 4568, from whence count backwards 737 years, & the Encænia or dedication of the city will fall upon the 16th year of Pigmaleon the brother of Dido & king of Tyre. She fled in the seventh year of Pigmaleon, but the Æra of the city began with its Encænia. Now Virgil & his Scholiast Servius, who who might have some things from the archives of Tyre & Cyprus as well as from those of Carthage, relate that Teucer came from the war of Troy to Cyprus in the days of Dido a little before the reign of her brother Pigmaleon, & in conjunction with her father seized Cyprus & ejected Cinyras. And the Marbles say that Teucer came to Cyprus seven years after the destruction of Troy & built Salamis; & Apollodorus that Cinyras married Metharme the daughter of Pigmaleon & built Paphus. And therefore if the Romans in the days of Augustus followed not the artificial chronology of Eratosthenes, but had these things from the records of Carthage Cyprus or Tyre; the arrival of Teucer at Cyprus will be in the reign of the predecessor of Pigmaleon, & by consequence the destruction of Troy about 76 years later then the death of Solomon, as above. Thucydides aa Thucyd. l. 6 initio. Euseb. Chron. tells us that the Corinthians were the first of the Greeks who built long ships with three orders of oars called Triremes, & that Aminocles a ship carpenter of Corinth, went thence to Samos about 300 years before the end of the Peloponesian war, & built also four ships for the Samians: & that two hundred and sixty years before the end of that war, that is, about the 29th Olympiad, there was a fight at sea between the Corinthians & the Corcyreans, wchwhich was the oldest sea fight mentioned in history. Thucydides tells us further that the first colony wchwhich the Greeks sent into Sicily, came from Chalcis in Eubœa under the conduct of Thucles, & built Naxus, & the next year Archias came from Corinth with a Colony & built Syracuse, , & that Lamis came about the same time into Sicily with a colony from Megara in Achaia, & lived first at Trotilum & then at Leontini, & died at Thapsus neare Syracuse; & that after his death this Colony was invited by Hyblo to Megara in Sicily, & lived there 245 years, & was then expelled by Gelo king of Sicily. Now Gelo flourished about 748 years before the end of the Peloponnesian warr. Count backwards the 748 & the 245 years & about 12 years more for the reign of Lamis in Sicily, & the recconing will place the building of Syracuse about 335 years before the end of the Peloponesian war, or in the 10th Olympiad. And there about Eusebius & others place it. And the first building of Triremes whereby Colonies might be sent abroad without danger of Pyrates, wchwhich till those days infested the Greek seas, might1923 might be ten or twenty years earlier. From the colonies henceforward sent into Italy & Sicily came the name of Græcia Magna. Thucydides aa Thucyd. ib. tells us further that the Greeks began to come into Sicily almost three hundred years after the Siculi had invaded that island with an army out of Italy. And therefore that invasion was almost 631 years before the end of the Peloponnesian war, that is, almost as early as the 27th year of Davids reign. Whence it may be placed in the reign of Solomon. Hellanicus bb Apud. Dionys. l. 1. p. 15. tells us that it was in the third generation before the Trojan war, & in the 26th year of the priesthood of Alcione priestess of Iuno Argiva: and Philistius of Syracuse that it was 80 years before the Trojan war. Whence it follows that the Trojan war & Argonautic expedition were later then the days of Solomon & Rehoboam. Dionysius Halycarnassæus aa Dionys. l. 1. p. 15. tells us that in the time of the Trojan war Latinus was king of the Aborigines in Italy, & that in the sixteenth age after that war, Romulus built Rome. By ages he means reigns of kings. For after Latinus he names sixteen kings of the Latins, the last of which was Numitor in whose days Romulus built Rome. For Romulus was contemporary to Numitor. And after him Dionysius reccons six kings more over Rome to the beginning of the Consuls. Now these twenty & two kings (if there were so many) at about 18 years to a reign one with another (for many of them were slain) reigned 396 years, wchwhich counted back from the Consulship of Iunius Brutus & Valerius Pubilicola (the two first Consuls,) place the coming of ~ Æneas from Italy into Troy about 78 years after the death of Solomon. And by this recconing th taking of Troy will be about 70 or 75 years after the death of Solomon as above, & Æneas ~ will be contemporary to Pygmaleon & Dido as Virgil affirms, & Rome will be built about the 36th or 37th Olympiad. When the Greeks & Latines were forming their technical chronology, there were great disputes about the antiquity of Rome. The Greeks made it much older then the Olympiads. Some of them said it was built by Æneas others by Romus the son or grandson of Æneas, others by Romus the son or grandson of Latinus king of the Aborigenes, others by Romus the son of Vlysses or of Ascanius or Italus. And some of the Latines at first fell in with the opinion of the Greeks, saying that it was built by Romulus the son or grandson of Æneas. Timæus Siculus made it built about the same time with Carthage. Ennius the poet who flourished about 120 years after the death of Alexander the great, represented it built by Æ Romulus the grandson of Æneas above an hundred years before the Olympiads. And so did Nævius the poet who was twenty years older then Enius & served in the first Punic war, & wrote the history of that war. Hitherto nothing certain was agreed upon: but about this time they began to say that Rome was built a second time by Romulus in the fifteenth age after the destruction of Troy. By ages they meant reigns of kings & recconed the first fourteen ages or reigns at about 432 years, & the following reigns of the seven kings of Rome at 244 years more: both which numbers made up the time of about 676 years from the taking of Troy to the Regifuge according to these Chronologers, but are much too long for the course of nature. And by this recconing they placed the building of Rome upon the sixt or seventh Olympiad: whereas by recconing the reigns of kings at 18 or 20 years a piece one with another (which is according to the course of nature) & dating the recconing from the true time of the taking of Troy, they building of this city would have fallen upon the 36th or 37th Olympiad where I place it. But the Romans having no historian during the first four hundred years of their city, & their records being burnt by the Gauls 64 years before the death of Alexander the great, I forbear24 I forbear to meddle with their originals any further. I have now carried up the Chronology of Greece as high as to the Trojan war & by arguments taken from Astronomy & from the course of nature & from that of generations, shewn the old recconing to be impossible, & settled a new one, I think without the error of one generation. For the Greeks before the times of the Persian empire recconed only by generations & &by the number of kings reigning: & it is not to be expected that their records alone can furnish us with any exacter sort of recconing. The Hebrews had a chronology by years long before the Greeks: & it remains now that I try to settle the Chronology of the Greeks a little better & carry it up a little higher by comparing their affairs with those of the Hebrews set down in sacred history. The expedition of Sesostris was one generation earlier then the Argonautic expedition. For in his return back into Egypt he left Æetes at Colchos, & Æetes reigned there till the Argonautic expedition; & Prometheus was left by Sesostris with a body of men at mount Caucasus to guard that pass, & after thirty years released by Hercules the Argonaut. And Phlias the son of the great Bacchus (so the poets call Sesostris) & of Ariadne the daughter of Minos, was an Argonaute. At the return of Sesostris into Egypt, his brother Danaus fled from him into Greece with his fifty daughters in a long ship, after the pattern of which the ship Argo was built, & Argus the son of Danaus was the master builder thereof. And Nauplius the Argonaut was born in Greece of Amymone one of the daughters of Danaus & of Neptune the Admiral of Sesostris. And two others of the daughters of Danaus married Archander & Archilites the sons of Achæus the son of Creusa the daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. And therefore the daughters of Danaus were three generations younger then Erechtheus, & by consequence contemporary to Theseus the son of Ægeus the adopted son of Pandion the son of Erechtheus. And Theseus in the time of the Argonautic expedition was of about 50 or 51 years of age, & so was born about the 32th year of Solomon. For he stole Helena aa Apollon. Argonaut. l. 1. v. 101. just before that expedition, being then 50 years old & she but seven, or as some say ten. Perithous the son of Ixion helped Theseus to steal Helena, & then bb Plutarch in Theseo. Theseus went with Perithous to steal Proserpina the daughter of Aidoneus & was taken in the action; & whilst he lay in prison Castor & Pollux returning from the Argonautic expedition released their sister Helena & captivated Æthra the mother of Theseus. Now the daughters of Danaus being contemporary to Theseus & some of their sons being Argonauts, Danaus with his daughters fled from his brother Sesostris into Greece about one generation before the Argonautic expedition, & therefore Sesostris returned into Ægypt in the reign of Rehoboam, & so was Sesac. For Sesac came out of Egypt in the fift year of Rehoboam & cc Disdor. l. 1. p. 35. spent nine years in that expedition against the eastern nations & Greece, & therefore returned back into Ægypt in the 14th year of Rehoboam. Sesac & Sesostris were therefore kings of all Egypt at one & the same time. And they agree not only in the time but also in their actions & conquests. God gave Sesac ממלכות הארצות the kingdoms of the Lands 2 Chron. 12. Where Herodotus describes the expedition of Sesostris Iosephus dd Ioseph Antiq. c. 8. l. 4. tells us that he described the actions expedition of Sesac, & attributed his actions to Sesostris, erring only in the name of the king. Corruptions of names are frequent in history. Sesostris was otherwise called Sesochris, Sesochis, Sesoosis, Sethosis, Sesonchis, Sesonchosis. Take away the Greek termination, & the names becomes Sesost, Sesoch, Sesoos, Sethos, Sesonch: which names differ very little from Sesach. Sesonchis & Sesach differ no more from one another then Memphis & Moph, two names of the same city. Ægypt was at first divided into many small kingsdoms like other nations, & grew into one monarchy by degrees. And the father of Solomons Queen2125 Queen was the first King of Egypt who came into Phenicia with an army. But he only took Gezir & gave it to his daughter. Sesac the next king came out of Egypt with an army of Libyans Troglodites & Ethiopians (2 Chron. 12. 3) & therefore was then king of all those countries; & we do not read in scripture that any former king of Egypt who ~ reigned over all those nations, came out of Egypt with a great army to conquer other coun kingdoms. The sacred history of the Israelites from the days of Abraham to the days of Solomon admits of no ~ such conqueror. Sesostris reigned over all the same nations of the Libyans Troglodites & Ethiopians, & in prophane history we do not read of any later king of Egypt who reigned over all those nations & came out of Egypt with a great army to conquer other kingdoms. And therefore Sesostris & Sesac must be one & the same king of Egypt. This is no new opinion. Iosephus discovered it when he affirmed that Herodotus erred in ascribing the actions of Sesach to Sesostris & that the error was only in the name of the king. For this is as much as to say that the true name of him who did those things described by Herodotus was Sesac & that Herodotus erred only in calling him Sesostris, or that he was called Sesostris by a corruption of his name. Our great Chronologer SrSir Iohn Marsham was also of opinion that Sesostris was Sesac. And if this be granted it is then most certain that Sesostris came out of Egypt in the fift year of Rehoboam to invade the nations. & returned back into Egypt in the 14th year of that king, & that Danaus came into Greecewithin a year or two after. And the Argonautic expedition being one generation later then that invasion & then the coming of Danaus & then the coming of Danaus into Greece, was certainly about 40 or 45 years later then the death of Solomon. Prometheus stayed in mount Caucasus aa Hygin. Fab. 144. thirty years & then was released by Hercules: & therefore the Argonautic expedition was thirty years after Prometheus had been left on mount Caucasus by Sesostris, that is, about 43 or 44 years after the death of Solomon. Rehoboam was born in the last year of king David being 41 years old at the death of Solomon (1 King XIV.41.) & therefore his father Solomon was born in the 18th year of king David's reign or before. And two or three years before his birth David besieged Rabbah the metropolis of the Ammonites & committed adultery with Bathsheba. And the year before this siege began, David vanquished the Ammonites & their ~ confederates the Syrians of Zobah & Rehob & Ishtob & Maacah & Damascus & extended his dominion over all those nations as far as to the entring in of Hamath & the river Euphrates. And before this war began he smote Moab & Ammon & Edom, & made the Edomites fly, some of them into Egypt with their king SHadad then a little child, & others to the Philistims where they fortified Azoth against Israel, & to other places wherewhether they could escape. And before this he had several battels with the Philistims. And all this was after the eighth year of his reign in which he came from Hebron to Ierusalem. We cannot err therefore above th two or three years if we place his victory