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f. 1 'An Account of the Empire of the Babylonians, Medes, Persians, Greeks, and Romans, according to the descriptions of them given by Daniel' (2 drafts).
f. 8 'Of the kingoms represented in Daniel by the four Beasts, & of the ten horns of the fourth Beast.'
f. 24 'Sect. III./ Of the eleventh horn of Daniel's fourth Beast.'
ff. 25-31 'Chap. III./ Of ye eleventh Kingdom signified by the little horn wch arose after the tenth.'
SL245, described in the Sotheby catalogue as c. 300,000 words on 975 pp., was bought at the Sotheby sale by Gabriel Wells for £48 and sold to Yahuda on 1 Aug. 1936 for the sale price plus 15%. On 24 May 1949, Yahuda wrote to the London dealer Heinrich Eisemann, 'As to lot 245 the new arrangement and replacement of the pages resulted in 1,530 pages instead of 975 pages as many pages had to be taken out from other lots. But for this manuscript I have a customer who wants to pay a much higher price than $3,800 suggested by you.' If this was true, the prospective buyer's desire to part with his or her cash presumably waned. There must subsequently have been further reordering of the manuscript as the present Yahuda Ms. 7 amounts to nowhere near 1,530 pp.
For understanding these descriptions we are in the
first place to acquaint our selves with the figurative
language of the Prophets. And this language is taken from
the analogy between the world natural & an Empire or King
dom considered as a world politique.
Accordingly the whole world natural consisting of heaven
& earth signifies the whole world politique consisting of thrones
& people, or so much of it as is considered in the prophesy: &
the things in that world signify the analogous things in this. For
the heavens & the things therein signify thrones & dignities
& those that enjoy them; & the ea
inferior people, & the lowest parts of the earth called Hades
or Hell the lowest or most miserable part of the people. Whence
ascending towards heaven & descending to the earth are put for
rising & falling in honour & power. Rising out of the earth
or waters & falling into them for the rising up to any dignity
or dominion out of the inferior state of the people, or falling
down from the same out of
into the lower parts of the earth for descending
unhappy estate. Speaking with a faint voice out of the dust for
being in a weak & low condition. Moving from one place to another
for translation from one office dignity or dominion to another.
Great earthquakes & the shaking of heaven & earth for the
shaking of kingdoms so as to distract or overthrow them. The
creating a new heaven & earth & their passing away
beginning & end of the world, for the rise & ruin of the body
politique signified thereby.
In the heavens the Sun & Starrs are by inter
preters of dreams put for the persons of Kings & Queens, but in
sacred prophesy which regards not single persons, the sun is put
for the whole species & race of kings in the kingdom or kingdoms
of the world polytick shining with regal power & glory: the Moon
for the body of the common people considered as the kings wife: the
starrs for subordinate Princes & great men, or for Bishops &
Rulers of the people of
glory truth & knowledge wherewith great & good men shine & illu
minate others. Darkness for obscurity of condition, & for error
blindness & ignorance.
Moon & starrs for the ceasing of a kingdom, or for the desolation
thereof proportional to the darkness. Darkning the Sun, turning
the Moon into blood & falling of the starrs, for the same. New
Moons for the return of a dispersed people into a body politique
or ecclesiastick.
Fire & Meteors refer to both heaven & earth & signify
as follows. Burning any thing by fire is put for the consu mption
thereof by war. A conflagration of the earth or turning a country
into a Lake of fire, for the consumption of a kingdom by war. The being in a furnace for the being in slavery under another
nation. The ascending up of the smoak of any burning thing
for ever & ever for the continuation of a conquered people
under the misery of perpetual subjection & slavery. The scorch
ing heat of the Sun for vexatious warrs persecutions & troubles
inflicted by the king. Clouds whether in heaven or on earth for
multitudes of men. Riding on the clouds for reigning over much
people. Covering the Sun with a cloud or with smoak, for op
pression of the king by the armies of an enemy. Tempestuous
winds (that is the motion of clouds) for warrs. Thunder (that
is, the voice of a cloud) for the voice of a multitude. A storm
of thunder lightning hail & overflowing rain for a tempest
of war descending from the heavens & clouds politi
heads of their enemies. Rain if not immoderate, & dew, &
living water, for the graces & doctrines of the spirit. And the
defect of rain for spiritual barrenness.
In the earth the dry land & congregated waters (as
a sr
regions nations & dominions. Embittering of waters for great
affliction of the people by war & persecution. Turning
blood for the mystical death of bodies politique, that is, for
their dissolution. The overflowing of a sea or river for the
invasion of the earth politique by the people of the waters.
Drying up of waters for the conquest of their regions by the
earth. Fountains of waters for cities the permanent heads
of rivers politique. Mountains & Islands for the cities of the
earth & sea politique with the territories & dominions belong
ing to those cities. Dens & Rocks of mountains for the Temples
of cities. The hiding of men in those Dens & Rocks for the
shutting up of men Idols in their Temples. Houses & Ships, for
families assemblies & towns in the earth & sea politique. And
a navy of war-ships for an army of the kingdom signified
by the sea.
Also animals & vegetables are put for people of several
regions & conditions, & particularly Trees hearbs & land animals
for the people of the earth politique. Flaggs Reeds & Fishes for
those of the waters politique. And Birds & Insects for those of the
politique heaven & earth. A forest for a kingdom. Paradise for
a flourishing & peaceable kingdom. And a wilderness for a desolate
& thin people.
If the world politique consisted in prophesy consists of
many kingdoms, they are represented by as many parts of the world
naturall. As the noblest by the celestial frame; & then the
Moon & clouds are put for the common people. The less noble by
the earth sea & rivers, & by the animals or vegetables or
buildings therein; & then the greater & more powerfull animals
& taller trees are put for Kings Princes & Nobles. And because
the whole kingdom is the body politique of the king, therefore
the Sun, or a Tree, or a Beast or Bird or a Man whereby the
King is represented, is put in a large signification for the
whole kingdom; & several animals, as Lion, a Beare, a Leo
pard a Goat), according to their qualities, are put for several
kingdoms & bodies politique; & sacrificing of Beasts for slaughter
ing & conquering of kingdoms; & friendship between Beasts for
peace between kingdoms. Yet sometimes Vegetables & Animals
are by certain epithites or circumstanced
knowledge, & a Beast when called the Old Serpent or wor
shipped.
When a Beast or Man is put for a kingdom his ana parts & qualities are put for the analogous parts &
logous
men who precede & govern. The Tail for the inferior people
who follow & are governed. The heads if more then one for
the number of capital parts dynasties or dominions in the
kingdom whether collateral or successive with respect to
the civil government. The horns on any head for the
number of kingdoms in that head with respect to military
power. Seeing for understanding, & the eyes for men of
understanding & policy & in matters of region religion
for
mouth for a lawgiver whether civil or sacred. The loudness
of the voice for might & power. The faintness thereof for
weakness. Eating & drinking for acquiring what is signified
by the things eaten & drunken. The hairs of a Beast or Man
& the feathers of a Bird for people. The wings for the branches
of a people spread abroad by conquest over other nations. The
arm of a man for his power or for any people wherein his
strength & power consists. His feet for the lowest of the
people, or for the latter end of the kingdom. The feet nails
& teeth of a Beast of prey for armies & squadrons of armies.
The bones for
& possessions. And the days of their continuing or acting for
years. And when a tree is put for a kingdom, its branches
leaves & fruit signify as do the wings feathers & food of a
Bird or Beast.
When a Man is taken in a mystical sense his qualities
are often signified by his actions & by the circumstances of
things about him. So a Ruler is signified by his riding on a Beast.
A Warrior & Conqueror by his having a sword & bow. A potent
man by his gigantic stature. A Iudge by weights & measures.
A sentence of absolution or condemnation by a white or black
stone. A new dignity by a new name. Moral or civil qualifi
cations by garments. Honour & glory by splendid apparel.
Royal dignity by purple or scarlet or by a crown. Righteousness
by white & clean robes. Wickedness by spotted & filthy garments.
Affliction, mourning & humiliation by cloathing in sackcloth.
Dishonour shame & want of good works by nakedness. Error
& misery by drinking a cup of his or her wine who causeth
it. Propagating any religion for gain by exercising trafick
& merchandise with that people whose religion it is. Wor
shipping or serving the fals Gods of any nation by committing
adultery with their Princes or by worshipping them or
image & blaspheming God; or by receiving their mark or
name or the number thereof in the hand or forehead in
token of servitude. Overthrow in war by a wound of man
or beast. A durable plague of war by a sore or pain. The
affliction or persecution ch
forth a new kingdom by pain in travel of a manchild. The
birth of a new kingdom by the birth of a Manchild. The dissolution
of a body politick or ecclesiastick by the death or man or beast
& the revival of a dissolved dominion by the resurrection of the dead.
For understanding these descriptions we are in the first place to
acquaint our selves with the
language is taken from the analogy between the world natural
& an Empire or Kingdom considered as a world natu politique.
Accordingly the whole world natural consisting of heaven
& earth signifies the whole world politique consisting of thrones
& people, or so much of it as is considered in the Prophesy: & the
things in that world, signify the analogous things in this. For
the heavens with the things therein signify thrones & dignities
& those that enjoy them, & the earth with the things therein
the inferiour people, & the lowest parts of the earth called
Hades or Hell the lowest or most miserable part of the people.
Whence ascending towards heaven & descending towards the earth
are put for rising & falling in honour & power. Rising out
of the earth or waters & falling into them, for the rising up
to any dominion or dignity out of the inferior state of the
people, or falling down from the same into any that inferior
state. Descending into the lower parts of the earth called
Hades or Hell, for descending to a very low & unhappy state.
Speaking with a faint voice out of the dust for being in a
weak & low condition. Moving from one place to another
for translation from one office dignity or dominion to another.
Great earthquakes & the shaking of heaven & earth, for
the shaking of kingdoms so as to
creating a new heaven & earth & their passing away, or ch
all one, the beginning & end of the world, for the rise & ruin
of the body politi
dreams put for the persons of Kings & Queens, but in sacred
Prophesy ch
the whole species & race of kings in the kingdom or kingdoms
of the world polytick shining with regal power & glory: the Moon
for the body of the common people considered as the Kings wife:
the starrs for subordinate Princes & great men, or for Bishops &
Rulers of the people of God when the Sun is Christ. Light for
the glory truth & knowledge wherewith great & good men shine
& illuminate others. Darkness for obscurity of condition & for
error blindness & ignorance. Darkning smiting or setting of the
Sun Moon & starrs, for the ceasing of a kingdom, or for the
desolation thereof proportional to the darkness thereof. Darkning
the Sun, turning the Moon into blood & falling of the starrs,
for the same. New Moons for the return of a dispersed people
into a body politi
Fire & Meteors refer to both heaven & earth & signify
as follows. Burning any thing by fire is put for the con
sumption thereof by war. And a
or turning a country into a Lake of fire, for the consumption
in slavery under another nation. The ascending up of the
smoak of any burning thing for ever & ever, for the
continuation of a conquered people under the misery of
perpetual subjection & slavery. The scorching heat of
the Sun for vexatious warrs persecutions & troubles in
flicted by the king. Clouds whether in heaven or on earth
for multitudes of men. Riding on the clouds for reigning
over much people. Covering the Sun with a cloud or with
smoak, for oppression of the king by the armies of an
enemy. Tempestuous winds, (that is, the motion of clouds)
for warrs. Thunder (that is, the voice of a cloud) for the
voice of a multitude. A storm of thunder lightning, hail,
& overflowing rain for a tempest of war descending from
the heavens & clouds politique on the heads of their ene
mies. Rain if not immoderate, & dew; & living water, for
the graces & doctrines of the spirit. And the defect of rain
for spiritual barrenness.
In the Earth, the dry land & congregated waters (as
a Sea, a River, a Flood) are put for the peoples of several
regions, nations, & dominions. Embittering of waters for
great affliction of the people by war & persecution. Turning
them to blood, for the mystical death of bodies politi
is, for their dissolution. The overflowing of a sea or river
for the invasion of the earth politique by the people of the
waters. Drying up of waters, for the conquest of their
regions by the earth. Fountains of waters for cities the
permanent heads of rivers politi
for the cities of the earth & sea politique with their terri
tories & dominions. Dens & Rocks of mountains for the Temples
of cities. The hiding of men in those Dens & Rocks for the
shutting up of Idols in their Temples. Houses & ships, for the families assemblies & towns in the earth & sea politique.
And a Navy of war-ships, for an army of the kingdom
signified by the sea.
Also Animals & Minerals are put for
people of several regions & conditions; & particularly Trees
hearbl
politi
politique. And Birds & Insects for those of the politique
heaven & earth. A forest for a kingdom. Paradise for a
flourishing & very peaceable kingdom. And a wilderness
for a desolate & thin people.
If the world politi
of many kingdoms, they are represented by as many parts
of the world naturall: as the noblest by the celestial
frame; & then the Moon & clouds are put for the com
mon people. The less noble by the earth sea & rivers
& by the animals or vegetables or buildings therein;
& then the greater & more powerfull animals & taller
trees are put for
whole kingdom is the body politique of the king, therefore
the Sun, or a Tree or a Beast or Bird or Man whereby
the King is represented, is put in a large signification for
the whole Kingdom; & several animals (as a Lyon, a Beare,
a Leopard a Goat) according to their qualities, are put for
several kingdoms & bodies politi
slaughtering & conquering of kingdoms, & friendship between
Beasts for peace between kingdoms. Yet sometimes Vegetables
& Animals are by certain epithites or circumstances extended
of life or of knowledge, & a Beast when called the Old
Serpent, or worshipped.
When a Beast or Man is put for a kingdome his parts
& qualities are put for the analogous parts & qualities of
the kingdome: as the head of a Beast for the great men
who precede & govern. The Tail for the inferior people
who follow & are governed. The heads, if more then
one for the number of capital parts in
minions in the kingdom whether collateral or successive
with respect to the civil government. The horns on any
head for the number of kingdoms in that head with
respect to military power. Seeing for understanding,
& the eyes for men of understanding
of religion for
making laws. The mouth for a lawgiver whether civil
or sacred. The loudness of the voice for might & power.
The faintness thereof for weakness. Eating & drinking
for acquiring what is signified by meat & drink the things
eaten & drunken. The hairs of a Beast or Man & the
feathers of a bbranches of a people spread abroad by conquest over other nations.
any people wherein his strength & power consists. His
feet, for the lowest of the people, or for the latter end
of the kingdom. The feet nails & teeth of Beasts of prey
for armies & squadrons of armies. The bones for strength
& fortified places. The flesh for riches & possessions. And
the days of their continuing or acting, for years. And when
a Tree is put for a kingdom, its branches leaves & fruit
signify as do the wings feathers & food of a Bird or
Beast.
When a Man is taken in a mystical sense, his
qualities are often signified by his actions & by the
circumstances of things about him. So a Ruler is
signified by his riding on a Beast: a Warrior & Conqueror
by his having a sword & bow: a potent man by his gigantic
stature: a Iudge by weights & measures: a sentence
of absolution or condemnation by a white or black stone:
a new dignity by a new name: moral or civil qualifi
cations by garments: honour & glory by splendid apparel:
royal dignity by purple or scarlet or by a crown: righte
ousness by white & clean robes: wickedness by spotted &
filthy garments: affliction mourning & humiliation by
cloathing in sackcloth: dishonour shame & want of good
works by nakedness: error & misery by drinking a cup of
his or her wine who causeth it: propagating any religion
for grain by exercising trafick z
that people whose religion it is: worshipping or serving
the fals Gods of any nation by committing adultery with
their Princes, or by worshipping them & their image & by blaspheming God, or by receiving their Mark or Name or the number thereof in the hand or forehead in token of servitude ): overthrow in war by a wound of man or
beast; a durable plague of war by a sore or pain; ch
bouring to bring forth a new kingdom, by pain in travail of a man child: the birth of a new kingdom by the birth of a manchild: the dissolution of a body politick or ecclesiastick
by the death of man or beast: & the revival of a dissolved
dominion by the resurrection of the dead.
Now according to this language the Lion, Beare, Leopard &
terrible Beast with ten horns in Daniels Prophesy of the four Beasts ch
will signify four great kingdoms ch
great warrs. The Lion had Eagles wings to denote the Provinces
of Babylon & Assyria, of which the first of the four kingdoms
(the kingdom of Nebuchadnezzar then in being,) from the time of
the fall of the Assyrian Empire, was composed. For in a parallel
vision of the statue of four metalls, Daniel told Nebuchadnezzar Thou art this head of Gold; & after thee shall arise another kingdom inferior to thee; & another third kingdom of brass w. The second Beast was therefore the kingdom ch
which arose next after the Babylonian, & this was the kingdom
of the Medes & Persians, Dan. V.28. This Beast was like a Bear
& raised it self up on one side, the Medes rising up first.
And it had three ribs in the mouth of it between the teeth of it.
to signify the kingdoms of Sardes Babylon & Egypt which were
conquered by it but did not belong to its proper body. And it devoured much flesh, the riches of those three kingdoms. The third
Beast was the kingdom which succeeded the Persian, & this was
the Empire of the Greeks, Dan. VIII.6, 7, 20, 21. It was like a Leopard
to signify its fierceness, & had four heads.
nify that it should be divided into four kingdoms. For it conti
nued in a monarchical form during the reign of Alexander the
great & his young sons Alexander & Hercules, & then brake
into four kingdoms by the Governours of Provinces putting Crowns
on their own heads & reigning over their Provinces. Cassander reign
ed over Macedon Greece & Epire, Lysimachus over Thrace, Anti
gonus over Syria & the lesser Asia, & Ptolomy over Egypt Libya &
Ethiopia. And these are all the nations belonging to
of the third Beast. These kingdoms underwent various changes, but
none of them underwent became equal in dominion to that of Alexander
the great, & therefore the fourth Beast ch
& terrible & had great iron teeth & devoured & brake in pieces and
stamped the residue with his feet, could be none of them, but must be
the Roman Empire which conquered & succeeded them. It conquered
the kingdom of Macedon
gamus An. Nabonass. 615, & conquered that of Syria An. Nabonass 679,
& that of Egypt An. Nabonass. 718; & by these conquests became
greater & more terrible then any of the three former Beasts.
And that the fourth Beast relates to the Roman Empire is con
firmed by the Apostle Iohn who in the fourth place names Daniels
three first Beasts & puts the Apocalyptic ten-horned Beast
in the room of the fourth, saying: And the Beast w Leopard ch& his feet were as the feet of a Bear & his mouth as the mouth of a Lion. This Empire at length
brake into ten kingdoms & continued in a broken form till the
Ancient of days sat in a throne like fiery flame, & the judgment
was set, & the books were opened & the Beast was slain & his
body given to the burning flames, & one like the son of man came
with the clouds of heaven, & was brought before the ancient of
days, & received dominion over all nations, & judgment was given
to the saints of the most high, & the time came that they possessed
the kingdom. And in the like manner the Beast in the Apocalyps
comes in heaven with an army upon white horses, & the Beast
is taken & cast alive into the lake of fire, & judgment is given
to the saints raised from the dead, & they reign with Christ.
The two Beasts (that in Daniel & that in Iohn) continue each
of them to the day of judgment & then perish alike & therefore
are the same & signify the Roman
into many kingdoms.
I beheld, saith Daniel, till the Beast was slain & his body
destroyed & given to the burning flames. As concerning the rest of
the Beasts they had their dominion taken away: yet their lives
were prolonged for a season & a time. And therefore all the four
Beasts are still alive, tho the dominion of the three first be taken
away. The nations of Chaldea & Assyria are still the first Beast.
Those of Media & Persia are still the second Beast. Those of Egypt
Syria & Asia minor, Macedon Greece & Thrace are still the
third, & those of Europe on this side Greece are still the fourth.
nations on this side the river Euphrates, & that the body of the
fourth Beast is confined to the nations on this side Greece: we
are to look for all the four heads of the third Beast among the
nations on this side of the river Euphrates, & for all the eleven
horns of the fourth Beast among the nations on this side of Greece.
And therefore at the breaking of the Greek Empire into four king
doms of the Greeks, we reccon not the kingdom of Seleucus among
the four because the Chaldeans Medes & Persians over whom
he reigned, belonged to the bodies of the two first Beasts. Nor do
we reccon the Greek Empire seated at Constantinople among the
horns of the fourth Beast, because it belonged to the body of the
third.
[The fourth Beast as he is represented in the Apocalyps was
conteined in the body of the Dragon for a time, being the waters ch
at the division of the Roman Empire between the sons of Const
the great. Then the Earth opened her mouth & swallowed up the
waters by the victory of Constantius over Magnentius, the Earth
being put for the nations of the great continent of Asia in the
language of the Iews, & the waters & sea & isles of the sea for
the Europeans. By that victory the Beast was wounded to death
with a sword in his sixt head: & then he is called the Beast ch
was & is not & shall ascend. He revived at the next division
of the Empire ch
& rose out of the Abyss or Sea at the next division ch
between Gratian & Theodosius, & at the last division ch
between the sons of Theodosius A.C. 395, the Dragon gave the
Beast his western power & throne & great authority.