over Edom in the twelft year of his reign & that over Ammon & the Syrians in the fourteenth. After the flight of Edom the king of Edom grew up & married the sister of Pharaoh's Queen Tahaphenes or Daphnis, & before the death of David had by her a son called Genubah, & this son was brought up among the children of Pharaoh. And among these children was the chief or first born of her mothers children, & her little sister who had no breasts & her brother who sucked the breasts of his mother (Cant. VI.9. & VIII.1, 8.) And of about the same age with these children was Sesac or Sesostris. For he became king of Egypt in the reign of Solomon (1 King. XI.40,) & before he began to reign he warred under his father, & whilst he was very young conquered Arabia Troglodytica & Libya, & then invaded Æthiopia; & succeeding his father reigned till the fift year of Asa. And therefore he was of about the same age with the children of Pharaoh above mentioned. And so [ being one of the brothers of Solomons Queen, ] he ] was born neare the end of Davids reign & must have been about 45 or 50 years old when he came out of Egypt with a great army to invade the east. And by reason of his great conquests, he was celebrated in several nations by several names. The Arabians called him Bacchus which in their language signifies the great. The Chaldeans called him Belus which signifies The Lord. The Phrygians & Thracians called him Ma-fors, Ma-vors, & Mars which signifies The valiant. The Egyptians before his reign called him their26 their Hero or Hercules, & after his death deified him by the new name of Sihor, & the Greeks changed that name into Osiris. AmanArrian (bib. VII) tells us that the Arabians worshipped only two Gods, Cælus & Dionysus, & that they worshipped Dionysus for the glory of his leading his army into India. Androgeus the eldest son of Minos upon his overcoming in the ~ Athenæa or quadrennial games at Athens in his youth was perfidiously slain out of envy; & Minos thereupon made war upon the Athenians & compelled them to send every eighth year to Crete seven beardless ~ youths & as many young virgins to be given as a reward to him that should get the victory in the like games intitutedinstituted in Crete in honour of Androgeus. These games seem to have been celebrated in the beginning of the Octaeteris, & the Athenæa in the beginning of the Tetraeteris then brought into Crete & Greece by the Phœnicians. And upon the third payment of the tribute of chilrdren, that is, about seventeen years after the said war was at an end & about nineteen or twenty years after the death of Androgeus, Theseus became victor & returned from Crete with Ariadne the daughter of Minos. And coming to the island Naxus or Dia, aa Euanthes apud Athenæum p l. 67. p. 296. Ariadne was there taken from him by Glaucus a commander at sea, & became the mistress of the great Bacchus, & by bb Hyginus Fab. 14. him had two sons Phylas & Eumedon who were Argonauts. This Bacchus was therefore one generation older then the Argonauts; & being king of Ægypt at the same time with Sesostris, they are one & the same king. For they agree also in their actions. Bacchus invaded India & Greece, & after he was routed by the army of Perseus, & the war was composed, the Greeks did him great honours, & built a temple to him at Argos, & called it the Temple of the Cresian Bacchus because Ariadne was buried in it, as cc Pausan. l. 2. c. 23. Pausanis relates. Ariadne therefore died in the end of the war just before the return of Sesostris into Egypt, that is, in the 13 or 14th year of Rehoboam. She was taken from Theseus upon the return of Bacchus from India, & then became his mistress & accompanied him in his triumphs. And therefore the expedition of Theseus to Crete & the death of his father Ægeus was about nineeight or ten years after the death of Solomon. Theseus was then a beardless young man, suppose about 20 or 22 years old, & Androgeus was slain about twenty years before that, being then about 20 or 22 years old; & his father Minos might be about 25 years older & so be born about the middle of David's reign & so be about 70 or 75 years old when he pursued Dædalus into Crete; & Europa & her brother Cadmus might come into Europe two or three years before the birth of Minos. Trogus (in his 18th book) tells us: A rege Ascaloniorum expugnati Sidonij navibus appulsi Tyrum urbem ante annum * * Trojanæ cladis condiderunt. And aa Strabo l. 16. Strabo that Aradus was built by the men who fled from Sidon. Hence bb Isa. 23. 2 Isaiah calls Tyre the daughter of Zidon the inhabitants of the isle whom the merchants of Zidon have replenished. And cc 1 King. 5. 6. Solomon in the beginning of his reign calls the people of Tyre Zidonians. My servants, saith he in a message to Hiram the king of Tyre, shall be with thy servants, & unto thee will I give hire for thy servants according to all that thou desirest: for thou knowest that there is not among us any that can skill to hew timber like the Zidonians. The new inhabitants of Tyre had not yet lost the name of Zidonians; nor had the old inhabitants (if there were any considerable number of them) gained the reputation of the new ones for skill in hewing timber as they would have done had shipping been long in use at Tyre. The artificers who came from Zidon were not yet dead, & the flight of the Zidonians was in the reign of David & by consequence in the beginning of the reign of Abibalus the father of Hiram & the first king of Tyre mentioned in hsistory. David in the twelft year of his reign conquered Edom as above & made some of the Edomites, & chiefly the merchants & seamen fly from the red sea to the Philistims upon the Mediterranean where they fortified Azoth. For add Steph. in Azoth. Stephanus tells us: Ταυτήν ἔκ τισαν εἷνς τῶν ἐπανελθόν των ἀπ ᾽αν᾽ Ερυθρᾶς θαλάσσης φευγάδων: A One of the fugitives from the red sea built Azoth. That is, a Prince of Edom who fled from David fortified Azoth for the Philistims against him. 2327 him. In three or four years they might build a competent number of ships upon the Mediterranean upon th for beginning a trade upon that sea, & by the goodness of their ships enable the Philistims to take invade Zidon by sea & take it: & then did the Zidonians fly by sea to the islands of Tyre & Aradus. And when they fled to those islands, they fled also to other havens in Asia minor Greece & Libya with which by means of their trafic they had been acquainted before; the great wars & victories of David prompting them to fly by sea. For they ee Conon Narrat. 37. came with a great multitude of Phenicians under Cadmus not to seek Europa as was pretended but to seek new seats & therefore fled from their enemies. And when some of them fled under Cadmus & his brothers to Cilicia, Asia minor & Greece others fled under other commanders to seek new seats in Libya, & there built many walled towns as ff Nonnus Dionysias l. 13. v. 333 & seq. Nonnus affirms. And their leder was also there called Cadmus, which word signifies an eastern man; & his wife was called Sithonis a Zidonian. And many from those cities went afterwards with the great Bacchus in his armies. And by these things the taking of Zidon & the flight of the Zidonians under Abibalus, Cadmus, Cilin, Thasus, Membliarius, Atymnus, & other captains to Tyre, Aradus, Ciliceia, Rhodes, Caria, Bithynia, Phrygia, Callisthe, Thasus, Samothrace, Crete, Greece & Libya, & the building of Tyre & Thebes & beginning of the reign of Abibalus & Cadmus over those cities are fixed upon the reign offourteenth sixteenth or eighteenth year of the reign of David, or thereabouts seatit 146 years before the destruction of Troy. By means of these colonies of of Phenicians the people of Caria learnt sea-affairs in such small vessels with oars as were then in use, & began to frequent the Greek seas & people some of the islands therein before the reign of Minos. For Cadmus in coming to Greece arrived first at Rhodes an island upon the borders of Caria, & left there a colony of Phenicians who sacrificed men to Saturn; & the Telchines being repulsed by Phoroneus retired from Argos to Rhodes with Phorbas who purged the island from serpents; & Triopas the son of Phorbas carried a colony from Rhodes to Caria & possest himself of a promontory thence called Triopium. And by this & such like colonies Caria was furnished with shipping & seamen & gg Athen. l. 4. c. 23. called Phænice. Strabo hh Strabo l. 10. p. 661. & Herodotus ii Herod. l. 1. tell us that the Cares were called Leleges & became subject to Minos, & lived first in the islands of the Greek seas & went thence into Caria a country possest before by some of the Leleges & Pelasgi. Whence its probable that when Lelen & Pelasgus came first into Greece to seek new seats they left part of their colonies in Caria & the neighbouring islands. The Sidonians being still possessed of the Mediterranean as far as Greece & Libya, & the trade of the red sea being richer, the Tyrians traded on the red sea in conjunction with Solomon & the kings of Iudah till after the Trojan war. And so also did the merchants of Aradus Arvad or Arpad. For in the Persian gulph aa Strabo l. 16. were two islands called Tyre & Aradus which had temples built like the Pœnician. And therefore the Tyrians & Aradians sailed thither & beyond to the coasts of India, while the Zidonians frequented the Mediterranean. And hence it is that Homer celebrates Zidon & makes no mention of Tyre. But bb 2 Chron. 21. 8, 10. at length, in the reign of Iehoram king of Iudah, Edom revolted from the dominion of Iudah & made themselves a king; & the trade of Iudah & Tyre upon the red sea being thereby interrupted, the Tyrians built ships for merchandise upon the Mediterranean, & began there to make long voiages to places not yet frequented by the Zidonians; some of them going to the coasts of Afric beyond the Syrtes & building Adrumetum, Carthage, Leptis, & Vtica; others going to the coasts of Spain & building Carteia, Gades, & Tartessus, & others going further to the fortunate islands & to Britain & Thule. Iehoram reigned eight years, & the two last years was sick in his bowels, & before that sickess Edom revolted because of Iehoram's wicked reign. If we place that revolt about the middle of the first six years, it wil fall upon the middle of fift year of Pygmaleon king of Tyre & so was about twelve or fifteen years after the taking of Troy. & then by reason of this revolt the Tyrians retired from the red sea & began long voyages upon the Mediterranean. For in the seventh year of Pygmaleon, his sister Dido sailed to the coast of Afric beyond the Syrtes & there built Carthage. And this retiring of the Tyrians28 the Tyrians from the red sea to make long voiages on the Mediterranean, together with the flight of the Edomites from David, gave occasion to the opinion cc Herod. l. 1 initio & l. 7, circa medium. of the ancients that the Phœnicians came originally from the red sea to the sea coasts of the Mediterranean & presently undertook long voiages, as c Herodotus relates. It gave occasion also to to the Phœnicians to call many places Erythra in memory of their being Erythræans or Edomites & coming from the Erythræan sea. For Erythræa was the name of a city in Ionia, of another in Libya, of another in Locris, of another in Bæotia, of another in Cyprus, of another in Ætolia, of another in Asia neare Chius, & Erythea Acra was a promontory in Libya, & Erythræum a promontory in Crete, & Erythros a place near Tybur, & Erythini a city or country in Paphlagonia, & the name Erythia or Erythræ was given to the island Gades peopled by Phœnicians. So dd Solin. c. 26. Solinus: In capite Bæticæ insula a continentei septingentis passibus memoratur quam Tyrÿ a rubro perfecti marei Erythiam, Pœni sua lingua Gadir id est septem nominarunt. And Pliny ee Plin. concerning a little island neare it: Erythria dicta est quoniam Tyrÿ ab origine eorum orti ab Erythæo mari ferebantur. And among the Phenecians who came with Cadmus into Greece there were ff Strabo l. 9. p. 401 & l. 10. p. 447. Arabians & gg Herod. l. 5. Erythræans or inhabitants of the red sea that is Edomites. And in Thrace there setled a people who were circumcised & called Odomantes, that is, as some think Edomites. For when the Edomites fled from David they also wanted new seats. Edom Erythra & Phœnicia are names of the same sigification, the words denoting a red colour. Which makes it probable that the Erythræans who fled from David setled in great numbers in Phœnicia, that is, in all the seacoasts of Syria from Egypt to Sidon; & by calling themselves Phœnicians in the language of Syria instead of Erythreans, gave the name of Phœnicia to all that sea coast, & to that only. So hh Str. l. 1. p. 42. Strabo: Alÿ referunt Phœnices & Sidonios nostros esse colonos eorum qui sunt in Oceano ~ addentes illos ideo vocari Phœnices quod mare rubrum sit. Strabo aa Strabo l. 1. p. 48 mentioning the first men who left the sea coasts, ventured out into the deep, & undertook long voiages, names, Bacchus, Hercules, Iason, Vlysses, & Menelaus, & saith that the dominion of Minos over the sea was celebrated, & the navigation of the Phenicians who went beyond the pillars of Hercules & built cities there & in the middle of the sea coasts of Afric presently after the war of Troy. These phœnicians bb Bochart Canaan l. 1. c. 34. were the Tyrians, who at that time built Carthage in Afric & Carteia in Spain & Gades in the island of that name without the straits, & gave the name of Hercules to their chief commander because he sailed as far as the Egyptian Hercules had done before, & b that of Heraclea to the city Carteia which he built. So cc Strabo Geog. l. 3. p. 140. Strabo: Mons Calpe ad dexteram est e nostro mari foras naviganitbus, et ad quadraginta inde stadia Vrbs Carteia vetusta ac memorabilis, olim statio navibus Hispanorum. Hanc ab Hercule quidem conditam aiunt, inter quos est Timosthenes, qui eam antiquitus Heracleam antiquitus