The Dragon & Beast agree in the number of their heads
& horns, & heads of the Beast are called seven kings & represented
successive; & thence I seem to gather that these heads are seven successive
Dynasties of the Roman Empire commencing at the opening of the seven
seales. They are crowned only on the Dragons head because six of
them reigned before the Dragon gave the Beast his throne, & the
seventh reigned afterwards in the eatch
is not, he is the eighth & of the seven, because a collateral part
of the seventh. The Dragon hath ten horns because the nations ch
Dragon untill the Beast became divided from him. But they
are crowned only on the last head of the Beast because they
received no kingdom beast f before the Beast
sea: & when Dragon gave him his throne, the ten horns
received power as kings the same hour with him. Now they
received power as kings in the following manners.]
Dacia was a large country bounded on the south
by the Danube, on the east by the Euxine sea, on the north
by the river Neister & the mountain Crapac, & on the west
by the river Tibesis or Teys ch
Danube a little above Belgrade. It comprehended the coun
tries now called Transylvania, Moldavia, & Wallachia, &
the eastern part of the upper Hungary. Its ancient inhabi
tants were called Getæ by the Greeks, Daci by the Latines
& Goths by themselves. Alexander the great attaqued them,
& Trajan conquered them & reduced their country into a Pro
vince of the Roman Empire: & thereby the propagation of
the Gospel among them was much promoted. They were
composed of several Gothic nations called Ostrogoths, Visigoths,
Vandals Gepides, Lombards, Burgundians, Alans, &c: all ch
agreed in their manners & spake the same language as
Procopius affirms represents. While they lived under the Ro
mans, the Goths or Ostrogoths were seated in the eastern
parts of Dacia, the Vandals in the western part upon the
river Teys where the rivers Teys Maresh & Keresh run
into it. The Visigoths were between them. The Gepides accord
ing to Iornandes were between them upon the Vistula. The
Burgundians (a Vandalick nation) were between the Vistula
& the southern fountain of the Boristhenes at some distance
from the mountain Crapac where northwards where Ptolomy
places them by the names of Phrugundiones & Burgiones.
The Alans (another a
northern fountain of the Boristhenes & the mouth of the
river Tanais where Ptolomy places the mountain Alanus.
The Roxolani were on the southern coast of the Alans,
& western side of the Palus Mæotis.
These nations continued under the dominion of the
Romans till the second year of the Emperor Philip, & then
for want of their pay began to revolt; & the Ostrogoths
set up a kingdom ch
Araric, Geberic, & Hermaneric increased till the year
376; & then by an incursion of the Huns from beyond the
Tanais & the death of Hermaneric, brake into several
smaller kingdoms. Hunnimund the son of Hermaneric became
king over the Ostrogoths; Fridigern over the Visigoths;
Winithar or Vinithar over a part of the Goths called
Gruthungi by Ammian, Gothunni by Claudian, & Sarmatæ
& Scythians by others; Athanaric over another part of the
Goths in Dacia called Thervingi; & Box over the Antes in
Sarmatia. And the Gepides had also their king. The Vandals
fled over the Danube from Geberic in the latter end of the
reign of Constantine the great, & had seats granted to them
years, vizt till the year 377 when several Gothic nations
flying from the Hunns came over the Danube & had seats
granted them in Mœsia & Thrace by the Emperor Valens,
but the next year (A.C. 378) revolted, called in some
Goths Alans & Hunns from beyond the Danub
the Roman army, slew the Emperor Valens, & spread them
selves into Greece & Pannonia as far as to the Alps. But in
the years 379 & 380 they were checkt by the arms of the
Emperors Gratian & Theodosius, & made a submissive peace,
& the Visigoths & Thervingi returned to their seats in Mœsia
& Thrace, the Hunns returned over the Danube, & the Alans
& Gruthungi obteined seats in Pannonia.
About the year 373 or 374, the Burgundians rose from
their seats upon the Vistula with an army of eighty thousand
men to invade Gallia; & being opposed seated themselfves upon
the Rhene f northern side of the Rhene over against Mentz
And in the year 358 a body of the Salian Fra
king
& seated in Gallia between Brabant & the Rhene. And their
King Mellobaudes was made
ror Gratian. And Richomer another noble
& A.C. 384 was Consul with Clearchus. He was a gre
of Theodosius, & accompanied him in his warrs against Eugenius,
but died in the expedition, & left a son called Theudemir, who
afterwards became king of the Salian Franks in Brabant.
In the time of this war some Franks from beyond the Rhene
invaded Gallia under the conduct of Genobald, Marcomir &
Suno, but were repulsed by Stilico, & Marcomir being slain
was succeeded in Germany by his son Pharamund.
While these nations remained quiet within the Em
pire subject to the Romans, many others continued beyond the
Danube till the death of the Emperor Theodosius, & then rose
up in arms. For Paulus Diaconus in his
Lib. XIV
peror, tells us: Eodem tempore erant Gothi et aliæ gentes maximæ trans Danubium habitantes: ex quibus rationabiliores quatuor sunt Gothi scilicet, Huisogothi, Gepides & Vandali, et nomen tantum et nihil aliud mutantes. Omnes autem fidei erant Arianæ malignitatis. Isti sub Arcadio et Honorio Danubium transeuntes locati sunt in terra Romanorum: et Gepides quidem (ex quibus postea divisa sunt Langobardi et Avares) villas quæ sunt circa Singidonum & Sirmium habitavere.
pius in the beginning of his
same purpose. Hitherto the western Empire continued entire
but now by new commotions it brake into ten kingdoms.
Theodosius died A.C. 395, & then the Visigoths under
the conduct of Alaric the successor of Fridigern, rose from
their seats in Thrace, & wasted Macedon, Thessaly, Achaia,
Peloponnesus & Epire with fire & sword five years together,
& then turning westward, invaded Dalmatia, Illyricum & Pan
nonia, & from thence went into Italy A.C. 402, & the next
year was
commander of the forces of the western Empire, that Clau
dian calls the remainder of the forces of Alaric tanta ex gente reliquias brevesGentem deletam
Alaric made peace with the Emperor, being so far humbled pro pace optima & quibuscun
by mutual hostages & Ætius was sent hostage to Alaric, &
therefore Alaric continued a free Prince in the seats now
granted to him.
When Alaric took up arms the nations beyond the
Danube began to be in motion, & the next winter (the winter
between A.C. 395 & A.C. 396) a great body of Hunns, Alans,
Ostrogoths, Gepides & other northern nations came over the
frozen Danube, being invited by Ruffin: & their brethren
also who had obteined seats within the Empire, took up arms.
Ierome calls all this great multitude Hunns, Alans, Vandals,
Goths, Sarmatans, Quades & Marcomans; & saith that they
invaded all places between Constantinople & the Iulian Alps,
wasting Scythia, Thrace, Macedon, Dardania, Dacia, Thessaly,
Achaia, Epire, Dalmatia, & all Pannonia. And the Suevians
also invaded Rhætia. For when Alaric ravaged Pannonia,
the Romans were defending Rhætia, ch
opportunity of invading Italy as Claudian thus mentions,
And when Alaric went from those parts into Italy, some
other barbarous nations invaded Noricum & Vindelicia, as the
same Poet Claudian thus mentions,
This was in the years 402 & 403. And among these nations
I reccon the Suevians Quades & Marcomans. For they were
all in arms at this time & the Quades & Marcomans were
Suevian nations, & they & the Suevians came originally from
Bohemia & the river Suevus or Sprahe in Lusatia, & were
now unified under one common king called Ermeric, who
soon after led them into Gallia. The Vandals & Alans
might also about this time extend themselves into Noric
Also Vldin with a great body of Hunns passed the Danube
about the time of Chrysostom's banishment, that is, A.C. 404,
& wasted Thrace & Mœsia. And Radagaisus king of the
Gruthunni & successor of Winithar, inviting over more
barbarians from beyond the Danube, invaded Italy with an
army of above two hundred thousand Goths, & the next
year (A.C. 405 or 406) was overcome by Stilico, & perished
with his army. In this war Stilico was assisted by a great
body of Hunns & Ostrogoths under the conduct of Vldin
& Sarus. They were hired by the Emperor Honorius. And
in all this confusion it was necessary for the Lombards in
Pannonia to arm themselves in their own defense & &
assert their liberty, the Romans being no longer able to
protect them.
And now Stilico purposing to make himself Emperor pro
cured a military Præfecture for Alaric, & sent him into the
east in service of Honorius the western Emperor, com
mitting some Roman troops to his conduct to strengthen his
army of Goths, & promising to follow soon after with his own
army. His pretense was to recover some regions of Illyricum
from them western: but his secret designe was to make him
self Emperor by the assistance of the Vandals & their allys.
For he himself was a Vandal. And for
he invited a great body of the barbarous nations to invade the
western Empire while he & Alaric invaded the eastern. And these
nations under their several kings, the Vandals under Godegisilus
the Alans in two bodies, the one under Goar the other under Re
splendial, & the Suevians Quades & Marcomans under Ermeric,
marched through Rhetia to the side of the Rhene, leaving their
seats in Pannonia to the Hunns & Ostrogoths, & joyned the
ans
& on the last day of December A.C. 406 passed the Rhene at
Mentz & diffused themselves into
regions, & amongst other actions the Vandals took Trevirs. Then
they advanced into Belgium & began to
upon the Salian Franks look up arms & under the conduct of
Theudemir the son of Ricimer or Richomer above mentioned made
so stout a resistance that they slew almost twenty thousand
of the Vandals with their king Godegisilus in battel, the rest
escaping only by a part of Resplendials Alans which came
timely to their assistance.
T
things, revolted & set up Tyrants there; first Marcus whom they
slew presently, then Gratian whom they slew within four
months, & lastly Constantine under whom they invaded Gallia
A.C. 408, being favoured by Goar & Gundicar. And Constan
tine having possessed a good part of Gallia, created his son
Constans Cæsar & sent him into Spain to order his affairs
there, A.C. 409.