fuisse appellatum refert, ostendi adhuc magnum murorum circuitum et navalia. This Hercules in memory of his building & reigning over the city Carteia, they b called also Carteia, the king of Carteia. Under him they sailed as far as Tartessus or Tarshish, a place between the two mouths of the river Bætis, & there they dd Aristot. de Mirab. met with much silver which they purchased for trifles. And after his death they ee Philostratus in vita Apollonÿ l. 5. c. 1 & apud Photium. built a temple to him in the island Gades & adorned it with the sculptures of the labours of the former Hercules & of his Hydra & the horses to whom he threw Diomedes king of the Bistones in Thrace to be devoured. In this temple was the golden belt of Teucer & the golden olive of Pigmaleon bearing Smaragdine fruit. And by these consecrated guifts of Teucer & Pigmaleon you may know that it was built in their days. Pomponius derives it from the time of the Trojan war. For Teucer seven years after that war ~ according to the Marbles, arrived at Cyprus, being banished from home by his father Telamon, & there built Salamis: & he & his posterity reigned ther till Evagoras the last of them was conquered by the Persians in the twelft year of Artaxerxes Mnemon. Certainly this Hercules2529 Hercules could be no older then the Trojan war because the Tyrians did not begin to navigate the Mediterranean till after that war, Homer & Hesiod knowing nothing of this navigation, & the Tyrian Hercules went to the cosasts of Spain & was buried there in Gades. So ☉So ff Arnob. l. 1. Arnobius: Tyrius Hercules in finibus sepultus Hispaniæ, & Melas speaking of the temple of Hercules in Gades, saith: Cur sanctum sit ossa ejus ibi sita efficiunt. Carthage fgfg See Bochart in Canaan l. 1. c. 24. paid tenths to this Hercules & sent their payments yearly to Tyre. And thence its probable that this Hercules went to the coast of Afric as well as to that of Spain. Iosephus tells us of an earlier Hercules to whom Hiram built a temple in Tyre; & perhaps there might be also an earlier Tyrian Hercules who set on foot their trade on the red sea in the days of David or Solomon. Tatian in his book against the Greeks relates that amongst the Gre Phenicians flourished three ancient historians. Theodotus, Hypsicrates & Mochus, who all of them delivered in their histories (translated into Greek by Lætus) that under one of the kings happened the rapture of Europa, the voyage of Menelaus into Phœnicia & the league & friendship between Solomon & Hiram when Hiram gave his daughter to Solomon & furnished him with timber for building the Temple; & that the same is affirmed by Menander of Pergamus. Under one of the kings, that is, within the compass of the age of a man. For so the phrase is used by Isaiah chap. XXIII.15. Iosephus aa Antiq. l. 8. c. 2, 5. & l. 9. c. 14. lets us know that the Annales of the Tyrians from the days of Abibalus & Hiram kings of Tyre were extant in his days, & that Menander of Pergamus translated them into Greek & that Hirams friendship to Solomon & assistance in building the Temple was mentioned in them, & that the Temple was founded in the eleventh year of Hiram. And by the testimony of Menander & the ancient Phenician historians, the rapture of Europa happened not long before the building of Solomon's Temple. The voiage of Menelaus into Phœnicia might be perhaps in pursuit of Paris & Helena twenty bb Homer Il. w. years before the destruction of Troy. Solomon therefore reigned in the times between the raptures of Europa & Helena, & Europa & her brother Cadmus flourished in the days of David. Minos the son of Europa flourished in the days of Solomon. And the children of Minos (namely Androgeus the his eldest son, Deucalion his youngest son & one of the Argonauts, Ariadne the mistress of Theseus , & Bacchus, & Phædra the wife of Theseus) flourished in the latter end of the reign of Solomon & in the reigns of Abia Rehoboam Abia & Asa. And Hiram succeeded his father Abibalus in the three & thirtith year of David & Abibalus might found the kingdom of Tyre about sixteen or eighteenyears before when Sidon was invaded taken by the Philistims & Cadmus fled to Europe. By all these things it may be understood that when David conquered the Edomites & made them & their neighbours upon the red sea fly to other places, some fled to Egypt & there set on foot Navigation Astronomy & Letters. Others fled to the Philistims their next neighbours & the enemies of David & from their name of Erythræans or Edomites translated into the language of Palestine gave the name of Phœnicia to all the sea coasts of Palestine & that of Pœni & Punici to the Carthaginians & that of Erythra & to many other places. And by their skill in sea-affairs they enabled the Zidonians to extend their trade upon the Mediterranean as far westward as to Libya & Greece: at which time they carried away Io the daughter of Inachus from Argos ~ suppose about the 14th or 15th year of David's reign. They assisted the Philistims also in fortifying their cities against David & in building of ships, & enabled them to take Sidon a place the most convenient for sea-affairs. And twhen the Zidonians fled from the Philistims some of the fled to Tyre & Aradus & & the seas coasts of Cilicia, Asia minor, Cyprus, Crete, & Greece under Abibalus, Cadmus, Cilix, Thasus, Atymnus, & other captains, & carried thither Letters, Navigation, & the working in minerals & gave the name of Phœnice to Caria. But the Tyrians were not yet heard of in Europe. They had fled from Zidon, & so were enemies to the Philistims & friends to David. For Hiram was always a lover of David (1 King. V.1.) And by their skill in30 in navigation, & their mixture with Edomites & Midianites, who had knowledge of the red sea, they assisted Solomon & his successors & perhaps aa Eupolemus apud Euseb. Præp. Evang. l. 9. David also in setting on foot & caryrying on their trade on that sea untill the revolt of the Edomites from Ioram king of Iudah. And the Tyrians being by that revolt driven from the red sea, they began a trade upon the Mediterranean, sailing under the conduct of their Hercules to remote places not yet frequented by the Zidonians; & going even to the mouth of the straits & beyond & building Carthage, Adramytum, Carteia, Tartessus Gades. And this was presently after the taking of Troy while Æneas Teucer Pigmaleon & Dido were yet alive. And by these things you may understand the meaning of the tradition which Herodotus ascribes in the beginning of his first book to the Persians, & in the middle of his th seventh book to the Pershenicians themselves: viztvidelicet that the Phœnicians came from the red sea to the sea-coasts of Phœnicia & presently undertook long voiages upon the mediterranean, & coming to Argos with their merchandise carried away Io the daughter of Inachus with some other weomen into Ægypt; in in revenge of which injury the Cretans carried away Europa from Zidon. The Phœnicians who came from the red sea traded from Zidon westward as far as to Greece & Libya till the Trojan war & the reign of Iehoram; & then the Tyrians coming also from the red sea, began a trade on the Mediterranean to remoter places going as far as to the mouth of the straits & beyond. And by these things the times of Inachus, Io, Phoroneus, Io, Cadmus, Europa, Asterius, Minos, Dedalus, Ægeus, Theseus, Ariadne, Sesostris, Danaus, Perseus, &c are setled. It remains now that I touch upon the Antiquities of Greece contemporary to these things that led the Chronology of the whole may appear & be conformable to it self. When Sesostris returned into Egypt he left Æetes with part of his army at Colchos to guard that pass, & Phryxus & his sister Helle fled from Ino the daughter of Cadmus to Æetes soon after in a ship whose ensigne was a golden Ram. Ino was therefore alive in the 14th year of Rehoboam, & by consequence her father Cadmus flourished in the reign of David & not before. Cadmus was the father of Polydorus, the father of Labdacus, the father of Laius, the father of Oedipus, the father of Eteocles & Polynices who in their youth slew one another in the war of the seven captains at Thebes, about ten or twelve years after the Argonautic expedition, & Thersander son of Polynices warred at troy. These generations being by the eldest sons, if they be recconed at about 23 years to a generation, they will place the birth of Polydorus upon the 17 or 18th year of Davids reign or thereabouts. And thus Cadmus might be a young man not yet married when he came first into Greece. At his first coming he sailed to Samothrace an island neare Thrace on the north side of Lemnos, & there married Harmonia the sister of Iasion & Dardanus, wchwhich gave occasion to the Samothracian mysteries; & Polydorus might be their son born the year after his their coming, & his sister Europa might be then a young woman in the flower of her age. These generations cannot well be shorter, & therefore Cadmus & his son Polydorus were not younger then we have recconed them. Nor can they be much longer without making Polydorus too old to be born in Europe & to be the son of Harmonia. Labdacus was therefore born in the end of Davids reign, Laius in the 24th of Solomons, & Oedipus in the sixt seventh of Rehoboams, or thereabouts. Polydorus aa Pausan. l. 2. c. 6. the son of Cadmus married Nicteis the daughter of Nicteus a native of Greece, & dying left his kingdom & young son ~ Labdacus under the administration of Nicteus. Then Epopeus king of Ægialus (afterwards called Sicyon) stole Antiopa the daughter of Nicteus, & Nicteus thereupon made war upon him, & in a battel wherein Nicteus overcame, both were wounded & died soon after. Nicteus left the tuition of Labdacus & administration of the kingdome to his brother Lycus & Epopeus or (as Hyginus bb Hygin. Fab. 7 & 8. calls him) Epaphus the Sicyonian left his kingdom to Lamedon, who presently ended2731 ended the war by sending home Antiopa, & she in returning home brought forth Amphion & Zethus. Labdacus being grown up received the kingdom from Lycus, & soon after dying left it again to his administration for his young son Laius. When Amphion & Zethus were about twenty years old, at the instigation of Antiopa they killed Lycus & made Laius flee to Pelops, & seized the city of Thebes & compassed it with a wall, & Amphion married Niobe the sister of Pelops & by her had several children amongst whom was Chloris the mother of Periclimenus, the Argonaut. Pelops was the father of Plitsthenes Atreus & Thyestes; & Agamemnon & Menelaus the sons of Plitsthenes & adopted sons of Atreus warred at Troy. Ægisthus the son of Thyestes slew Agamemnon the year after the taking of Troy; & Atreus died just before Paris stole Helena, wchwhich according to cc Homer Il. w. Homer was twenty years before the taking of Troy. Deucalion the son of Minos dd Hygin. Fab. 14. was an Argonaut, & Talus another son of Minos was slain by the Argonauts, & Idomeneus & Meriones the grandsons of Minos were at the Trojan war. And all these things confirm the ages of Cadmus & Europa & their posterity above assigned & place the death of Epopeus or Epaphus king of Sicyon, & birth of Amphion & Zethus upon the tenth year of Solomon & the taking of Thebes by Amphion & Zethus & the flight of Laius to Pelops upon the thirtith year of that king or thereabouts. Amphion might marry the sister of Pelops a year or two after, & Pelops come into Greece three or four years before that marriage. Ægialeus the first king of Sicyon was the brother of Phoroneus & son of Inachus, . He died without issue, & after him aa Pausan l. 2. c. 5, 6. reigned successively Europs, Telechin, Lamedon, Sicyon, Polybus, Ioniscus, Phæstus, Adrastus, Pelasgus, & others successively, & Sicyon gave his name to the kingdom. Herodotus bb Herod. l. 2. Hygin. Fab. 7 & 8. saith that Apis in the Greek tongue is Epaphus, & Hyginus that Epaphus the Sicyonian got Antiopa with child. But later the Greeks have made two men of the two names, Apis & Epaphus or Epopeus, & between them inserted twelve feigned kings of Sicyon who made no wars nor did anything memorable & yet reigned 520 years, wchwhich is one with another above 43 years a piece. If these feigned kings be rejected the two kings Apis & Epopeus be reunited, Ægialeus will become contemporary to his brother Phoroneus, as he ought to be. Polyphides, the fift from Sicyon, ismay be also to be rejected, as being unknown to the ancienter Greeks. In the days of Erechtheus king of Athens & Celeus king of Eleusis, Ceres came into Attica & educated Triptolemus the son of Celeus, & taught him how to sow corn. She aa Homer Odys. 5 Disdor. l. 5. p. 235 237. lay with Iasion or Iasius the brother of Harmonia the wife of Cadmus. And presently after her death Erechtheus was slain in a war between the Athenians & Eleusinians; & for the benefaction of bringing tillage into Greece the Eleusinia sacra were instituted to her bb Disdor. l. 1. p. 17. with Egyptian ceremonies by Celeus & Eumolpus: & a sepulcre or Temple was erected to her in Eleusine, & in this Temple the families of Celeus & Eumolphus became her Priests. And this Temple & that which Eurydice erected to her daughter Danae by the name of Iuno Agriva are the first instances that I metet with in Greece of deifying the dead with Temples & sacred rites & sacrifices & initiations & a succession of Priests to perform them. Now by this history it is manifest that Erechtheus, Celeus, Eumolpus, ceres, Iasion, Harmonia, Cadmus, Asterius, & Dardanius the brother of Iasion & one of the founders of the kingdom of Troy, were all contemporary to one another, & flourished in their youth when Cadmus came first into Europe. Erechtheus could not be much older because his daughter Procris conversed with Minos king of Crete, & his grandson Thespis had fifty daughters who lay with Hercules & his daughter Orithia was the mother of Calais & Zetes two of the Argonauts, & his son Orneus cc Pausan. l. 2 c. 25. was the father