In the mean time Resplendial seeing the aforesaid disaster
of the Vandals, & that Goar was gone over to the Romans, led his
army from the Rhene, & together with the Suevians & residue of
the Vandals went towards Spain, the Franks in the mean time
prosecuting their victory so far as to retake Trevirs, ch
they had plundered it, they left to the Romans. The barbarians
were at first stopt by the Pyrenean mountains, ch
diffuse themselves into Aquitain: but the next year they had the
passage betrayed to them by some soldiers of Constans, & entring
Spain 4 Kal. Octob. A.C. 409, every one Conquered what he
could, & at length (A.C. 411) they divided their conquests by lot,
& the Vandals obteined Bœtica & part of Gallæcia, the Suevians
the rest of Gallæcia & the Alans Lusitania & the Carthaginensian
Province, the Emperor for the sake of peace confirming them
in those seats by grant A.C. 413.
Also the Roman Franks above mentioned having made Theu
demir their king, began streight after their conquest of the
Vandals to invade their neighbours. The first they set upon
were the ✝
they desired their alliance. And so those Galls fell off from
the Romans, & made an intimate league with the Franks to be
as one people, marrying with one another & conforming to one
anothers manners till they became one without distinction. Thus
by the access of these Galls, & of the forreign Franks also who
afterwards came over the Rhene, the Salian kingdom soon grew
very great & powerfull.
Stilico's expedition against the Greek Emperor was stopt by the
order of Honorius, & then Alaric came out of Epire into Noricum, & requested a summ of money for his service. The Senate were inclined
to deny him, but by Stilico's mediation granted it. But after a while
Stilico being accused of a traiterous conspiracy with Alaric &
slain 10 Kal Sept. A.C. 408, & Alaric thereby disappointed of his
with his army which he brought out of Italy Epire, & sent to his brother
Adolphus to follow him with what other forces he had in Pannonia,
which were not great but yet not to be despised. Thereupon Honorius
fearing to be shut up in Rome, retired to Ravenna in October A.C. 408,
& from that time Ravenna continued to be the seat of the western
Emperors. In those days the Hunns also invaded Pannonia, & seizing the
deserted seats of the Vandals Alans & Goths, founded a new kingdom
there. And Alaric advancing to Rome beseiged it, & 9 Kal. Sept. A.C. 410,
took it: & afterwards attempting to pass into Afric was shipwrackt.
After which Honorius made peace with him, & got up an army to
send against the Tyrant Constantine.
At the same time Gerontius one of Constantines Captains, revolted
from him, & set up Maximus Emperor in Spain. Whereupon Constan
tine sent Edobec, another of his Captains to draw to his assistance, beside
the barbarians under Goar & Gundicar in Gallia, supplies of Franks &
Alemans
Narbonne to his son Constans. Gerontius advancing first slew Constans
at Vienna & then began to besiege Constantine at Arles. But Honorius
at the same time sending Constantius with an army on the same errand,
Gerontius fled, & Constantius continued the siege, being strengthened by
the access of the greatest part of the soldiers of Gerontius. After four
months seige, Edobec having procured succours, the barbarian kings at
Ments, Goar & Gundicar, constitute Iovinus Emperor, & together with
him set forward to relieve Arles. At their approach Constantius retired,
they pursued & he beat them by surprize; but not prosecuting his victory
the Barbarians soon recovered his victory themselves, yet not so as to
hinder the fall of the Tyrants Constantine Iovinus & Maximus. But
Britain could not be recovered to the Empire, but remained ever
after a distinct kingdom.
The next year (A.C. 412) the Visigoths being beaten in Italy, had
Aquitain granted them to retire into, & they invaded it with much violence,
causing the Alans & Burgundians to retreat who were then depopulating
it. At the same time the Burgundians were brought to peace, & the
Emperor granted them for inheritance a region upon the Rhene which
they had invaded. And the same I presume he did with the Alans. But
the Franks not long after retaking & burning Trevirs, Castinus A.C.
415, was sent against them with an army, & routed them & slew
Theudemir their king. This was the second taking of Trevirs by
the Franks. And Merovæus about the year 448 took it again &
destroyed it. It was therefore taken four times, once by the Vandals
& thrice by the Franks. Theudemir was succeeded by Pharamund
a Prince of the Salian Franks in Germany. From thence he brought new
forces, reigned over the whole & had seats granted to his people within
the Rhene Empire neare the Rhene.
And now the Barbarians were all quieted & setled in several
kingdoms within the Empire, not only by conquest but also by the
grants of the Emperor Honorius. For Rutilius in his Itinerary written
in Autumn Anno Vrbis 1169, that is (according to Varro's computation)
then in use) A.C. 416, thus laments the wasted fields
And Orosius in the end of his History ch
sents now a general pacification of the barbarous nations by the
words comprimere, coangustare, addicere gentes immanissimas,
terming them imperio addictas
Empire by league & compact, & coangustatas
longer invade all regions at pleasure, but by the same compact
remained quiet within the seats granted them.
Now by the wars above described, the western Empire was
broken into the following kingdoms
1 The kingdom of the Vandals & Alans in Spain & Afric.
2 The kingdom of the Suevians.
3 The kingdoms of the Visigoths.
4 The kingdom of the Alans in Gallia
5 The kingdom of the Burgundians
6 The kingdom of the Franks.
7 The kingdom of the Britains.
8 The kingdom of the Hunns.
9 The kingdom of the Lombards.
10 The kingdom of Ravenna.
Eight 1 Honorio regnate, in Pannoniam 2 Hunni, in Hispaniam 3 Vandali, 4 Alani 5 Suevi et 6 Gothi, in Galliam 4 Alani 7 Burgundiones & 6Gothi certis sedibus permissis accepti.
revolted
into the Empire with the Gepides. But let us view them severally.
1. The kings of the Vandals were A.C. 406 Godegisilus, 407 Gun
deric, 426 Geiseric, 477 Huneric, 484 Gundemund, 496 Thrasamund,
523 Geiseric, 530 Gelimer. Godegisilus led them into Gallia A.C.
406, Gunderic into Spain A.C. 409, Geiseric into Afric A.C. 427, &
Gelimer was conquered by Belisarius A.C. 533. Their kingdom stood
in Gallia Spain & Afric together 126 years, & in Afric they were
very potent. The Alans had only two kings ✝had only
And Ataces was slain with almost all his army by Vallia king of the
Visigoths A.C. 419. And then the remainder of these Alans subjected
themselves to Gunderic king of the Vandals in Bœtica, & went after
wards with them into Afric as I learn out of Procopius. And thence
the kings of the Vandals stiled themselves kings of the Vandals &
Alans, as may be seen in the history
in his history of the Vandalic persecution. In conjunction with the
Catthi these Alans gave the name of Cathalaunia (or Catth-Alania)
to the Province ch
among them, & therefore the Alans
the Alans left it. There they became subject to the Hunns
till the death of Attila A.C. 454, & at length were conquered
by the Ostrogoths.
2 The kings of the Suevians were A.C. 406 Ermeric, 438
Rechila, 448 Rechiarius, 458 Maldra, 460 Frumarius, 463 Re
mismundus. And after some other kings whose names are unknown,
reigned A.C. 558 Theodemir, 568 Miro, 582 E
deca. This kingdom after it had been once seated in Spain remained always
in Gallæcia & Lusitania. Ermeric after the fall of the Alan
kingdom, enlarged it into all Gallicia forcing the Vandall
retire into Bœtica & the Carthaginensian Province. This king
dom lasted 177 years according to Isidorus, & then was subdued by
Leovigildus king of the Visigoths & made a Province of his
kingdom A.C. 585.
3. The kings of the Visigoths were A.C. 400 Athaulphus
Alaric, 410 Athaulphus, 415 Sergeric & Vallia, 419 Theoderic
451 Thorismund, 452 Theoderic, 465 Euric, 482 Alaric,
505 Gensalaric, 526 Amalaric, 531 Theudius, 548 Theudis
clus &c. I date this kingdom from the time that Alaric
left Thrace & Greece to invade the western Empire.
In the end of the reign of Athaulphus the Goths were
humbled by the Romans, & attempted to pass out of France into
Spain. Sergeric reigned but a few days. In the beginning of Vallias
reign they assaulted the Romans afresh, but were again repulsed
& then made peace on this condition that they should on the be
half of the Empire invade the barbarian kingdoms
And this they did together with the Romans in the years 417 &
418 overthrowing the Alans & part of the Vandals. And then they
received Aquitain of the Emperor by a full donation, leaving
their conquests in Spain to the Emperor. And thereby the seats
of the conquered Alans came into the hands of the Romans.
In the year 455 Theoderic (assisted by the Burgundians) in
vaded Spain, ch
& took a part of it from them. A.C. 506 the Goths were
driven out of Gallia by the Franks. A.C. 585 they conquered
the Suevian kingdom & became Lords of all Spain. A.C. 713 the
Saracens invaded them, but in time they recovered their do
minions & have reigned in Spain ever since.
4. The kings of the Alans in Gallia were Goar, Sambida,
Eocharic, Sangibanus, Beurgus, &c. Vnder Goar they invaded Gallia
A.C. 407, & had seats given them neare the Rhene A.C. 412. Vnder
Sambida (whom Bucher puts the successor if not the son of Goar)
they had the territories of Valence given them by Ætius the
region of the rebelling Galli Arborici given them by Ætius. This
region was from them named Alenconium (
conventus). Vnder Sangibanus they were invaded & their regal
city Orleans beseiged by Attila king of the Hunns with a vast
army of 500000. And Ætius & the barbarian kings of Gallia
came to raise the siege & beat the Hunns in a very memorable
battel A.C. 451
mixt with the Chatti. The region is now contractly called Cam
pain. In that battel were slain on both sides 162000. A year or
two after, Attila returned with an immense army to conquer this
kingdom, but was again beaten by them & the Visigoths together
in a battel of three days together continuance, with a slaughter
almost as great as the former. Vnder Beurgus or Biorgor they
infested Gallia round about till the reign of Maximus the Emperor,
& then they past the Alps in winter & came into Liguria but were
there beaten & Beurgus slain by Ricimer commander of the Empe
rors forces A.C. 464. Afterwards they were again beaten by the
joynt force of Odoacer king of Italy & Childeric king of the
Francks about the year 480, & again by Theudebert king of the
Austrian Francks about the year 511.
5. The kings of the Burgundians were A.C. 407 Gundicar
436 Gundioc, 467 Bilimer, 473 Gundobaldus with his brothers, 510
Sigismund, 517 Godomarus. Vnder Gundicar they invaded Gallia A.
C. 407, & had seats given them by the Emperor neare the Rhene in
Gallia Belgica A.C. 412. They had Saxons among them, & were now
so potent that Orosius A.C. 417 wrote of them: Burgundionum esse prævalidam et perniciosam manum, Galliæ hodie.
they received great overthrows by Ætius, & soon after by the
Hunns, but five years after had Savoy granted them to be shared
with the inhabitants, & from that time became again a potent
kingdom, being bounded by the river Rhodanus, but afterwards
extending much further into the heart of Gallia. Gundobald
conquered the regions about the rivers Araris & Rhodanus with
the territories of Marseille, & invaded Italy in the times of the
Emperor Glycerius, & conquered all his bretheren. Godomarus
made Orleans his royal seat. Whence the kingdom was called regnum Aurelianorum
Childebert kings of the Franks A.C. 526. And from thence
forward this kingdom was sometimes united to the kingdom of
the Franks & sometimes divided from it till the reign of Charles
the great who made his son Carolottus king of Burgundy; from
which time for above 300 years together, it enjoyed its proper
kings, & was then broken into the Dukedom of Burgundy &
County of Burgundy & County of Savoy; & afterwards those
were broken into other lesser Counties.
6. The kings of the Franks were A.C. 407 Theudemir,
417 Pharamund, 428 Clodio, 448 Merovæus, 456 Childeric,
482 Clodovæus, &c. Windeline & Bucher, two of the most
diligent searchers into the originals of this kingdom, make it
begin the same year with the Barbarian invasions of Gallia, that
is, A.C. 407. Of the first kings there is in Labbee's
M.S.
Regum Franciæ
Reguli extiterunt a principio gentis Francorum diversis tem
poribus. Sed incertum relinquunt historici quali sibi procreati
onis linea successerunt.
Primores eorum tulerunt Wisogastus, Atrogastus, Salegastus.
Camaracum cœpit & obtinuit, annis 20 regnavit. Sub hoc rege
succendunt, us
Now for Genobaldus Marcomer & Suno, they were captains
of the transrhenane Franks in the reign of Theodosius & concern
us not. We are to begin with Theudemer the first king of the
rebelling Salij, called Didio by Ivo Carnotensis, & Thiedo & Theu
demerus by Rhenanus. His face is extant in a coin of gold found
with this inscription
or lately extant as Windeline testifies: which shews that he was a
king, & that in Gallia seeing rude Germany understood not then
the coining of money, nor used either Latin words or letters. He
was the son of Richemer or Richomer the favorite of the Emperor
Theodosius, & so being a Roman Franck & of the Salian royal blood,
they therefore upon the rebellion made him king. The whole time
of his reign you have stated in
Fredigario, cap. 5, 6, 7, 8,
of Iovinus, the slaughter of the associates of Iovinus, the second
taking of Trevirs by the Franks, & their war with Castinus in
which this king was slain, are as a series of successive things
thus set down in order. Extinctis ducibus in Francis denuo Reges creantur ex eædem stirpe quo prius fuerant. Eodem tempore Iovinus ornatus regios assumpsit. Constantinus fugam versus Galliam Italiam dirigit: missis a Iovino Principe percussoribus super Mentio flumine capite truncatur. Multi nobilium jusse Iovini apud Avernis capti, & a ducibus Honorij crudeliter interempti sunt. Trevirorum civitas factione unius ex senatoribus, nomine Lucij, a Francis capta et incensa est. – Castinus Domesticorum Comes expeditionem accipit contra Francos &c.
speak of Theudemer he adds: Franci electum a se regem Sicut prius fuerat crinitum inquirentes diligenter ex genere. Priami Frigi et Francionis super se crearunt, nomine Theudemerum, filium Richimeris, qui in hoc prælio quod supra memini, a Romanis interfectus est
army. Of his death Gregory Turonensis makes this further men
tion. In consularibus legimus Theodemerem regem Francorum filium Ricimeris quondam et Ascilam matrem ejus, gladio interfectos.
Vpp Vpon this victory of the Romans the Franks & rebelling
Galls, who in the time of Theudemer were in war with one another,
united to strengthen themselves, as Ordericus Vitalis thus mentions:Cum Galli prius contra Romanos rebellassent, Franci ijs sociati sunt, et pariter juncti Ferramundum Sunonis Ducis filium sibi regem præfecerunt.Anno 25 Honorij, Pharamundus regnat in Francia.
referrs to the end of the year 416 or the beginning of the next
year, dating the years of Honorius from the death of Valentinian
& argues well that at this time Pharamund was not only king by
constitution of the Franks but crowned also by the consent of
Honorius, & had a part of Gallia assigned to him by covenant. And
this I suppose might be the cause that Roman writers recconed
him the first king. Which some not understanding have reputed him
the founder of this kingdom by an army of the transrhenane Franks.
And he might come with such an army, but he succeeded Theudemer
by right of blood & consent of the people. For the above cited passage
of Fredegarius, Extinctis ducibus, in Francis denuo Reges creantur ex eadem stirpe quæ prius
the new elected family during the reign of more kings then one. If
you date the years of Honorius from the death of his father, the reign
of Pharamund might begin two years later then is assigned by Bucher.
The Salique laws made in his reign ch
their name that it was the kingdom of the Salij over which he
reigned, & by the pecuniary mulcts in them that the place where
he reigned abounded very much with money, & consequently was
within the Empire, rude Germany not knowing the use of money
Laws (written & prefixed to them soon after the conversion of the Franks
to the Christian religion, that is, in the end of the reign of Merovæus
or soon after,) the original of this kingdom is thus described. Hæc enim gens quæ fortis dum esset et robore valida Romanorum jugum durissimum de suis cervicibus excussit pugnando &c
therefore was erected not by invasion but by rebellion as was described
above. Prosper in regestring their kings in order tells us, Pharamundus regnat in Francia; Clodio regnat in Francia; Merovæus regnat in Francia
one & the same Francia? & yet it's certain that the Francia of Me
rovæus was in Gallia.
Yet the father of Pharamund being king of a body of Franks
in Germany in the reign of the Emperor Theodosius, as above, Pharamund
might reign over the same Franks in Germany before he succeeded Theu
demer in the kingdom of the Salians within the Empire, & even before
Theudemer began his reign; suppose in the first year of Honorius
when those Franks being repulsed by Stilico lost their kings Marcomir
& Suno, one of which was the father of Pharamund. And the Roman
Franks after the death of Theudemir, might invite Pharamund
with his people from beyond the Rhene. But we are not here to
regard the reign of Pharamund in Germany. We are to date this
kingdom from its rise in Germany within the Empire, & to look upon
it as only strengthened by the access of other Franks coming from
beyond the Rhene whether in the reign of this king of in that of
his successor Clodio. For in the last year of Pharamund's reign Ætius
took from him a part of his possession in Gallia: but his successor
Clodio (whom Fredagarius represents the son of Theudemer, & some
call Clogio, Cloio & Claudius) inviting from beyond the Rhene a
great body of Franks, recovered all, & carried on their conquests as
far as the river Some. And then those Franks dividing conquests th
him, erected certain new kingdoms at Colen & Cambray & some other
cities: all which were afterwards conquered by Clodovæus who also
drave the Goths out of Gallia, & placed his seat at Paris where it
has continued ever since. And this was the originall of the present
kingdom of France.
7. The kings of Britain were A.C. 407
Constantine successively. A.C. 425 Vortigern, 466 Aurelius Ambro
sius, 498 Vther Pendraco, 508 Arthur, 542 Constantinus, 545 Au
relius Cunanus, 578 Vortiporeus, 581 Malgo, 586 Careticus, 613
Cadwan, 635 Calwalin, 676 Cadwalader. The three first were
Tyrants who revolted from the Empire. Orosius Prosper & Zosimus
connect their revolt with the irruptions of the barbarians into Gallia
as consequent thereunto. And Prosper (with whom Zosimus agrees)
puts
just time
& Constantine three years. He was slain the year after the sacking of
Rome, that is A.C. 411; 14 Cal. Octob. Whence the revolt was in Spring
A.C. 408. Sozomen joins Constantines expedition into Gallia with
Arcadius's death or the times a little after, & Arcadius died A.C.
408 May the 1st. Now tho the reign of these Tyrants was but
short yet they gave a beginning to the kingdom of Britain, & so
may be recconed the three first kings, especially since the posterity
of Constantine (vizt his sons Aurelius Ambrosius & Vther Pendraco
& grandson Arthur) reigned afterwards. For from the time of the
revolt of these Tyrants Britain continued continued in a distinct king
dom absolved from subjection to the Empire, the Emperor not being
able to spare soldiers to be sent thither to recover & keep the
Island, & therefore neglecting it; as we learn by unquestionable
records. For Prosper tells us, A.C. 410
præ
valetudine Romanorum vires funditus attenuatæ Britannorum
vires attenuatæ, & substrahunt se a dominatione Romanorum domi
natione.
all nations places, reduc't the inhabitants of the island of Britain &
also certain Celtic nations to that pass that they fell off from the
Roman Empire, & being no longer obedient to the Roman laws they lived in separate bodies after their own pleasure. Therefore the Britains taking up arms, & hazzarding themselves for their own safety, they freed their cities from the imminent Barbarians. In like manner all . So also Procopius (
speaking of the same Constantine saith Constantine being overcome in battel was slain with his children:
ἀνασώσασθαι ὀυκέτι ἔχον ἀλλ᾽ ὀυσα ὐπὸ τυραννος ἀπ᾽ ἀυτοῦ ἔμενεYet the Romans could not recover Britain any more, but from that time it remained under Tyrants. And Beda Fracta est Roma a Gothis anno 1164 suæ conditionis ex quo tempore Romani in Britannia regnare cessaverunt.A tempore Romæ a Gothis expugnatæ, cessavit imperium Romanorum a Britannia
insula, et ab alijs quas sub jugo servitutis tenebant multis terris.
And Theodoret (
reccons the Britains among the nations which were not then in
subjection to the Romans Empire. And so Sigonius Imperium Romanorum post excessum Constantini in Brittania nullum fuit.
Between the death of Constantine & reign of Vortigern
was an interregnum of about 14 years, in which the Britains
had warrs with the Picts & Scots, & twice obteined the assistance
of a Roman Legion, ch
positively at their departure that they would come no more. Of
Vorg
Chronicle in Nennius quoted by Cambden & others.
tenuit imperium in Britannia Theodosio et Valentiniano Coss.