of Petros the fatheer of Menestheus who warred at Troy: nor much younget because his second son Pandion (who with the Metionides deposed his elder brother Cecrops) 32 Cecrops,) was the father of Ægeus that father of Theseus & Metion another of his sons, was the father of Eupalamus the father of Dædalus who was elder then Theseus, & his daughter Creusa married Xuthus the son of Hellen, & by him had two sons, ~ Achæus & Ion, & Ion commanded the army of the Athenians against the Eleusinians in the battel in which his grandfather Erechtheus was slain; & this was just before the institution of the Eleusinia sacra, & before the reign of Pandion the father of Ægeus. Erechtheus being an Egyptian procured corn from Egypt, & for that benefaction was made king of Athens. And neare the beginning of his reign Ceres came into Attica from Sicily in quest of her daughter. We cannot err much if we make Hellen contemporary to Saul & David & place the beginning of the reign of Erechtheus in the 25th year, the coming of Ceres into Attica in the 30th year & the dispersion of corn by Triptolemus about the 40th year of Davids reign & the death of Ceres & Erechtheus & institution of the Eleusinia sacra between the tenth & fifteenth year of Solomon. Dardanus, Erechthonius, Tros, Ilus, Laomedon & Priamus reigned successively at Troy, & their reigns at about twenty years a piece one with another amount to an hundred & twenty years, which counted back from the taking of Troy, place the beginingbeginning of the reign of Dardanus about the 35th year of the reign of king David, & by consequence in the rdays of Ceres who lay with Iasion the brother of Dardanus: whereas Chronologers reccon that these six kings reigned 296 years, which is after the rate of 49 1/3 years one a piece one with another, & that they began their reign in the days of Moses. Dardanus married the daughter of Teucer the son of Seamander & succeeded him. Whence Teucer was of about the same age with David. Danaus came into Greece a year or two after the return of his brother Sesac into Ægypt:, that is, about the fifteenth or sixteenth year of Rehoboam. At length he succeeded Gelanor the brother of Eurystheus & the son & successor of Gelanus Sthenetus at Argos while Eurystheus reigned at Mycenæ, & Eurystheus was born aa Apollodor. l. 2. sec. 5 the same year with Hercules. In the time of the Argonautic expedition Castor & Pollux were beardless young men, & their sisters Helena & Clytemnestra were children, & their wives Phoebe & Ilaira were also very young. All these with the Argonauts Lynceus & Idas were the grandchildren of Gorgophone the daughter of Perseus, the son of Danae the daughter of Acrisius & Eurydice. And Perieres & Oebalus the hushandshusbands of Gorgophone were the sons of Cynortes the son of Amyclas the brother of Eurydice. Gelanor & Eurystheus above mentioned were the sons of Sthenelus by Nicippe the Daughter of Pelops. And Sthenelus & his father Crotopus were kings at Argos. And Mestor the or Mastor the brother of Sthenelus married Lycidice another of the daughters of Pelops. And Pelops married Hippodamia the daughter of Evarete the daughter of Acrisius. Alcmena the mother of Hercules was the daughter of Electryo. And Sthenelus Mestor & Electryo were the brothers of Gorgophone & sons of Perseus & Andromeda. And the Argonaut Æsculapius was the grandson of Leucippus & Phlegia, & Leucippus was the son of Amyclas the brother of Eurydice, & Amyclas & Eurydice were the children of Lacedæmon & Sparta. And Capaneus one of the seven captains against Thebes was the husband of Euadne the daughter of Iphis the son of Alector the son of Anaxagoras the son of Megapenthes the son of Prœtus the brother of Acrisius. And from these generations it may be gathered that Perseus, Cynortes2933 Cynortes, & Anaxagoras, were of about the same age with Minos, Pelops, Ægeus, & Sesac: & that Acrisius, Prœtus, Eurydice & Amyclas being two little generations older, were of about the same age with King David & Erechtheus: & that the temple of Iuno Argiva was built about the latter end of Davids reign or the beginning of Solomons, the same being built by Eurydice to her daughter Danae as above, or as some say by Pirasus or Piranthus the son & successor of Argus & great grandson of Phoroneus. For the first Priestess of that Goddess was Callithyia the daughter of Piranthus. Callithyia was succeeded by Alcinoe about three generations before the taking of Troy, that is, about the middle of Solomon's reign. In her priesthood the Siculi passed out of Italy into Sicily. ThenAfterwards Hypermnestra the daughter of Danaus became priestess of this Goddess, & she flourished in the times next before the Argonautic expedition. And Admeta the daughter of Eurystheus was Priestess of this Iuno about the times of the Trojan warr. Andromeda the wife of Perseus was the daughter of Cepheus an Egyptian, the son of Belus, (according to bb Herod. l. 7. Herodotus,) & the Egyptian Belus was Ammon. Perseus took her from Ioppa where Cepheus (a kinsman of Solomons Queen) resided in the days of Solomon. Acrisius & Prœtus were the sons of Abas. But this Abas was not the same man with Abas the grandson of Ægyptus, but a much older Prince who built Abæ in Phocis, & might be the Prince from whom the island Eubœa cc Bochart Canaan part. 2 cap. 13. was anciently called Abantis & the people thereof Abantes. Sthenelus & his son, Gelanor who were succeeded by Danaus in the kingdom of Argus. Among the kings of Argos I do not reccon Phorbas & his son Triopas, because they fled from thenatce kingdom to the island Rhodes. Nor do I reccon Crotopus among them because he went from Argos & built a new city for himself in Megaris, as Conon dd Conon Narrat 19. relates. This Abas was contemporary to Lacedæmon & Sparta. He was reputed an Egyptian by the Greeks, according to Herodotus. And from him descended Sthenelus  For Apollonius Rhodius dd Apollon. Argonaut. l. 1. tells us that the Argonaut Canthus was the son of Canethus & that Canethus was of the posterity of Abas, & the commentator upon Apollonius tells us further that from this Abas the inhabitants of Eubœa were anciently called Abantes. This Abas therefore flourished two or three generations before the Argonautick expedition & might be of the same age with Abas the father of Acrisius. The ancestors of Acrisius ee Herod. l. 3. were accounted Egyptians by the Greeks And they might come from Egypt under Abas into Eubœa & from thence into Peloponesus. Among the kings of Argos are recconed Sthenelus the son of Perseus & Gelenor son of Sthelelus; but Gelenor scarce reigned being ejected by Danaus. And after Danaus reigned his son Lynceus & grandson Abas, that Abas who is commonly repu but erroneously reputed the father of Acrisius & Prœtus. I do not reccon Phorbas & his son Triopas among the kings of Argos because they fled from that kingdom to the island Rhodes: nor do I reccon Crotopus among because he went from Argos & built a new city for himself in Megaris, as Conon ff Conon Narrat. 19. relates. Pelops came – Pelops aa Pausan. l. 5. c. 1. p. 376. Apollodor. l. 1. c. 7. came into Peloponnesus in the days of Acrisius & in those of Endymion & of his sons, Epeus & Ætolus, & took Ætolia from Ætolus. Endymion was the son of Aëthlius the son of Protogenia the sister of Hellen & daughter of Deucalion. Phrixus & Helle the children of Athamas the brother of Sisyphus & son of Æolus the son of Hellen, fled from their stepmother Ino the daughter of Cadmus to Æetes at Colchos presently after the return of Sesostris into ÆEgypt. And Iason the Argonaut was the son of Æson the son of Critheus the son of Æolus the son of Hellen. And by these circumstances, Aëthlius, Æolus, Xuthus, Dorus, Tantalus & Danae were contemporary to Erechtheus, Iasion & Cadmus; & Hellen was about one & Deucalion about two generations older then Erechtheus. They could not be much older because Xuthus the youngest son of Hellen bb Pausan. l. 7. c. 1. married Creusa the daughter of Erechtheus. Nor could they be much younger because Cephalus the son of Deioneus the son of Æolus the eldest son of Hellen cc Pausan. l. 1. c. 37. & l. 10. c. 329. married Procris the daughter of Erechtheus & Procris fled from her husband to Minos. Vpon the death of Hellen his youngest son dd Pausan. l. 7. c. 1. Xuthus was expelled Thessaly by his brothers Æolus & Dorus, & fled to Erechtheus & married Creusa the daughter of Erechtheus, by whom he had two sons Achæus & Ion, the youngest of wchwhich grew up before the death of Erechtheus & commanded the army of the Athenians in the war in which Erechtheus was slain. And therefore Hellen died about one generation before Erechtheus. Celeus king of Eleusis who was contemporary to Erechtheus, was aa Hesych. in Κράναος. Suidas in Ράρος. the son of Rharus the son of Cranaus the successor of Cecrops; & in the reign of Cranaus Deucalion fled with his sons Hellen & Amphictyon from the flood which then overflowed Thessaly & was called Deucalions flood. They fled into Attica, & there Deucalion died soon after, & Pausanias tells us that his sepulchre was to be seen near Athens. His eldest son Hellen succeeded him in Thessaly & his other son Amphictyon married the daughter 34 daughter of Cranaus; & reigning at Thermopylæ erected there the Amphictyonic Council; & Acrisius soon after erected the like council at Delphos. This I conceive was done when Amphictyon & Acrisius were aged & fit to be councellours, suppose in the latter half of the reign of David & beginning of the reign of Solomon. And soon after (suppose about the middle of the reign of Solomon) did Phemonoe become the first Priestess of Apollo at Delphos & give Oracles in Hexameter verse: and then was Acrisius slain by his Grandson Perseus. The Council of Thermopylæ included twelve nations of the Greeks without Attica, & therefore Amphictyon did not then reign at Athens. He might endeavour to succeed Cranaus his wife's father, & be prevented by Erechthonius or rather by Erechtheus. For between the reigns of Cranaus & Erechtheus Chronologers place also Erechthonius & his son Pandion. But I take this Erechthonius & this his son Pandion to be the same with Erechtheus & his son & successor Pandion, the names being only repeated with a little variation in the list of the kings of Attica. For Erechthonius (he that was the son of the earth nursed up by Minerva) is by Homer called Erechtheus. And Themistius (Orat. XIX) tells us that it was Erychtheus who first joyned a chariot to horses. And Plato aa Plato in I Alcib. alluding to the story of Erechthonius in a basket, saith, The people of magnanimous Erechtheus is beautifull, but it behoves us to behold him taken out. Erechtheus therefore immediatly succeeded Cranaus while Amphictyon reigned at Thermopylæ. In the reign of Cranaus the Poets place the flood of Deucalion, & therefore the death of Deucalion & the reign of his sons Hellen & Amphictyon in Thessaly & Thermopylæ began but a few years (suppose eight or ten) before the reign of Erechtheus. The first kings of Arcadia were successively aa Pausan. l. 8. c. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Pelasgus, Lycaon, Nyctimus, Arcas, Clitor, Epytus, Aleus, Lycurgus, Echemus, Agapenor, Hippothous, Epytus, Cypselus, Olæus, &c. Vnder Cypselus the Heraclides returned into Peloponesus, as above, Agapenor was one of those who courted Helena. He courted her before he reigned & afterwards he went to the war at Troy, & thence to Cyprus, & there built Paphos. Echemus slew Hyllus the son of Hercules. Lycurgus Cepheus & Augeo were bb Pausan. l. 8. c. 4. Apollodor. Argonaut. l. 1. v. 161. the children of Aleus the son of Aphidamas, the son of Arcas the son of Callisto the daughter of Lycaon. Augeo lay with Hercules, & Ancæus the son of Lycurgus was an Argonaut, & his unkle Cepheus was his governour in that expedition & Lycurgus staid at home to look after his aged father Aleus. Hence Aleus might be born about seventy years before that expedition, & his grandfather Arcas might be born about the beginning of Davids reign, and Lycaon the grandfather of Arcas might be then alive & dye before the middle of David's reign, & his youngest son Oenotrous (the Ianus of the Latines) grow up & lead a colony into Italy before the reign of Solomon. Areas cc Pausan. l. 8. c. 4. received bread corn from Triptolemus, & taught his people to make bread of it. And so did Eumelus the first king of a region afterwards called Achaia. And therefore Arcas & Eumelus were contemporary to Triptolemus & to his old father Celeus, & to Erechtheus king of Athens, & Callisto to Rharus, & her father Lycaon to Cranaus. But Lycaon dyed before Cranaus so as to leave room for Deucalion's flood between their deaths. The eleven kings of Arcadia between this flood & the return of the Heraclides into Peloponesus (that is, between the reigns of Lycaon & Cypselus) after3135 after the rate of about twenty years to a reign one with another took up about 220 years. And these years counted back from the return of the Heraclides, place the flood of Deucalion upon the ~ fourteenth year of Davids reign or thereabouts. Herodotus aa Herod. l. 5. c. 58. tells us that the Phœnicians who came with Cadmus, brought many doctrines into Greece. For amongst those Phœnicians were a sort of men called Curetes who were skilled in arts & sciences above other men, & bb Strabo l. 10. p. 464, 465, 466. setled some in Phrygia where they were called Corybantes, some in Crete where they were called Idæi Dactyli, some in Rhodes where they were called Idæi Dactyli Telchines, some in Samothrace where they were called Cabyri, some in Eubœa where before the invention of iron they wrought in copper in a city thence called Chalis, some in Lemnos where they assisted Vulcan, & some in Imbrus & other places. And a considerable number of them settled in Ætolia which was thence called the country of the Curetes untill Ætolus the son of Endymion having slain Apis king of Sicyon fled thither & by the assistance of his father invaded it & called it by from his own name Ætolia. And by their assistance of these artificers Cadmus found out gold in the mountain Pangæus in Thrace, & copper at Thebes: whence copper oar is still called Cadmia. Where they setled they wrought first in copper & till iron was invented, & then in iron. And when they had made themselves armour they danced in it at the sacrifices with tumult & clamour & bells & pipes & drumms & swords with which they struck upon one anothers armour in musical times, appearing seized with a divine fury. And this is recconed the Original of Music in Greece. So cc Solin. Polyhist. c. XI. Solinus: Studium musicum inde cœptum cum Idæi Dactyli modulos crepitu & tinnitu œris deprehensos in versificum ordinem transtulissent. And dd Isidor. originum lib. XIV. c. 6. Isidorus: Studium musicum ab Idæis Dactylis cœptum. Clemens ee Clem. Strom. l. 1. calls the Idæi Dactyli barbarous, that is, strangers, & saith that they were reputed the first wise men to whom both the letters which they call Ephesian & the invention of musical rhimes is referred. It seems that when the Phenicican Letters ascibed to Cadmus were brought into Greece, they were at the same time brought into Phrygia & Crete by the Curetes who setled in thos countries & called them Ephesian from the city Ephesus Where they were first taught. The Curetes by their manufacturing copper & iron & making swords & armour & edged tools for hewing & carving of wood, brought into Europe a new way of fighting & gave Minos an opportunity of of building a fleet & gaining The dominion of the seas & set on foot the trades of Smiths & Carpenters in Greece wchwhich are the foundation of manual trades. The fleet ff Pausan. l. 9, c. 11. of Minos was without sails & Dædalus fled from him by adding sails to his vessel, & therefore ships with sails were not used by the Greeks before the flight of Dædalus & death of Minos who was slain in pursuing him to Crete in the reign of Rehoboam.. Dædalus & his nephew Talus invented the Chip-ax & saw & wimble & perpendicular & Compass and turning-lath & Glew & the Potters wheel; & his father Eupalamus invented the Anchor. And these things gave a beginning to manual arts & trades in Europe. ‖ The gg Strabo l. 10. p. 472, 473. Disdor. l. 5. c. 4. Curetes who thus introduced Letters36 Letters & Music & Poetry & dancing & Arts, & attended on the sacrifices, were no less active about religious institutions; & for their skill & knowledg & mystical practises were accounted wise men & conjurers by the vulgar. In Phrygia their mysteries were about Rhea called magna Mater, & from the places where she was worshipped, Cybele, Berecynthia, Pessinuntia, Dyndamene, Mygdonia, & Idæa Phrygia; & in Crete & the Terra Cuertum, Rhea they were about Iupiter Olympius the son of the Cretan Rhea. They represented that hh Strabo l. 10. p. 468, 472. Disdor. l. 5. c. 4. when Iupiter was born in Crete, his mother Rhea caused him to be educated in a cave in mount Ida, under their care & tuition, & that they ii Lucian de Sacrificÿs. Apollodor. l. 1. c. 1. sect. 3 & c. 2. sect 1. danced about him in armour with great noise that his father Saturn might not heare him cry; & when he was grown up assisted him in conquering his father & his fathers friends, & in memory of these things instituted their mysteries. Bochart kk in Canaan l. 1. c. 15. brings them from Palestine and thinks that they had the name of Cuertes from the people among the Philistims called Crethim or Cerethites. Ezek. XXV.16. Zeph. II.5, 6. 1 Sam. XXX.14, 16. The two first kings of Crete were Asterius & Minos who reigned after the coming of the Curetes, were Asterius & Minos; & Europa was the queen of Asterius & mother of Minos; & the Idæan Curetes were her countrymen & came with her & her brother Atymnus into Crete, & dwelt in the Idæan cave in her reign, & there educated Iupiter, & found out iron & made armour. And therefore these three, Asterius, Europa & Minos, must be the Saturn Rhea & Iupiter of the Cretans. Minos is usually called the son of Iupiter, but this is in relation to the fable that Iupiter in the shape of a bull (the ensigne of their ship) carried away Europa from Sidon. For the Phœnicians upon their first coming into Greece, gave the name of (Iao-pater) Iupiter to every king; & thus both Minos & his father were Iupiters. And sometimes they gave the name of Iupiter to Minos. For Echemenes, an ancient author cited by Athenæus, aa Athen. l. XIII. p. 601. said that Minos was that Iupiter who committed the rape upon Ganimede; tho others say more truly that it was Tantalus. Minos alone was that Iupiter who was most famous among the Greeks for dominion & justice, being the greatest king in all Greece in all those days & the only Legislator. Plutarch bb Plutarch in Theseo. tells us that the people of Naxus, contrary to what others write, pretended that there were two Minoses & two Ariadnes, & that the first Ariadne married Bacchus & the last was carried away by Theseus. But cc Homer Il. ν & ξ & Odys. λ & τ. Homer Hesiod, Thucydides, Herodotus & Strabo knew but of one Minos, & Homer describes him to be the son of Iupiter & Europa, & the brother of Rhadamanthus & Sarpedon, & the father of Deucalion the Argonaut, & grandfather of Idomeneus who warred at Troy, & that he was the legislator of Crete & judge of Hell. Herodotus dd Herod. l. 1 makes Minos & Rhadamanthus the sons of Europa contemporary to Ægeus. And Apollodorus ee Apollodor. l. 3. c1 Hygin. Fab. 40, 41, 42, 178. & Hygenus say that Minos the father of Androgeus Ariadne & Phædra, was the son of Iupiter & Europa, & brother of Rhadamanthus & Sarpedon. Lucian aa Lucian de Dea Syria. lets us know that Europa the mother of Minos was worshiped by the name of Rhea in the form of a woman sitting in a chariot drawn by Lyons with a drum in her hand & a corona turrita on her head like Astarte & Isis. And the cc Disdor. l. 5. c. 4. Cretans anciently shewed the house where this Rhea lived. And dd Argonautic. l. 2. v. 1236. Apollonius Rhodius tellsus that Saturn, while he reigned over the Titans in Crete Olympus [ a mountain in Crete ] & Iupiter was educated by the Curetes in the Cretan cave, deceived Rhea & by Philyra begot Chiron. 3337 Chiron. And therefore the Cretan Saturn & Rhea were but one generation older then Chiron, & by consequence not older then Asterius & Europa the parents of Minos. For Chiron lived till after the Argonautic expedition, & had two grandsons in that expedition, & Europa came into Crete above an hundred years before that expedition. Lucian ee Lucian in Sacrificÿs. tells us that the Cretans did not only relate that Iupiter was born & buried among them but also shewed his sepulchre. And Porphyry ff Porphyr. in vita Pythag. tells us that Pythagoras went down into the Idæan cave to see his sepulchre. And Cicero gg Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 3 in numbering three Iupiters saith that the third was the Cretan Iupiter, Saturn's son, whose sepulchre was shewn in Crete. And the Scholiast upon Callimachus hh Call. Ode 1 in Iovem v. 8. lets us know that this was the sepulchre of Minos. His words are: Ἐν Κρήτη ἐπὶ τῷ τάφω τοῦ Μίνωος ἐπιγέγραπτο ΜΙΝΩΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΔΙΟΣ ΤΑΦΟΣ. τῷ Χρόνῳ δὲ τὸ τοῦ Μίνωος ἀπηλέιφθη ὧστε περιλειφθῆναι ΔΙΟΣ ΤΑΦΟΣ. ἐκ τούτου οὐν ἔχειν λέγουσιν Κρῆτες τὸν τάφον τοῦ Διός. In Crete upon the sepulchre of Minos was written MINOIS IOVIS SEPVLCHRVM. But in length of time MINOIS wore out, so that there remained only IOVIS SEPVLCHRVM & thence the Cretans called in the sepulchre of Iupiter. By Saturn Cicero who was a Latin understood the Saturn so called by the Latins. For when Saturn was expelled from his kingdom, he fled from Crete by sea to Italy. And this the Poets exprest by saying that Iupiter cast hoim down to Tartarus, that is down into the sea. And because he lay hid in Italy, the Latines called him Saturn, & Italy Saturnia & Latium, & themselves Latines. So ii Cypr. de Idolorum vanitate. Cyprian: Antrum Iovis in Creta & sepulchrum Iejus ostenditur. & ab eo Saturnum fugatum esse ma–nifestum est: unde Latium de latebra ejus nomen accepit. Hic literas imprimere et signare nummos in Italia primus instituit, unde ærarium Saturni vocatur; & rusticitatis hic cultor fuit, unde fatlcem ferens pingitur. And Minutius Felix: Saturnus Creta profugus Italiam metu filÿ sœvientis accesserat, & Iani susceptus hospitio, rudes illos homines & agrestes multa docuit ut Græculus et politus, literas imprimere, nummos signare, instrumenta conficere. Ita Catebram suam quod tuto latuisset, vocari maluit Latium, & urbem Saturniam de suo nomine. Ejus filius Iupiter Cretæ excluso parente regnavit, illic obijt, illic filios habuit, adhuc antrum Iovis visitur & sepulchrum ejus ostenditur, & ipsis sacris suis hu manitatis arguitur. And Tertullian kk Apologet. p. 12. et ad Nationes l. 2. : Quantum rerum argumenta docent, nusquam invenio fideliora quam apud ipsam Italiam, in quæ Saturnus post multas expeditiones, post Attica hospitia consedit, exceptus a Iano vel Iane ut Salÿ vocant. Mons quem incoluerat Saturnius dictus. Civitas quam depalaverat Saturnia us nunc est. Tota deni Italia post Oenotriam Saturnia cognominabatur. Ab ipso primum Tabulæ et imagine signatus nummus, et inde ærario præsidet. By Saturns carrying letters into Italy & coyning money, & teaching agriculture & making instruments, & building a town, you may know that he fled from Crete after letters & the coining of money & manual arts were brought into Europe by the Phenicians, & from Attica after agriculture was brought into Greece by Ceres, & so could not be older then Asterius & Europa & her brother Cadmus. And by Italy's being called Oenotria before it was called Saturnia, you may know that he came into Italy after Oenotrus & so was not older then the sons of Lycaon. Oenotrus carried the first colony of the Greeks into Italy, Saturn the second & Evander the third; & the Latines know nothing older in Italy then Ianus & Saturn. And therefore Oenotrus was the Ianus of the Latines, & Saturn was contemporary to the sons of Lycaon, & by consequence also to Celeus Erechtheus Ceres & Asterius. For Ceres educated Triptolemus the son38 son of Celeus in the reign of Erechtheus, & then taught him to plow & sow corn; Arcas the son of Callisto & grandson of Lycaon ~ received corn from Triptolemus & taught his people to make bread of it: & Procris the daughter of Erechtheus fled to Minos the son of Asterius. In memory of Saturn's coming into Italy by sea the Latins coined their first money with his head on one side & a ship on the other. Macrobius ll Saturnal. l. 1. c. 7. tells us that when Str Saturn was dead, Ianus erected an altar to him with sacred rites as to a God, & instituted the Saturnalia, & that humane sacrifices were offered to him till Hercules driving the cattel of Gerion through Italy, abolished that custome. By the humane sacrifices you may know that Ianus was of the race of Lycaon: which character agrees to Oenotrus. Dionyssius Halycarnassæus tells us further that Oenotrus having found in the western parts of Italy a large region fit for pasturage & tillage, but yet for the most part uninhabited, & where it was inhabited, peopled but thinly; in a certain part of it purged from the barbarians, he built towns little & numerous in the mountains:which manner of buildings was familiar to the ancients. And this was the original of towns in Italy. Pausanias tells aa Pausan.l. 5. c. 7, 13, 14. us that the people of Elis who were best skilled in antiquities, related this to have been the original of the Olympic games; that Saturn reigned first & had a temple built to him in Olympia, by the men of the golden age: And that when Iupiter was newly born his mother Rhea recommended him to the care of the Idæi dactyli who were also called Curetes. That afterwards five of them called Hercules, Pæonius, Epimedes, Iasus, & Ida came from Ida a mountain in Crete into Elis, & Hercules Idæus being the oldest of them, bb Pausan.l. 8. c. 2. in memory of the war between Saturn & Iupiter, instituted the game of racing, & that the victor should be rewarded with a crown of Olive, & there erected an altar to Iupiter Olympius & called these games Olympic: & that some of the Eleans said that Iupiter contended here with Saturn for the kingdom, others that Hercules Idæus instituted these games in memory of their victory over the Titans. For the people of Arcadia cc Pausan. l. 8. c. 29. had a tradition that the Giants fought with the Gods in the valley of Bathos ~ neare the river Alphæus & the fountain Olympias. Before the reign of Asterius, Teutamus his father came into Crete with a colony from Olympia, & upon the flight of Asterius some of his friends might retire into their own country & be pursued & beaten there by the Idæan Hercules. The Eleans dd Pausan. l. 5, c. 8, 14. said also that Clymenus the grandson of the Idæan Hercules about 50 years after the Deucalions flood, coming from Crete, celebrated these games again in Olympia, & erected there an altar to Iuno Olympia, that is, to Europa, & another to this Hercules & the rest of the Curetes, & reigned in Elis till he was expelled by Endymion d who thereupon celebrated these games again.And so did Pelops d who was one expelled Ætolus the son of Endymion. And so also did Hercules the son of Alcmena; & Attreus the son of Pelops; & Oxylus. And at length Iphitus made them quadrennial. They might. be. celebrated at first originaly in triumph for victories, first for Hercules Idæus upon the conquest of Saturn & the Titans, & then by Clymenus upon his coming to reign in the Terra Curetum, & then by Endymion upon his conquering Clymenus, & afterwards by Pelops upon his conquering Ætolus, & by Hercules upon his killing Augeas, & by Atreus upon a repulse of the Heraclides, & by Oxylus upon the return of the Heraclides into Peloponesus. This Iupiter Olympius to whom they were instituted, had a temple & altar erected to him in Olympia where the games were celebrated & from the place was called Iupiter Olympius. Olympia was a place upon the confines of Pisa neare the river Alpheus. In the island Thasus where Cadmus left his brother Thasus Herod. l. 2. c. 44. , the Phenicians built a temple to Hercules Olympius, that Hercules whom Cicero bb Cic. de natura Deorum lib. 3. calls ex Idæis cui inferias afferunt. When the mysteries of Ceres were instituted in Eleusis, there were no other mysteries instituted to her & her daughter & daughters husband in the island Samothrace by the Phenician names of Dÿ Cabiri Axieros, Axiokersa, Axiokerses, that is35. 