[vizt A.C. 425] & in quarto anno regni sui Saxones ad Britanni
am venerunt Fælice & Tauro Coss [vizt A.C. 428.]
of the Saxons Sigebert referrs to the 4th year of Valentinian,
which falls in with the year 428 assigned by this Chronicle:
& two years after, the Saxons together with the Picts were beaten
by the Britains.
that is, between the years 450 & 456, the Saxons under Hengist
were called in by the Britains, but six years after revolted from
them, & made war upon them with various success, & by degrees
succeeded them. Yet the Britains continued in a flourishing condition Kingdom till the reign of Careticus, & the war between
the two nations
8. The kings of the Hunns were A.C. 406 Octar & Rugila,
433 Bleda & Attila. Octar & Rugila were the brothers of Munzuc
king of the Hunns in Gothia beyond the Danube, & Bleda & Attila
were his sons & Munzuc was the son of Balamir. The two first
Iornandes tells us were kings of the Hunns but not of them all,
& had the two last for their successors. I date the reign of the
Hunns in Pannonia from the time that the Vandals & Alans re
linquished Pannonia to them A.C. 406: Sigonius from the time that
the Ostrto them A.C. 408. Constat
he, quod Gothis ex Illyrico profectis, Hunni succ esserunt, at.
Ætius was hostage to the Goths & Hunns is related by Frigeridus who
when he had mentioned that Theodosius Emperor of the East had sent
grievous commands to Iohn who after the death of Honorius had
usurped the Iis permotus Iohannes Ætium id temÆtius tribus annis Alarici obses, dehinc Chunnorum, posthæc Carpilionis gener ex Comite domesticorum etet Iohannis Cura palatij.
to Alaric till the year 410 when Alaric died, & to the Hunns
between the years 411 & 415, & son in law to Carpilio about
the year 417 or 418, & Curopalates to Iohn about the end of
the year 423. Whence its probable that he became hostage to
the Hunns about the year 412 or 413 when Honorius made
leagues with almost all the barbarous nations & granted them
seats. But I had rather say with Sigonius that Ætius became
hostage to Alaric A.C. 403. Its further manifest out of Prosper
that the Hunns were in quiet possession of Pannonia in the
year 432. For in the first Book of Eusebius's Chronicle Prosper
writes: Anno decimo post obitum Honorij cum ad Chunnorum gentem cui tunc Rugúla præerat, post prœlium cum Bonifacio se Ætius contulisset, impetrato auxilio ad Romanorum solúm regreditur.Ætio & Valerio Coss: Ætius deposita potestate profugus ad Hunnos in Pannonia m pervenit, quorum auxilio amicitia auxilio.app appears that at
this time Rugila (or, as Maximus calls him, Rechilla) reigned
over the Hunns in Pannonia; & that Pannonia was not now
so much as accounted within the soile of the Empire, being
formerly granted away to the Hunns, & that these were the
very same Hunns with which Ætius had, in the time of his
being an hostage, contracted friendship: by vertue of which
as he sollicited them before to the aid of Iohn the Tyrant
A.C. 424, so now he procured their intercession for him
self with the Emperor. Octar died A.C. 430, for Socrates
tells us that about that time the Burgundians having been
newly vext by the Hunns, upon intelligence of Octar's death,
seing them without a leader, set upon them suddenly with
so much success that 3000 Burgundians slew 10000 Hunns.
Of Rugila's being now king in Pannonia you have heard al
ready. He died A.C. 433, & was succeeded by Bleda, as Prosper
& Maximus inform us. This Bleda with his brother Attila
were before this time kings of the Hunns beyond the Da
nube, their father Munzuc's kingdom being divided between them, & now they united the kingdom of Pannonia to their own.
When Paulus Diaconus saith they did Regnum intra Pannoniam Daciam
to invade the Empire a fresh, adding to the Pannonian forces
new & great armies from Scythia. But this war was pre
sently composed. And then Attila seeing Bleda inclined to
peace slew him A.C. 444, inherited his dominions, & invaded
the Empire afresh. At length after various great warrs with
the Romans, Attila perished A.C. 454, & his sons quarrelling
about his dominions gave occasion to the Gepides, Ostrogoths,
& other nations who were their subjects, to rebell & make
war upon them. And the same year the Ostrogoths had
seats granted to them in Pannonia by the Emperors Marcian
& Valentinian, & with the Romans ejected the Hunns out
of Pannonia soon after the death of Attila, as all historians
agree. This ejection was in the reign of Avitus as is mentioned
in the ch
thus of that Emperor
The Poet means that
easily to the Goths. This was written by Sidonius in the beginning
of the reign of Avitus. And his reign began in the end of the
year 455, & lasted not one full year.
Iornandes tells us: Duodecimo anno regni Waliæ post pene quinquagintaHierio et Ardaburio Coss. Pannoniæ quæ per quinquaginta annos ab Hunnis retinebantur, a Romanis receptæ sunt.
it should seem that the Hunns invaded & held Pannonia from the year
378 or 379 to the year 427, & then were driven out of it. But this
is a plane mistake. For it is certain that the Emperor Theodosius
left the Empire entire. And we have shewed out of Prosper that
the Hunns were in quiet possession of Pannonia in the year 432.
The Visigoths in those days had nothing to do with Pannonia, & the
Ostrogoths continued subject to the Hunns till the death of Attalus
A.C. 454, & Wallia king of the Visigoths did not reign twelve years.
He began his reign in the end of the year 415, reigned three years
& was slain A.C. 419, as Idacius, Isidorus & the Spanish manuscript
Chronicles seem by Grotius, testify. And Olympiodorus, who produces
his history only to the year 425, sets down therein the death of Valia
king of the Visigoths, & conjoyns it with that of Constantius which
happened A.C. 420. Wherefore the Valia of Iornandes who reigned
at least twelve years, is some other king. And I suspect that this
name has been put by mistake for Valamir king of the Ostrogoths.
For the action recorded was of the Romans & Ostrogoths driving
the Hunns out of Pannonia after the death of Attila. And it is
not likely that the historian would not referr the history of the Ostro
goths to the years of the Visigothic kings. This action happened in
the end of the year 455, which I take to be the twelft year of Vala
mir in Pannonia, and which was almost fifty years after the year
406 in ch
Vpon the ceasing of the line of Hunnimund the son of Herma
neric, the Ostrogoths lived without kings of their own nation
about 40 years together, being subject to the Hunns. And when
Alaric began to make war upon the Romans, which was in the
year 444, he made Valamir with his brothers Theodemir &
Videmer the grandsons of Vinithar, captains or Kings of these
Ostrogoths under him. And in the twelft year of Valamir's reign
dated from thence the Hunns were driven out of Pannonia.
Yet the Hunns were not so ejected but that they had
further contests with the Romans will the head of Denfix the
son of Attila, A.C. 468 (in the Consulship of Zeno & Marcian
as Marcelline relates) was carried to Constantinople. Nor were
they yet totaly ejected the Empire. For besides their reliques
in Pannonia, Sigonius tells us that when the Emperors Marcian
& Valentinian granted Pannonia to the Goths (ch
year 454) they granted some part of Illyricum to some of the
Hunns & Sarmatans. And in the year 526, when the Lombards
removing into Pannonia made war there upon the Gepides, the
Avares (a part of the Hunns who had now taken the name of
Avares from one of their kings) assisted the Lombards in that
war, & the Lombards afterwards, when they went into Italy,
left their seats in Pannonia to the Avares in recompence of
their friendship. And from that time the Hunns grew again
very powerfull, their kings (whom they called Chagan) troubling
the Empire very much in the reigns of the Emperors Mauritius,
Phocas & Heraclius. And this is the original of the present
kingdom of Hungary, which from these Avares & other Hunns
mixed together took the name of Hun-Avaria, & by contraction
Hungary.
9. The Lombards before they came over the Danube were
commanded by two Captains Ibor & Aj
they had Kings, Agilmundus, Lamisso, Lechu, Hildehoc, Gudehoc,
Claffo, Tato, Wacho, Walter, Audoin, Alboin, Cleophis, &c.
Agilmundus was the son of Aj
to Prosper) in the Consulship of Honorius & Theodosius A.C. 389,
slain in battel by the Bulgars. Prosper places his death in the
Consulship of Marinianus & Asclepiadorus A.C. 423. Lamisso
routed the Bulgars & reigned three years & Lechu almost
forty. Gudehoc was contemporary to Odoacer king of the He
ruli in Italy & led his people from Pannonia into Rugia a
country on the north side of Noricum next beyond the Danube,
from whence Odoacer then carried his people into Italy. Tato
overthrew the kingdom of the Heruli beyond the Danube &
Wacho conquered the Suevians a kingdom then bounded
on the east by Bavaria, on the west by France & on the
south by the Burgundians. Audoin returned into Pannonia
A.C. 526, & there overcame the Gepides. Alboin A.C. 551
overthrew the kingdom of the Gepides & slew their king
Chunnimundus, & A.C. 563 assisted the Greek Emperor
against Totila king of the Ostrogoths in Italy, & A.C. 568
led his people out of Pannonia into Lombardy where they
reigned till the year 774.
According to Paulus Diaconus the Lombards with many
other Gothic nations came into the Empire from beyond the
Danube in the reign of Honorius & Arcadius, that is between
the years 395 & 408. But they might come in a little earlier.
For we are told that the Lombards under their captains Ibor
& Ayon beat the Vandals in battel, & Prosper places this vic
tory in the Consulship of Ausonius & A
Before this war the Vandals had remained quiet forty years
in their seats granted to them in Pannonia by Constantine the
great. And therefore if these were the same Vandals, this war
was in Pannonia & might be occasioned by the coming of the
Lombards over the Danube into Pannonia a year or two before
the battel, & put an end to that quiet ch
And after Gratian & Theodosius had quieted the barbarians, they
might either retire over the Danube or continue quiet under the
Romans till after the death of Theodosius, & then either invade
the Empire anew of throw off all subjection to it. By their
warrs first with the Vandals & then with the Bulgars, a Scythian
nation so called from the river Volga from whence they came;
it appears that
10 These ten
consider the residue of the western Empire. While this Empire stood continued entire it was the Beast himself: but the residue
thereof is but a part of him. And if this part be considered as a
horn, the reign of this horn may be dated from the translation
of the Imperial seat from Rome to Ravenna, ch
A.C. 408. For then the Emperor Honorius fearing that Alaric
would beseige him in Rome if he staid there, retired to Millain
& thence to Ravenna: & the ensuing siege & sacking of Rome
confirmed his residence there, so that he & his successors
ever after made it their home. And accordingly Machiavel
in his Florentine history writes that Valentinian having left
Rome translated the seat of the Empire to Ravenna.
Rhætia belonged to the western Emperors so long as that
Empire stood, & then it descended with Italy & the Roman Senate
to Odoacer king of the Heruli in Italy, & after him to Theo
deric king of the Ostrogoths & his successors by the grant of the
Greek Emperors. Vpon the death of Valentinian the second, the
Alemans & Suevians invaded Rhætia A.C. 455. But I do not
find that they erected any standing kingdom there. For in the
year 457, while they were yet depopulating Rhætia, they
were attaqued & beaten by Burto the Master of the horse to the
Emperor Majoranus, & I hear nothing more of their invading
Rhætia. Clodovæus king of France in or about the year
496 conquered a kingdom of the Alemans & Suevians & slew
& only bordered upon Rhætia. For its people fled from Clodovœus
into the neighbouring kingdom of the Ostrogoths under Theoderic.
And Theoderic received them as friends, & wrote a friendly Letter
to Clodovæus in their behalf. And by this means they became in
habitants of Rhætia as subjects under the dominion of the
Ostrogoths.
When the Greek Emperor conquered the Ostrogoths he
succeeded them in the kingdom of Ravenna not only by right
of conquest but also by right of inheritance, the Roman
Senate still going along with this kingdome. And therefore we
may reccon that this kingdome continued in the Exarchate of
Ravenna & Senate of Rome. For the Remainder of the
Western Empire went along with the Senate of Rome, by reason
of the right which this Senate still retained & at length exercised of chusing a new western Emperor.
I have now enumerated the kingdoms into which the
Western Empire became divided at its first breaking. Some of
these at length fell & new ones arose: but whatever was
their number afterwards; they are still called the ten kings
from their first number.
Now Daniel considered the horn & behold there came up among them another little horn before whom three of the first horns were pluckt up by the roots, & behold in this horn were eyes & a mouth like the eyes of a man & a mouth speaking great things, & its look was more stout then its fellows, & it made war with the saints & prevailed against them. And one that
stood by & made Daniel know the interpretation of these things told
him that the ten horns were ten king s doms that should arise & another [king] should arise after them & be divers from the first [ten
kings] & subdue three kings, & speak great words against the most High, & wear out the saints, & think to change times & laws, & that they should be given into his hands for a time times & half a time. Kings are put for kingdoms as above, & therefore the
little horn is a little kingdom. It was a horn of the first Be
fourth Beast & rooted up three of the first horns, & therefore
we are to look for it among the nations of the Latine Empire
after the rise of the ten horns. But it was a kingdom of a different
kind from the other ten kingdoms, having a life or soul peculiar
to it self with eyes & a mouth. But its eyes it was a seer, & by
its mouth speaking great things & changing times & laws it was
a Prophet as well as a King. And such a Seer a Prophet & a King
was the Church of Rome.
A Seer, le
word; & this Church claims the universal Bishopric.
With his mouth he gives laws to kings & nations as an Oracle
& pretends to infallibility, & that his dictates are binding to the
whole world; which is to be a Prophet in the highest degree.
In the eit
chate of Ravenna, the kingdom of the Lombards, & the
Senate & Dukedome of Rome, he acquired Peters Patrimony
out of their Dominions, & thereby rose up as a temporal Prince
or king or horn of the fourth Beast.
In a small book printed at Paris A.C. 1689 & entituled: An historical Dissertation upon some coins of Charles the great
Ludovicus Pius, Lotharius, & their successors stamped at Rome:
it is recorded, that in the days of Pope Leo X, there was remain
ing in the Vatican, & till those days exposed to public view,
an Inscription in honour of Pipin the father of Charles the
great, in these words: Pipinum pium primum fuisse qui amplificandæ Ecclesiæ Romanæ viam apperuerit, Exarchatu Ravennate, & plurimis alijs oblatis
was the first who opened a way to the grandeur of the
Church of Rome, conferring upon her the Exarchate of
Ravenna & many other oblations. In & before the reign of
the Emperors Gratian & Theodosius the Bishop of Rome lived
splendidly, but this was by the oblations of the Roman Ladies
as Ammianus describes. After those reigns Italy was invaded
by forreign nations, & did not get rid of her troubles before the
fall of the kingdom of Lombardy. it was certainly by the victorys
of the Sea of Rome over the Greek Emperor the sea of Rome
King of Lombardy & the Senate of Rome that she acquired Peters
patrimony, & rose up to her greatness. The Donation of Constantine being given to the
Pope by Aripert king of the Lombards. For the Alpes Cottiæ
were a part of the Exarchate, & in the days of Aripert belonged
to the Greek Emperor.
The invocation of the dead & veneration of their Images being
gradually introduced in the 4th, 5th, &t, & 7th Centuries, the
Greek Emperor Philippicus declared against the latter A.C.
711 or 712. And the Emperor Leo Isaurus to put a stop to it
called a meeting of Couns
A.C. 726,
worship, & wrote to Pope Gregory the second that a general
Council might by called. But the Pope thereupon called a
Council at Rome, confirmed the worship of Images, excom
municated the Greek Emperor, absolved the people from
their allegiance, & forbad them to pay tribute or otherwise
to be obedient to him. And the people of Rome, Campania,
Ravenna & Pentapolis, with the cities under them, revolted
& laid violent hands upon their Magistrates killing the
Exarch Paul at Ravenna, & laying aside Peter Duke of
Rome who was become blind. And when Exhileratus Duke
of Campania incited the people against the Pope, the
Romans invaded Campania & slew him with his son Ha
drian. Then a new Exarch Eutychius coming to Naples,
sent some secretly to take away the lives of the Pope &
the Nobles of Rome: but the Plot being discovered, the
Romans revolted absolutely from the Greek Emperor &
took an oath to preserve the life of the Pope, & to defend
their state
Thus Rome with its Dutchy including part of Tuscia &
part of Campania revolted in the year 726, & became
a free state under the government of the Senate of this
city, & the authority of the Senate in civil affairs was
henceforward absolute, the authority of the Pope extend
ing hitherto no farther then to the affairs of the Church.
worship of Images, & pretending to favour the cause of the Pope,
invaded the cities of the Exarchate: & at length (At A.C. 4
they took Ravenna & put an end to the Exarchate. And this was
the first of the three kingdoms which fell before the little Horn.
& useless king of France, & the last of the race of Merovæus, &
absolving his subjects from their oath of allegiance, gave the
kingdom to Pipin the Maior of the Palace, & thereby made a
new & potent friend.
better how to deal with the Greek Emperor then with the Lombards,
went the next year to the king of the Lombards to persuade
him to return the Exarchate to the Emperor. But this not
succeeding, he went into France & persuaded Pipin to take
the Exarchate & Pentapolis from the Lombards & give it to t
into Italy, & made Aistulphus king of the Lombards promise
the surrender. But the next year Aistulphus on the contrary,
to revenge himself on the Pope, beseiged the city of Rome.
Whereupon the Pope sent Letters to Pipin, wherein he told him
that if he came not speedily against the Lombards, pro data ,
sibi potentiam alienandum fore a regno Dei et vita æterna
he should be excommunicated. Pipin therefore fearing a revolt
of his new subjects, & being indebted to the Church of Rome, came
speedily with an army into Italy, raised the seige, beseiged the
Lombards in Papia & forced them to surrender the Exarchate &
the Pope became Lord of Ravenna & the Exarchate, some
few cities excepted; & the Keys were sents to Rome, & laid
upon the Confession of
Altar, in signum veri perpetui, as the inscription of a coin of Pipin hath it. This was in
tuita
the year of Christ 755. And henceforward the Popes being tem
poral Princes left off in their Epistles & Bulls to note the years
of the Greek Emperors as they had hitherto done.
Adrian sent to Charles the great the son & successor of Pipin to
come to his assistance. And accordingly Charles entred Italy with
an army, invaded the Lombards, overthrew their kingdom, became
master of their countries, & restored to the Pope, not only what they
had taken from him, but also the rest of the Exarchate ch
had promised Pipin to surrender to him but had hitherto surrendered
detained, & also gave him some cities of the Lombards, & was mutually
made
the elections of the Popes conferred upon him. These things were
done in the year 773 & 774. And this was the second kingdom
which fell before the little horn. But Rome ch
the seat of his kingdom, was not yet his own.
election to Charles the great by his Legates, sending
present, the golden keys of the Confession of Peter, & the Banner
of the city of Rome: the first as an acknowledg
Popes holding the cities of the exarchate & Lombards by the
grant of Charles; the other as a signification that Charles
should come & subdue the Senate & people of Rome, as he
had done the Exarchate & the kingdome of the Lombards.
For the Pope at the same time desired Charles to send some of
his Princes to Rome who might subject the Roman people to
him & bind them by oath in fide & subjectione, in fealty &
subjection, as his words are recited by Sigonius. An anonymous
Poet published by Boeclerus at Strasburgh, expresses it thus.
Hence arose a misunderstanding between the Pope & the
city. And the Romans about two or three years after, by assistance
of some of the Clergy, raised so great tumults against him
as gave occasion to a new state of things in all the west.
For two of the Clergy accused him of certain crimes, & by
an armed force of the Romans seized him stript him of his
sacerdotal habit & imprisoned him in a Monastery. But by
assistance of his friends he made his escape & fled into Ger
many to Charles the great, & complained of the Romans for
acting against him out of a designe of throwing off all autho
rity of the Church & recovering their ancient freedome.
And in his absence his accusers with an armed force ravaged
the possessions
the end of the year Charles sent the Pope back to Rome with
a large retinue. And the Nobles & Bishops of France who
accompanied him examined the chief of his accusers at
Rome & sent them into France in custody. This was in the
year 799. And the next year Charles himself went to
Rome, & upon a day appointed presided in a Council of
Italian & French Bishops to hear both parties. But when
the Popes adversaries expected to be heard, the Council
declared
thereupon the Pope made a solemn declaration of his
innocence before all the people, & by doing so was looked
upon as acquitted.
A few days after when Christmas day was arrived, the
people of Rome who had hitherto elected their Bishop &
recconed that they & their Senate inherited the rights of the
ancient Senate & people of Rome, voted Charles their Emperor
& subjected themselves unto him in such manner as the old
Roman Empire & their Senate were subject to the old Ro
man Emperors. And the Pope crowned him, & annointed him
with holy oyle, & worshipped him on his knees after the
manner of adoring the old Roman Emperors, as the aforesaid
Poet thus mentions.