39 that is, the great gods Ceres Preserpina & Pluto. For cc Disdor. l. 5. c. 3. Iasion a Samothracian whose sister married Cadmus, was familiar with ceres, & Cadmus & Iasion were both of them initiated in these mysteries. Iasion was the brother of Dardanus & married Cybele the daughter of Meones, king of Phrygia, & by her had Corybas; & c after his death, Dardanus Cybele & Corybas it into Phrygia & carried thither the mysteries of the mother of the Gods, & Cybele called the Goddess after her own name, & Cyorybas called her Priests Corybantes. Thus Diodorus. But Deionysius dd Dionys. l. 1. p. 38, 42. saith that Dardanus instituted these ceremonies the Samothracian mysteries, & that his wife Chryses learnt them in Arcadia, & that Idæus the son of Dardanus instituted afterwards the mysteries of the mother of the Gods in Phrygia. This Phrygian Goddess was drawin in a chariot by lions & had a corona turrita on her head & a drumm in her hand like the Phœnician Goddess Astarte, & the Corybanteds danced in armour at her sacrifices in a furious manner like the Idæi Dactyli:; & Lucian ee Lucian de saltatione. tells us that she was the Cretan Rhea, that is Europa the mother of Minos. And thus the Phœnicians introduced the practice of deifying dead men among the Greeks & Phrygians. For I meet with no instance of deifying dead men & weomen in Greece before the coming of Cadmus & Europa from Sidon. From these originals it came into fashion amongst the Greeks κτερίζειν parentare, to celebrate the funerals of dead parents with festivals & invocations & sacrifices offered to their ghosts, & to eterct magnificent sepulchres in the form of temples with altars & statues to persons of renown, & there to honour them with sacrifices & invocations. Every man might do it to his ancestors, & the cities of Greece did it to all the eminent Greeks, as to Europa the sister, to Atymnus the brother, & to Minos & Rhadamanthus the nephews of Cadmus; to his daughter Ino, & her son Melicertes; to Bacchus the son of his daughter Semele, Aristarchus the husband of his daughter ~ Autonoe, Iasion the brother of his wife Harmonia, Hercules a Theban & his mother Alcmena; to Danae the daughter of Acrisius; to Æsculapius & Palemocrates the son of Machaon; to Pandion & Theseus kings of Athens, Hippolytus the son of Theseus, Pan the son of Penelope, Proserpina, Triptolemus, Celeus, Trophonius, Castor, Pollux, Hellena, Menelaus, Agamemnon, Amphiaraus & his son Amphilochus, Hector & Alexandra the son & daughter of Priam; Phoroneus, Orpheus, Protesilaus, Achilles & his mother Thetis, Ajax, Arcas, Idomeneus, Meriones, Æacus, Melampus, Britomartis, Adrastus, Iolaus, & divers others. They deified their dead in divers manners according to their abilities & circumstances & the merits of the person; some only in private families, as housholdgods or Dÿ Penates, others by erecting gravestones to them in publick to be used as altars for annual sacrifices, others by building also to them sepulchres in the form of houses or temples, & some by appointing mysteries & sceremonies & set sacrifices & festivals & initiations, & a succession of Priests fro observing & performing those institutions in the Temples & handing them down to posterity. Altars might begin to be erected in Europe a little before the days of Cadmus for sacrificing to the old God or Gods of the colonies, but Temples began a little after. For aa Arnob. adv. Gent. l. 6. p. 131. Æacus the the son of Ægina, who was two generations older then the Trojan wasr was one of the first, some say the first who built a temple in Greece. Oracles came from Ægypt into Greece about the same time as did also the custome of forming the images of the Gods with theeir leggs bound up in the shape of the Ægyptian Mummies. For idolatry began in Chaldea & Ægypt & spread thence into Phœnicia & the neighbouring countries long before it came into Europe; & was the Pelasgians propagated it in Greece by the dictates of the Oracles. The countries upon the Tigris & Eufrates the Nile being exceeding fertile, were first frequented by mankind & grew first into kingdoms, & therefore began first to adore their dead kings & Queens. Hence came the Gods of Laban, the Gods & Godesses called Baalim & Ashteroth by the Canaanites, the Dæmons & Ghosts to whom they sacrificed, & the Moloch to whom they offered their children in the days of Moses &40 Moses & the Iudges. Every city & kingdom set up the worship of its own founders & kings, & by alliance & conquest they spread this worship & at length the Phenicians brought into Europe the practice of deifying the dead, & Sesostris by conquest spread the worship of the twelve Gods of Egypt into all his conquests, & made them more universal then the consecrated Gods of any other nation . had been before, so as to be called Dÿ magni majorum gentium. He conquered Thrace, & Amphictyon the son of Prometheus brought the twelve Gods from Trace into Greece. Herodotus bb Herod. l. 2 initio. tells us that they came from Egypt. And by the names of the cities of Egypt dedicated to many of these Gods you may know that they were of an Egyptian original. And the Egyptians (cc Disdor. l. 1. c. 1. p. 8. according to Disdorus) usually represented, that after their Saturn & Rhea reigned Iupiter & Iuno the parents of Osiris & Isis . By all this it may be understood that as the Egyptians who deified their kings began their kingdom with. the reign of their Gods & Heros recconing Menes the first man who reigned after their Gods: so the GreeksCretans had the ages of their Gods & Heroes, calling the first four ages of their deified kKings & Princes the golden silver brazen & iron ages. Hesiod aa Hesiod. Opera p. 108. describing the four ages of these Gods & Demigods of Greece, represents them to be four generations of men each of wchwhich ended when the men then living grew old & dropt into the grave, & tells us that the fourth ended with the warrs of Thebes and Troy. And so many generations there were betrween the destruction of Troy & the coming of the Phœnicians into Greece who introduced among the Greeks the practise of tdeifying dead men. Apollonius Rhodius saith that when the Argonauts came to Crete, they slew Talus a brazen man who remained of those that were of the brazen age & guarded that island. Talus was the son of Minos, & therefore the sons of Minos lived in the brazen age & Minos reigned in the silver age. It was the silver age of the Greeks in wchwhich they began to plow & sow corn, & Ceres who taught them to do it flourished in the reign of Minos Celeus Erechtheus & Minos. Chiron was begot by Saturn in the golden age when Chiron Iupiter was a child in the Cretan cave as above, & this was in the reign of his father Asterius in Crete; & therefore Asterius reigned in Crete in the golden age, & the silver age began when Chiron was a child. Mythologists tell us that the last woman with whom Iupiter lay was Alcmena, & thereby they seem to put an end to the reign of Iupiter among mortals (that is to the silver age) when Alcmena was with child of Hercules, who was born in the eighth year of Rehoboam, as above. Chiron was begot by Saturn of Philyra in the golden age when Iupiter was a child in the Cretan cave as above, & this was in the reign of Asterius king of Crete; & therefore Asterius reigned in Crete in the golden age, & the silver age began when Chiron was a child. And unless Chiron was above eighty years old in the time of the Argonautic expedition when he invented the Asterisms, the golden age will reach to the end of Davids reign & might reach five or ten years into the reign of Solomon. & so The golden age therefore falls in with the reign of Asterius & the silver age with that of Minos. This fable of the four ages seems to have been made by the Curetes in the third or beginning of the fourth age in memory of the first four ages of their coming into Europe as into a new world; & in honour of their country woman Europa & her husband Asterius the Saturn of the Latines, & of their son Minos the Cretan Iupiter, & grandson Deucalion who reigned till the Argonautic expedition3741 expedition & is sometimes recconed among the Argonauts & of their great grandson Idemeneus who warred at Troy. Hesiod tells us that he himself lived in the fift age, the age next after the taking of Troy; & therefore he flourished within twenty or thirty years after it. And Homer was of about the same age. For he cc Vita Homeri Herodotu aseripta lived sometime with Meentor in Ithaca & there c learnt of him many things concerning Vlysses with whom Mentor c had there been personally acquainted. Now Herodotus, the oldest historian of the Greeks now extant, dd Herod. l. 2. tells us that Hesiod & Homer were not above 400 years older then himself, & therefore they flourished about 100 100 12 0110 or 120 years after the death of Solomon, wchwhich agrees with my recconing. Fof the taking of Troy was but one generation earlier. Mythologists tell us that Niobe the daughter of Phoroneus was the first woman with whon Iupiter lay, & that of her he begot Argus who succeeded Phoroneus in the kingdom of Argus & gave his name to that city. But they might mean that Argus was born of Niobe in the beginning of the reign of Asterius. And therefore Argus was born in the beginning of the silver age. But by Iupiter they might here mean Asterius. For the Phœnicians gave the name of Iupiter to every king from the time of their first coming into Greece with Cadmus & Europa untill the invasion of Greece by Sesostris & the birth of Hercules, & particularly to the fathers of Minos, Pelops, Lacedæmon, Æacus & Perseus. The four first ages succeed the flood of Deucalion, & some tell us that Deucalion was the son of Prometheus the son of Iapetus & brother of Atlas. But this was another Deucalion. For Iapetus the father of Prometheus Epipmetheus & Atlas was the brother of Osiris & flourished after the flood of Deucalion. I have now carried up the Chronology of the Greeks as high as to the first use of letters, & the first plowing & sowing of corn, the first manufacturing of copper & iron, the beginning of the trades of Smiths Carpenters, Ioyners, Turners, brickmakers, stonecutters, & Potters in Europe; the first walling of cities about; the first building of Temples, & the original of Oracles in Greece; the beginning of navigation by the starrs in long ships with sails; the erecting of the Amphictyonic Councills; the first ages of Greece called the golden silver copper & iron ages; & the flood of Deucalion wchwhich immediately preceeded them. Those ages could not be earlier then the invention & use of the four metalls in Greece from whence they had their names; & the flood of Ogyges could not be much above two or three ages earlier then that of Deucalion. For among such wandering people as were then in Europe there could be no memory of things done above three or four ages before the first use of letters. And the expulsion of the shepherds out of Egypt which gave the first occasion of the coming of people from Egypt into Greece & of the building of houses & villages in Greece, was scarce earlier then the days of Eli & Samuel. For Manetho tells us that when they were forced to quit Abaris & retire out of Egypt, they went through the wilderness into Iudæa & built Ierusalem. I do not think with Manetho that they were the Israelites , under Moses, but rather beleive that they were Canaanites, & upon leaving Abaris mingled with the Philistims their next neighbours, though some of them might assist David & Solomon in building Ierusalem & the Temple. Saul was made king that he might rescue Israel out of the hand of the Philistims who oppressed them 1 Sam. IX.16. X& XIII.19, 20. InAnd in the second year of theis reign of Saul, the Philistims brought into the field against him thirty thousand chrariots & six thousand horsmen & foot without number: whereas the Canaaanites had their horses from Egypt, & in the days of Moses all the chariots of Egypt wthwith which Pharaoh pursued Israel were but six hundred Exod. XIV.7. From the great army of the Philistims I seem to gather that the shepherds had newly relinquished Egypt & joyned them. The shepherds might be beaten & driven out of the greatest part of Egypt & shut up in Abaris by Mephramuthosis in the latter end of the days of Eli & some of them fly to the Philistims & strengthen them against Israel in the last year of Eli. And from the Philistims some of them might go to Zidon, & from Zidon by sea to Greece & other places. And afterwards in the beginning of the reign of Saul42 Saul the shepherds which still remained in Egypt might be forced by Thummosis or Amosis the son of Mepharmuthosis to leave Abaris & retire in very great numbers to the Philistims. And upon these occasions several of them, as Pelasgus, Cecrops, Inachus, & Lelex, & thence to Asia minor & Greece in the days of Eli Samuel & Saul, & thereby begin to open a commerce by sea between Greece & Sidon before the coming of the Phenicians from the red sea. Pelasgus reigned in Arcadia & was the father of Lycaon (according to Pherecides Atheniensis,) & Lycaon dyeddied just before the flood of Deucalion. He sacrificed children & therefore was one of the shepherds. Cecrops might come from Sais to Cyprus & thence to Attica in the days of Samuel, & marry Agraulos the daughter of Actæus & succeed him in Attica soon after, & leave his kingdom to Cranaus in the reign of Saul or the beginning of the reign of David. For the flood of Deucalion happened in the reign of Cranaus. Inachus is called the son of Oceanus, perhaps because he came to Greece by sea. He might come with his people from Ægypt to Argos in the days of Eli, & seat himself upon the river Inachus so named from him, & leave his territories to his sons Phoroneus Ægialeus & Phiegeus in the days of Samuel. For Car the son of Phoroneus built a temple to Ceres in Megara & therefore was contemporary to Erechtheus. Lelex might come with his people into Laconica in the days of Eli & leave his territories to his sons Myles, Eurotas, Cleson, & Polycaon in the days of Samuel. Myles set up a quern or hand-mill to grind corn, & is reputed the first among the Greeks who did so: but he flourished before Triptolemus, & seems to have had his corn & artificers from Egypt. Eurotas the brother or as some say the son of Myles, built Sparta & called it after the name of his daughter Sparta the wife of Lacedemon & mother of Eurydice. Cleson was the father of Pylas the father of Scyron who marryed the daughter of Pandion the son of Erechtheus & contended with Nisus the son of Pandion & brother of Ægeus for the kingdom, & Æacus adjudged it to Nisus. Polycaon invaded Messene then peopled only by villages, & built cities therein, & called it Messene after the name of his wife. Of about the same age with Pelasgus Inachus & Lelex was Ogyges. He reigned in Bæotia, & some of his people were Legleges, & either he or his son Eleusis built the city Eleusis in Attica, that is, they built a few houses of clay wchwhich in time grew into a city. Acusilaus wrote that Phoroneus was older then Ogyges, & that Ogyges flourished 1020 years before the first Olympiad, as above. But Acusilaus was an Argive & feigned these things in honour of his country. To call things Ogygian has been a phrase almost as old amongst the ancient Greeks to signify that they are as old as the father of Phoroneus, but not four hundred years old or then the first Olympiad. first memory of things. Inachus might be as old as Ogyges. But Acusilaus & his followers made themInachus almost seven hundred years older then the truth; & Chronologers to make out this recconing have lengthened the races of the kings of Argos & Sicyon, & changed several contemporary Princes of Argos into successive kings, & inserted many feigned kings into the race of the kings of Sicyon. Inachus had several sons who reigned in several places of Peloponnesus & there built towns; as Phoroneus who built Phoronicum afterwards called Argos from Argus his grandson, Ægialeus who built Ægialea afterwards called Scyyicyon from Sicyon the grandson of Erechtheus, Phegeus who built Phegea afterwards called Psophis from Psophis the daughter of Lycaon. And these were the oldest towns in Peloponnesus. Then Sisyphus the son 3943 the son of Æolus & grandson of Hellen built Ephyra afterwards called Corinth; & Aëthlius the son of Æolus built Elis. And before them Cecrops built Cecropia the cittadel of Athens; & Lycaon built Lycosura recconed by some the oldest town in Arcadia; & his sons who were at least four & twenty in number built each of them a town, except the youngest called Oenotrus, who grew up after his fathers death & sailed into Italy with his people, & there set on foot the building of towns, & became the Ianus of the Latines. And this is recconed the first colony which the Greeks sent abraod. Phoroneus had also several children & grandchildren who reigned in several places & built new towns, as Car, Spartus, Apis. And Hæmon the son of Pelasgus reigned in Hæmonia & afterwards called Thessaly & built towns there. And this division & subdivision of territories has made great confusion in the history of the first kingdoms of Peloponesus, & thereby given occasion to the vain glorious Greeks to make those kingdoms much older than they really were. But by all the recconings above mentioned, the first civilizing of the Greeks & teaching them to dwell in houses & towns, & the oldest towns in Europe could scarce be above two or three generations older then the coming of Cadmus from Sidon into Greece, & might most probably be occasioned by the expulsion of the shepherds out of Egypt in the days of Eli & Samuel & their flying into Greece in considerable numbers. But its difficult to set right the genealogies & chronology of the first ages fabulous ages of the Greeks, & I leave these things to be further examined. Before the Pelagasians & Phœnicians introduced the deifying of dead men the Greeks had a Council of Elders in every town for the government thereof, & a place where the elders & people worshipped their God with sacrifices. And when many of those towns for their common safety united under a common Councill, they erected a Prytaneum or Court in one of the towns where the Council & people met at certain times to consult of their common safety & worship their common God with sacrifices & to buy & sell. The towns where these people met Council and people met Councils met the Greeks called δήμοι peoples or communities or corporation towns; & at length when many of these δήμοι for their common safety, united by consent under one common Council, they erected a Prytaneum in one of the δήμοι for the common Council & people to meet in & consult & worship in & feast & buy & sell, & this δήμος they walled about for its safety, & called it τῆν πόλιν the city. And this I take to have been the origeinal of villages, market towns, cities, common Councils, Vestal Temples, Feasts & Fairs in Europe. The Prytaneum (πυρὸς ταμεῖον) was a Court with a place of worship & a perpetual fire kept therein upon an Altar for sacrificing. From the word Ἑστια fire came the name Vesta, wchwhich at length the people turned into a Goddess, & so became fire-worshippers like the ancient Persians. And when these Councils made war upon their ~ neighbours, they had a general commander to lead their armies & he became their king. So Thucydides aa Thucyd. l. 2. p. 110, & Plutarch. in Theseo. tells us that under Cecrops & the ancient kings untill Theseus, Attica was always inhabited city by city, each having Magistrates & Pritanea. Neither did they consult the king when there was no fear of danger, but each apart administred their own common wealth, & had their own Council. Yea some (as the Eleusinians with Eumolpus against Erechtheus) did sometimes make war. But when Theseus a prudent & potent man obteined the kingdom, he took away the courts & magistrates of the other cities & made them all meet in one Council & Prytaneum at Athens. Polemon as he is cited by bb Strabo l. 9. p. 396. Strabo tells us that in this body of Attica, there were 170 δήμοι, one of which was Eleusis. And cc Apud Strabonem l. 9. p. 397. Philochorus relates that when Attica was infested by sea & land by the Cares & Bæoti, 44 & Bæoti, Cecrops the first of any man reduced the multitude (that is the 170 towns) into twelve cities whose names were Cecropia, Tetrapolis, Epacria, Decelia, Eleusis, Aphidna, Thoricus, Brauron, Cytherus, Sphettus, Cephissa, & Phalerus: & that Theseus afterwards contracted these twelve cities into one which was Athens. The original of the kingdom of the Argives was much after the same manner. For saith aa Pausan: in Corinthiaeis. Pausanius, Phoroneus the son of Inachus was the first who gathered into one community the Argives who till then were scattered & lived every where apart: & the place where they were first assembled was called Phoronicum the city of Phoroneus. And bb Strabo l. 8. p. 337. Strabo saith that Homer calls all the places which he reccons up in Peloponesus, a few excepted, not cities, but regions because each of them consisted of a convention of many δήμοι, free towns out of which afterwards noble cities were built & frequented. So the Argives composed Mantinea in Arcadia out of five towns, & Tegea out of nine. And out of so many was Heræa built by Cleompbrotus or by Cleonymus. So also Ægium was built out of seven or eight towns, Patræ out of seven, & Dyme out of eight; & so Elis was erected by the conflux of many towns into one city. Pausanias aa Pausan. l. 8 sub initio. tells us that the Arcadians accounted Pelasgus the first man & that he was their first king, & taught the ignorant people to build houses for defending them selvesthemselves from heat & cold & rain, & to make them garments of skins, & instead of hearbs & roots, wchwhich were sometimes noxious, to eat the acorns of the Beach tree: & that his son Lycaon built the oldest city in all Greece. He tells us also that in the days of Lelex the sSpartans lived in villages apart. The Greeks therefore began to build houses & villages in the days of Pelasgus the father of Lycaon, & in the days of Lelex the father of Myles, & by consequence about two or three generations before the flood of Deucalion & the coming of Cadmus. Till then bb Plin. l. 7. c. 56. they lived in woods & caves of the earth. The first houses were of clay till the brothers ~ Euryalus & Hyperbius taught them to harden the clay into ~ bricks & to build therewith. In the days of Ogyges, Pelasgus, Æzeus, Inachus, & Lelex, they bbegan to build houses & villages of clay, Doxius the son of Cælus teaching them to do it; & in the days of Lycaon, Phoroneus, Ægyaleus, Phgegeus, Eurotas, Myles, Polycaon & Cecrops & their sons to assemble the villages into δήμοι & the δήμοι into cities. The Pelasgi spake a language different from the Greek, & Lycaon the son of Pelasgus sacrificed men ☉And Herodotus aa Herod. l. 2. c. 51. tells us that the Pelasgi inhabiting Samothrace introduced there there the mysteries of the Cabyri, consulting the Oracleof Dodona were the ringleaders in bringing the worship of foreign Gods into Greece, & that they some of them inhabiting T Samothrace introduced there the mysteries of the Cabiri. And Bochart has shewn that the names of the Dÿ cabiri are Phœnician. And from these things I gather that Pelasgus with his people were: & thence I gather that Pelasgus with his people were a branch of the shepherds who came from ~ Ægypt into Pœnicia by sea & thence into Greece, unless. . you had rather say with Hesiod that Pelasgus was a native of Greece. Inachus with his sons Phoroneus & Ægialeus & their people were another branch of themshepherds. For aa Herod. in Polymnia. Herodotus affirms that the old inhabitants of Pelopoponesus before the coming either of Danaus or of Ion the son of Xathus were called Ægialean Pelasgi; & Apollodorus makes Ægialeus to be the grandchild of Oceanus, & by consequence his father Inachus to be the son of Oceanus, . that is, a foreigner from beyond sea. And another branch of the Pelasgi settled in Attica, as I learn from Herodotus bb Herod. in Vrania who tells us that the Pelasgi under Cranaus were named Cranai, & under Cecrops Cecropidæ, & under Erechtheus Athenians. As the Greeks called those men Autochthones who were the first inhabitants, & those men Aborigines41. 45 Aborigines cc Dionys. Halic. l. 1. p. 11. lin. 24 who came from the mountains, so they may seem to have called those men Pelasgi who came from beyond the seas, the names Pelasgus & pelagus being derived from one & the same original: unless you had rather say that the Pelasgi had their name from one or two of their kings called Pelasgus. They were a wandering people & mixed with almost all the nations of Greece , & so might be the first inhabitants . who came by sea. When Oenotrus the son of Lycaon carried a Colony into Italy, aa Dionys. l. 1. p. 10. he found that country for the most part uninhabited & where it was inhabited peopled but thinly: & seizing a part of it, he built towns in the mountains little & numerous as above. These towns were without walls: but after this colony grew numerous & began to want room, they expelled the Siculi & compassed many cities with walls & became possest of all the territory between the two rivers Liris & Tyber. And it is to be understood that those cities had their Councils & Pritanea after the manner of the Greeks. For Dionysius bb Dionys. l. 2. p. 70, 94. tells us that the new kingdom of Rome as Romulus left it, consisted of thirty Courts or Councills in so many towns, each with the sacred fire kept in the Prytaneum of the Court for the Senators who met there to perform sacred rights after the manner of the Greeks. But when Numa the successor of Romulus reigned, he leaving the several fires in their own Courts, instituted one common to them all at Rome. When navigation was so far improved that the Phenicians began to leave the sea shore & sail through the Mediterrranean, by the help of the starrs, it may be presumed that they began to discover the islands of the Meiterranean, & for the sake of ~ trafic to sail as far as Greece. And this was not long before they carried away Io the daughter of Inachus from Argos. The Cares first infested the Greek seas with pyracy. And then Minos the son of Europa got up a potent fleet & sent out colonies. For Diodorus aa Diodor. lib. 5. c. 3 & 4. tells us that the Cyclađe Islands (those neare Crete) were at first desolate & uninhabited: but Minos having a potent fleet sent many Colonies out of Crete & peopled many of them. And particularly that the island Carpathus was first seized by the soldiers of Minos. Syme lay wast & desolate till Tripos came thiather with a colony under Chthonius. Strongyle or Naxus was first inhabited by the Thracians in the days of Boreas a little before the Argonautic expedition. Samus was at first desert & inhabited only by a multitude of terrible wild beasts till Macarius peopled it, as hie did also the islandes of Chius & Coos. Lesbos lay wast & desolate till Xanthus sailed thither from Lycia with a colony. Tenedos lay desolate till Tennes a little before the Trojan war, sailed thither from Troas. Aristæus who married Autonoe the daughter