And the Emperor mutually took the following oath to the Pope In nomine Christi spondeo at. The Emperor was also made Consul of
rator coram Deo et beato Petro Apostolo me protectorem
ac defensorem fore hujus Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ in omnibus
utilitatibus quatenus divino fultus fuero adjutorio prout
sciero poteroque
Rome & his son Pipin was crowned King of Italy. And hence
forward the Emperor stiled himself: Carolus serenissimus , or
Augustus, a Deo coronatus, magnus, pacificus, Romæ gubernans
Imperium
the Churches of Rome; & his image was henceforward
put upon the coins of Rome: & the enemies of the Pope to
the number of three hundwere beheaded in & two or three of the Clergy, were sentenced to
one day
death, & the 300 Romans were beheaded in one day in the
Lateran fields, but the Clergy men at the intercession of
the Pope were pardoned & banished into France. And thus
the right of Roman Emperors ch
Greek Emperors was by this Act transferred in the west to the
Kings of France.
& those of the Apostolick sea & of all Italy both civil &
ecclesiastical & in making new laws for them; & returned
the next summer into France; leaving the City under
its Senate & both under the Pope & himself. And hearing
that his
the law, nor by the people in hearing it; & that the great
men took servants from free men, & from the Churches &
Monasteries, to labour in their vineyards, fields, pastures &
houses, & continued to exact cattel & wine of them, & to
oppress those that served the Churches: he wrote to his son
Pipin to remedy these abuses, take care of the church, &
see that his laws be executed.
Now the Senate & people & Principality of Rome I take
to be the third King whom the little horn overcame & even
the chief of the three. For this people elected the Pope & the
Emperor, & by Electing the Emperor & making him Consul
was acknowledged to retain the authority of the old Roman
Senate & people. This city was the Metropolis of the old Roman
Empire repres
the Senate & people
horn of that Beast, & completed Peter's Patrimony which was
greater consequences then those over the other two kings.
For it set up the western Empire which continues to this day.
It set up the Pope above the judicature of the Roman Senate
& Council of Italy & even above all humane judicature, & gave
him the supremacy over the western Churches & their Councils
in a high degree. It gave him a look more stout then his fellows
so that at length when this new religion began to be established
in the minds of men, he grappled not only with kings, but even
with the western Emperor himself. It is observable also that
the custome of kissing the Popes feet, an honour superior to that
of kings & Emperors, began about this time. There are some
instances of it in the ninth Century. Platina tells us that
the feet of Pope Leo IV were kissed according to ancient custome
by all that came to him, & some say that Leo III began this
custome, pretending that his hand was infected by the kiss of a
woman. The Popes began also about this time to canonize
Saints & grant Indulgences & Pardons: & some represent that
Leo III was the first author of all these things. And it is
further observable that Charles the great between the years
775 & 796 conquered all Germany to the river Teys from the
Rhene & Danubto northward to the Baltic sea & eastward
to the river Teys, & extended his conquests also into Spain as far
as to the river Teys Eber, & by these conquests he laid the
foundation of the new Empire; & at the same time he propa
gated the Roman Catholick religion into all his conquests, obliging
the Saxons & Hunns who were heathens, to receive the Roman
faith, & distributing his northern conquests into Bishopricks, &
granting tyths to the Clergy & Peterpence to the Pope: by all
which the Church of Rome was highly enlarged enriched
exalted & established.
In a small book printed at Paris 1689, & entituled: An historical dissertation upon some coins of Charles the great, Ludovicus Pius, Lotharius & their successors stamped at Rome
there is a draught of a piece of Mosaic work which Pope
Leo III caused to be made in his Palace neare the Church of
Iohn Lateran, in memory of his sending the standard or banner
of the city of Rome curiously wrought, to Charles the great, &
which still remained there at the publishing of the said
Book. In the Mosaic work there appeared Peter with three
keys in his lap, reaching the Pallium to the Pope with his right
hand & the banner of the city to Charles the great with his left.
By the Pope is this inscription,
this
PETRE DONA VITAM LEONI PP, & VICTORIAM CARVLO REGI
DONA
was erected before he was Emperor. It was erected when Peter
was reaching the Pallium to the Pope & the Pope was sending the
Banner of the city to Charles, that is, A.C. 796. The words above
vizt Sanctissimus Dominus noster Leo Papa Domino nostro relate to the message, & the words below, viz
Carulo Regit Beate , are
Petre dona vitam Leoni Papæ, & victoriam Carulo Regi dona
a prayer that in this undertaking God would preserve the life
of the Pope & give victory to the king over the Romans. The
three keys in the lap of Peter signify the keys of the three
parts of his patrimony, vizt that of Rome with
which he was conquering, & those of Ravenna with
Exarchate, & of the territories taken from the Lombards
both ch
dominions whose keys were in the lap of Peter & whose Crowns
are now worn by the Pope, & by the conquest of which he
the Pallium to the Pope with his right hand & the Banner of the
city to the king with his left, & by naming the Pope before
the king in the inscription, may be understood that the Pope
was then recconed
After the death of Charles the great, his son & successor
Ludovicus Pius, at the request of the Pope a
of his Grandfather & Father to the sea of Rome. And in this
confirmation he names first Rome with its Dutchy extending
into Tuscia & Campania, & then the Exarchate of Ravenna
with Pentapolis, & in the third place the territories taken
from the Lombards. These are his the
to hold them of the Emperor
the Church sub integritate entirely without the Emperors
medling therewith or with the jurisdiction
unless called thereunto in certain cases. This ratification
the Emperor Ludovicus made under an oath. And as the king
of the Ostrogoths for acknowledging that he held his kingdom
of Italy of the Greek Emperor, stamped the effigies of the
Emperor on one side of his coins & his own on the Reverse:
so the Pope made the like acknowledgement to the western
Emperor. For the Pope began now to coin money, & the
coins of Rome are henceforward found with the head of
the Emperors (Charles, Ludovicus Pius, Lotharius, & their
successors) on the one side, & the Popes inscription on the
reverse for many years.
The little horn agrees in all things th
Iohn's beast. It had eyes & a mouth & e
animal from ee
woman. It is called a King divers from the ten, has a look
more stout then they, & has such dominion over the people
of e
is deckt e
over him. & is called a Queen & reigns over ee
city Babylon chee
horn rises after e
theirs. For the Beast first rises th
the woman & then appears theThe little horn speaks The little horn to blasphemies great things against e
high & wears out e
his hand to change them for a time times & an half & e
woman commits chee
is to blaspheme or spthee
corrupts eth
denote him a Seer & a Prophet has eyes & a mouth &
speaks great things against the
called eee
or speak against God. The little horn wears out e
& has times & laws given into his hand to change them & elittle horn woman is drunken with e
deceives all nations by her sorceries & corrupts eth
her
time & fleeing deserted the remnant of e
her seed who keep eis nourished eso the wilderness a time & times & half
a time, that is the merchants of the earth enrich her in after she is arrived to her
her dignity of reigning & e
dignity of reigning Queen
her so long, & therefore her Beast is said is that is
on theFor so long only does Daniels Beast by The horn & woman agree in all things & there ee
most high.
is nothing else in Daniel che
Iohn chall one thee
Rome & by consequence be the Popedome. The Popedome
has a territory th
it is not likely teech
the rest tho but a little one. Tis a dominion both temporal
& spiritual
recconned by Daniel a King & by Iohn a Queen. Its tem
poral dominion is but small & therefore tis but al little
horn: its ecclesiastical is universal & therefore as a Queen
it reigns over e
it has e
& afterwards corrupt: as a horn or
after ee
rest & in all elitt kingdo little Kingdom of any note of a different kind from
the rest. It spake great things against ehchanged had times & laws given into its hand during all
its changed
its reign to change them & so great an authority
only by ehad ware out ee
& eeIt Tho it was
but a little horn
it's fellows: & such is that of e
a long time even 1260 years & the Papacy had now been
a
root up & three of eechof this Horn The history
thereof is as follows.
In eee
Phocas became universal Bishop, but having had was not yet a horn temporal dominion nor military power & so was not
yet a horn ewho makes out by ech
be set up in ee
thelite caused the 6 A.C. 712 caused the t generpict
picture of ee
Monothelites to be abolished. And thereupon Pope Con
stantine Bishop of Rome calling a Synod at Rome set anathematized
upee
his Images, set up in t
of eque omnes qui sanctis imaginibus venerationem constitutam ab Ecclesia denegarent damnati suntwhereby
all th who would no denied to e
tion which was decreed to appointed eshould are damned. This was ee
veneration of images. For hitherto they had been use allowed both in e
for eA
years after th called a meeting Council
& Bishops e
of this worship & by their advice put out an Edict
against it eend that a general Council might be called. But eThey eGregory thereupon eexco e
from their obedience Emperormany a great past
of e& pr of images & pree
Cities of e
Childeric a sloathful & useless King of France,
his subjects from their & & to make a friendis e
Pipin King of Austrasia for And Zac ever. And to lay a further obligation upon Pipin grants him the nomination of all
the conjunction of these two Kingdoms was e
ten horns rooted up by
in the beginning of e
March this Pope died & Stephen succeeded & in e
before eee
& put an end to eTe
the three Kingdoms t
how to deale thethe
went e
to return eeGreekthAnd Whereupon the e
& prevailed thprocure that the should Lombards
should surrender et
the See of Romeetth
an Army into Italy & made e
the contrary to revenge himself on the Pope beseiged e
City of Rome. Whereupon Pope Stephen sendt letters to Stephen Pipin wherein he tels
speedily to raise against ee pro data sibi , he
potentia alienandum fore a regno Dei et vita æterna
would excommunicate him as he had done is predecessor.
Pipin therefore being devoted to the Church of Rome cos
speedily with an army into Italy, ss
Papia & forcese
of Pentapolis to e
Ravenna & all ee
some few cities excepted & e
upon ee in signum veri perpetiui as enAll And hence forward the Popes left ch
by Anastasius in e
of in their Epistles & Bulls to note eeEpe
this gif gift the pope became a temporal Prince & ee
755. Afterwards when emade war upon
the Popes countries, Pope Adrian sendse
great e
accordingly Charles dth
invaded e
master of their countries, & restored to e
they had taken from him, the
rest of echLombards had promised
Pipin to restore to efrom These things were done in
hime
And now the Pope being arrived to his
freed from the fear of his enemies has
reigned tha triple crown upon his head &for
a scepter, & a triple crown upon his head. The crow in token of his conquests
These C
quired his countries by the ruin of two Kings & e
of a third to whom he had given another Kingdom
tually given eth
Hincmarus & Anastasius tell us that Clodovæus the
being converted to e
golden Crown adorned the
might well retain it
tween them & eee
fall he grew up, & became a King temporal King & in memory