of Cadmus, carried a colony from Thebes into Cæa an island not inhabited before. the island Rhodes was at first called Ophinusa, being full of Serpents before Phorbas, a Prince of Argos, went thither about the end of Solomon's reign, & made it habitable by destroying the serpents: in memory of which he is delineated in the heavens in the Constellation of Ophiuchus. The discovery of this & some other ~ islands made a report that they rose out of the sea. In Asia Delos emersit et Hiera et Anaphe & Rhodus saith bb Ammian. l. 7 Ammian. And cc Plin. l. 2. c. 87. Pliny: Claræ iamdudum insulæ Delos & Rhodos memoriæa produntur enatæ, postea minores, ultra Melon Anaphe; , inter Lemnum et Hellespontum Nea, inter Nebedum & Teon Alone &c Plin. l. 2. c. 87. Diodorus aa Diodor. l. 5. c. 1. tells us also that the seven islands called Æolides between Italy & Sicily were desert & uninhabited, till Lipparus & Æolus, a little before the Trojan war, went thither from Italy & peopled46 & peopled them. And that Malta & Gaulus or Gaudus on the other side of Sicily, were first peopled by Phenicians; & so was Madera without the straits. And Homer relates that Vlysses found the island Ogeygia covered with wood & uninhabited except by Calypso & her maids, who lived in a cave without houses. And it is not likely that great Britain & Ireland could be peopled before navigation was propagated beyond the straits. The Sicaneans were reputed the first inhabitansinhabitants of Sicily. They built little villages or towns upon the hills, & every town had its own kings. And by this means they spread over the country before they formed themselves into larger governments with a common king. Philistus aa Apud Diodor. l. 5. c. saith that that they were transplanted into Sicily from the river ~ Sicanus in Spain, & bb Dionys. l. 1. p. 15. Dionysius that they were a Spanish people who fled from the Ligures in Italy. He means the Ligures cc Dionys. l. 1. p. 26, 27. who opposed Hercules when he returned from his expedition against Gerion in Spain & endeavoured to pass the alps out of Gaul into Italy. Hercules that year got into Italy & made some conquests there & founded the city Croton, & dd Dionys. ib. after winter upon the arrival of his fleet from Erythra in SailedExiled to Sicily (in his way home to Egypt Spain, sailed to Sicily & there left the Sicani. For it was his custome to recruit his army with conquered people, & after they had assisted him in making new conquests, to reward them with new seats. This was the Egyptian Hercules who had a potent fleet & in the days of Solomon sailed to the straits & set up the pPillars & conquered Gerion, & returned back by Italy & Sicily to Egypt, & was by the ancient Galuls called Ogmius, & by the Egyptians ee Ptol. Hephsst. l. 2. Nilus. For Erythra & the country of Gerion were without the straits. Dionysius ff Dionys. ib. represents this Hercules contemporary to Evander . The first inhabitants of Crete according to Diodorus aa Diodor. l. 5. c. 4 were called Eteocretans: but whence they were & how they came thither is not said in history. Then sailed thither a colony of Pelasgians from Greece. And soon after Teutamus the grandfather of Minos carried thither a colony of Dorians from Laconia & from the territory of Olympia in Peloponnesus. And these several colonies spake several languages, & fed on the spontaneous fruits of the earth, & lived quietly in caves & huts till the invention of iron tools in the days of Asterius the son of Teutamus, &at length were reduced into one kingdom & one people by Minos, who was their first lawgiver & built many towns & ships & introduced plowing & sowing, & in whose days the Curetes conquered his fathers friends in Crete & Peloponesus. The Curetes bb Ister apud Porphyr. Abst. l. 2. s. 56. sacrificed children to Saturn, & according to cc Bochart. Canaan, l. 1. c. 15. Bochart were Philistims. And Eusebius saith that Crete had its name from Cres, one of the Curetes who nursed up Iupiter. But whatever was the original of the Island, it seems to have been peopled by colonies which spake different languages till the days of Asterius & Minos, & might come thither two or three generations before, & not above for want of navigation. & the Island Cyprus was discovered by the Phenicians not long before. For aa Apud Strabonem lib. 14. p. ult. Eratosthenes tells us that Cyprus was at first so overgrown with wood that it could not be tilled, & that they first cut down the wood for the melting of copper & silver, & afterwards when they began to sail safely upon the mediterranean (that is, presently after the Trojan war) they bilt ships & even navies of it. And when they could not thus destroy the wood, they gave every man leave to cut down what wood he pleased, & to possess all the grownd wchwhich he cleared of wood. So also Europe at first abounded very much with woods, one of which called the Hercinian, took up a great part of Germany, being full nine days journeys broad & above forty long in Iulius Caesars days. And yet the Europeans had been cutting down their woods to make room for mankind ever since the invention of iron tools in the days of Asterius & Minos. All these footsteps there are of the first peopling of ~ Europe43. 47 Europe & its islands by sea. Before those days it seems to have been thinly peopled from the northern coasts of the Euxine sea . by scythians who wandered without houses & sheltered themselves incaves from rain & wild beasts in thickets & caves of the earth, such as were the caves in mount Ida in Crete in wchwhich Minos was educated & buried, the cave of Cacus & the Catacombs in Italy near Rome & Naples, afterwards turned into burying places, the Syringes & many other caves in the sides of the mountains of Egypt, the caves of the Troglodytes between Egypt & the red sea, & those of the Phaurusÿ in Afric mentioned by aa Strabo l. 17. p. 828. Strabo, & the caves & thickets & rocks & high places & pits in which the Israelites hid themselves from the Philistims in the days of Saul. I Sam. XIII.6. But of the state of mankind in Europe in those days there is now no memory history remaining. The antiquities of Lybia were not much older then those of Europe. For Diodorus aa Diodor. l. 3. c. 4. tells us that Vranus the father of Hyperion & grandfather of Helius & Selene (that is Ammon the father of Sesac) was their first king, & & caused the people who till then waondered up & down, to dwell in towns & cities, & reducing them from a lawless & salvagesavage course of life taught them to use & lay up the fruits of the earth & to do many other things usefull for mans life. And Herodotus bb Herod. l. 1 tells us that all Media was peopled by δήμοι , towns without walls, till they revolted from the Assyrians, which was about 267 years after the death of Solomon; & that after that revolt they set up a king over them & built Ecbatane with walls for his seat, the first town which they walled about. And about 72 years after the death of Solomon Benhadad king of Syria cc I King. 20.16. had two & thirty kings in his army against Ahab. And when Ioshuah conquered the land of Canaan, every city of the Canaanites had its own king like the cities of Europe before they conquered one another; & one of those kings (Adonibezek king of Bezek) he had conquered seventy other kings a little before Iudg. 1.7. & threfore towns began to be built in that land not many ages before the days of Ioshuah. For the Patriarchs wandred there in tents, & fed their flocks wherever they pleased, the fields of Phenicia not being yet fully appropropriatedappropriated for want of people. The countries first inhabited by mankind, were in those days so thinly peopled that four kings from the coasts of Shinar & Elam invaded & spoiled the Rephaims & the inhabitants of the countried of Moab, Ammon, Edom, & the kingdoms of Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, & Zeboim, & yet were pursued & beaten by Abraham with an armed force of only 318 men, the whole force which Abraham & the Princes with him could raise. And Ægypt was so thinly peopled before the birth of Moses, that Pharaoh said of the Israelites: Behold the people of the children of Israel are more & mightier then we : & to prevent their multiplying & growing too strong, caused their male children to be drowned. These footsteps there are of the first peopling of the earth by mankind not long before the days of Abraham, & of the overspreading it with villages towns & cities, & their growing into kingdoms first smaller & then greater untill the rise of the monarchies of Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Media, Persia, Greece, & Rome, the first great empires on this side India. Abraham was the fift from Peleg, & all mankind lived together in Chaldea under the government of Noah & his sons untill the days of Peleg. 48 Peleg. So long they were of one language, one society, & one religion. And then they divided the earth, being perhaps disturbed in Chaldea by the rebellion of Nimrod, & forced to leave off building the tower of Babel. And from thence they spread themselves into the several countries which fell to their shares, carrying along with them the laws customes & religion under which they had till those days been educated & goverened by Noah & his sons & grandsons. And these laws were handed down to Abraham Melchizedec & Iob & their contemporaries, & for sometime were observed by the Iudges of the ~ eastern countries. Iob. 31.11, 28. ☉Pag. 44. l. 11. So Iob tells us that adultery was an heinous crime, yea an inquity to be punished by the judges (Iob. 31XXXI.11) & of idolatry he saith: If I beheld the Sun when it shined or the moon walking in brightness, & my heart hath been secretly inticed or my mouth hath kissed my hand, this also were an iniquity to be punished by the judge: for I should have forsaken denyed my God. (Iob. XXXI:28.) And there being no dispute between Iob & his friensds about these matters: it may be presumed that they also with their countrymen were of the same religion. Melchizedek was a priest of the most high sGod, & Abraham voluntarily paid tyths to him: which he would scarce have done had they not been of one & the same religion. The first inhabitants of the land of Canaan seem also to have been originally of the same religion & to have continued in it till the death of Noah & the days of Abraham. For Ierusalem was anciently called Iebus & its people Iebusites : ( I Chron. XI.4, 5. Iudg. I.21. 2 Sam. v. 6) & Melchizedek was their high Priest & King. These nations setherefore revolted afterwards the days of Melchizedec to the worship of fals Gods as did also the posterity of Ismael, Esau, Moab, Ammon, & that of Abraham by Keturah. And the Israelites themselves were very apt to revolt. And one reason why Terah went from Vr of the Chaldees to Haran in his way to the land of Canaan might be to & why Abraham Afterwards left Haran & went into the land of Canaan might be to avoyd the worship of fals Gods wchwhich in their days began in Chaldea & spread every way from thence but did not yet reach into the land of Canaan. Several of the laws & precepts in wchwhich this primitive religion consisted are mentioned in the book of Iob chap. I. v. 5 & chap. XXXI, viztvidelicet not to blaspheme God, Several of them are mentioned by Iob, chap. 1. v. 5 & chap. 31. viztvidelicet not to blaspheme God, nor to worship the sSun or Moon, nor to kill nor steal nor commit adultery, nor trust in riches, nor oppress the poor or fatherless, nor curse your enemies, nor rejoyce at their misfortunes: but to be friendly & hospitable & mercifull & to releive the poor & needy & to set up Iudges. This was the morality & religion of the first ages, still called by the Iews the Precepts of the sons of Noah. This was the religion of Moses & the Prophets & comprehended in the two great commændments of loving the Lord our God with all our heart & soul & mind, & our neighbour as our selvesourselves. This was the religion enjoyned by Moses to the uncircumcised stranger within the gates of Israel as well as to the Israelites. And this is the religion of both Iews & Christians to this day, & ought to be the standing religion of all nations, it being for the good of mankind. And Moses adds the precept of being mercifull even to bruit beasts, so as not to suck out their blood nor to suck out cut offtheir flesh alive with the blood in it cut off their flesh alive with the blood in it, nor to kill them for the sake of their blood, nor to strangle them but in killing them for food to let out their blood & spill it upon the grownd, Gen. 9.6 & Levit. 17.12, 13. This law was ancienter then the days of Moses, being given to Noah & his sons long before the days of Abraham. And therefore when the Apostles & elders long before in the Council at Ierusalem declared that the Gentiles were not obliged to be circumcised & observe the law of Moses, they excepted this law of absteining from blood & things stranguled as being an earlier law of God imposed not on the sons of Abraham only but on the strangers within the gates of Irsrael, on all the sons of Noah, a law imposed originally not on Iews or Christians but even on Gentiles, a law imposed on all nations while they lived together in Shinaar under the dominion of Noah & his sons. And of the same kind is hte law of absteining from meats offered to idols or fals Gods, & from fornication. So then the beleiving that the world was framed by one God supreme God & is governed by him, & of loving & worshiptpping him, & loving our neighbour as our selves, & being mercifull even to bruit beasts, is the oldest of all religions. And the original of letters, agriculture, navigation, music, arts & sciences, metalls , smiths & carpenters, towns & houses in Europe was not older then the days of SEli, Samuel & David. And before those days the earth was so thinly peopled & so overgrown with woods, that mankind could not be much older then is represented in scripture.