Chap. 1. The original of Monarchies.

The whole earth was by the first inhabitants divided into many coordinate governments according to yethe number of families. For when Moses had recconed up the posterity of Noah to yethe fourth generation, he adds: These are the families of the sons of Noah after their generations in their nations & by these were yethe nations divided after the flood. Gen. 10. 32. Which is as much as to say, that as Noah divided the whole earth between his three sons & gave Europe to Iaphet Asia to Sem & Africa to Ham without making any one Lord of the others territories: so each of these divided his part between his sons & each of them theirstheir parts between theirs without making any one Lord of anothers inheritance till the whole earth was distributed into independant & coordinate nations tribes & families. For what Moses saith of the division of the whole earth among all the posterity of Noah, he saith of the division of the several parts among yethe posterity of his severall son'ssons. For when he had recconned up the children & grand-children of Iaphet he subjoyns: By these were the Isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands every one after his tongue after their families in their nations. And so of the rest. So then upon the first plantation of the earth there were no standing kingdoms. Every father was soveraign Lord of his own inheritance during his life & then yethe son's became several soveraign Lords of their several shares & so on till the earth was planted wthwith innumerable scattered families not subject to any other Lords then their common fathers. For I here reccon every father with all his posterity to be one family & upon yethe fathers death to break into so many families as he left sons surviving him. These families by encrease of people soon grew into towns & towns consisting of many many families required ✝ that the fathers of families should assemble & consult together for yethe common good of their families & agree upon such laws as should be common to them all & appoint a common Iudge to judge between family & family according to those laws. Thus the first towns became what we now call Cities each with its Court & Iudges & yethe fathers of ffamilies became Elders of the City & the towns which sprang up afterwards became villages of yethe Cities from whence they sprang & in whose fields they were built., & the Iudge by degrees enlarging his authority became a King thereof, & the City with its Villages became his Kingdom & such Kingdoms a Court & Iudge to make laws & do common justice between them & thereby became a City & such Citys wthwith their villages either by consent either by appointing a common captain of all their forces or by conquering one another grew into kingdoms greater & greater Kingdoms till they arrived to yethe bigness they are now at. For in the first ages the Cities & kingdoms were so small & numerous that Abraham with 318 men beat four kings wthwith their armies when they had newly beaten five others & Moses wthwith only 1200 men beat five Kings of Midian & Ioshua overcame 31 on yethewest of Iordan besides the two great Kingdoms of Sihon King of Heshbon & Og yethe King of Bashan on yethe other side of the river, & some other kingdoms of the Canaanites wchwhichhe left unconquered. & Ioshua found above thirty kingdoms in that small country of Canaan, & in the twelft part thereof wchwhich was Iudahs lot, there were 125 Cities besides villages.

So Egypt after the death of Menes or Misraim their first king common father of the Eygptians became divided into several kingdoms. SrSir Iohn Marsham In Canone Chronico lib. 1. Sec. 1. has given catalogues of the kings of cities of Egypt, Thebes, This, Memphis & Heliopolis down from yethe reign of Menes their first king for many ages These cities first became Lords of all the other cities of Eygpt & then the kingdom of Thebes swallowed up those of This and Memphis about the days of the Patriarch Iacob & thereby became the greatest kingdom in the world then known to yethe Greeks, as I gather from Homer's celebrating Thebes above all other cities for riches & greatness & saying nothing of Nineveh & Babylon wchwhich have since their empire been so famous.

In Syria the first kingdom of any considerable bigness was that of Damascus & that grew great after the days of king David. ffor in his days 2 Sam. 8 & 10Hadadezer was king of Soba a town & country between Iudea & Euphrates & was confederate wthwith Damascus & wthwith three other kings of Syria who served him & had wars with Toy king of Hamath or Epiphania another City of Syria. All these kingdoms were seated neare Iudea, & so was besides the Kingdom of Tyre. And beyond these to yethe in the more northern part of Syria was the Kingdom of Arond In the further parts of Syria tis tis not to be doubted but that there were others.

In Asia minor the first kingdom of any great extent was the Lydian seated at Sardes, & that grew94 grew great only in the reign of the two last kings Alyatte & Croesus.

Greece also consisted of small polities till the reign Philip of Macedon conquered them, & those small polities were at first much smaller. Every City was a distinct & absolute polity (as even the word Polity (derived from πολυς a City) still imports) untill divers cities for strengthening themselves combined to set up a common king over them to manage their affairs in time of danger, & this king by steps got the government into his own hands. For this is plain by the history of the Cities of Attica thus set down by Thucydides. Thucyd. l. 2 p. 110. vid Chro 475 Vnder Cecrops saith he, & the ancient kings untill Theseus, Attica awaysalways κατὰ πολεις ὠκειτο, πρυτανεια τε ἔχουσα καὶ ἄρχοντας was inhabited town City by City having magistrates & prytanæa or Courts wherein yethe sacred fire wchwhich was kept. Neither did they consult the king when there was no fear of danger but each apart administred their own commonwealth & had their own Council. Yea some, as the Eleusinians wthwith Eumolpus against Eurichtheus, did sometimes make war. But when Theseus a prudent & potent man obteined the kingdom he took away the Councils & Magistrates of other cities & made them all meet in one Council & Prytanæum at Athens.

So also Italy consisted anciently of many small dominions & those arose out of smaller. ffor when Romulus founded Rome Dionys. Halicarn. 1.2. the dominion of the Latines was but a small part of Italy & yet consisted of 30 Courts or Councils in so many towns each wthwith the sacred fire in the kept in the Prytanaeum or Court for the Senators who met there to perform sacred rites after the manner of the Greeks. whence the Senators were called curiales. But when Numa the successor of Romulus reigned, he leaving the several fires in their own courts instituted one common to them all at Rome.

Had we good accounts of the earliest ages of the more eastern nations I doubt not but we might might find the same constitution of things there. For all the Medes, as Herodotus tells us, Herod. l. 1. c. 96, 97. after they had been conquered by the Assyrians & recovered their liberty, lived for a while under their old laws without a king: & then by consent making Dejoces their king, he caused required them to build him a city fit to reside in, that this being fortified & adorned, then might have no great care of the rest. Whereupon they built & walled Ecbatane. Their want of a regal City shews that they till now there was no kingdom of any considerable bigness in all Media. So Gaule & Britain with till Cæsar conquered ✝ ✝ them consisted of many little kingdoms, & so did America till the Spaniards & other Europeans invaded it.

So then it was not without good ground that Iustin out of Trogus gives this account of the original of Kingdoms. Iustin. l. 1, in principio.Principio rerum, gentium nationumqꝫque imperium penes reges erat: quos ad fastigium hujus majestatis non ambitio popularis sed spectata inter bonos moderatio prohevebat. Populus nullis legibus tenebatur; arbitria Principum pro legibus erant: Fines imperij tueri magis quàm proferre nos erat : Intra suam cuiqꝫque patriam regna finiebantur. Primus omnium Ninus rex Assyriorum veterem & quasi avitum gentibus morem nova imperij cupiditate mutavit. Hic primus intulit bella finitimis.

To make this a little plainer, its to be considered that the name of kings werewas at first given to the fathers of families, & that of kingdoms to their families. For the four first ages so much celebrated by antiquity are the ages of the four first generations of kings. Saturn reigned was King in yethe golden age, & Iupiter in the silver one, & his sons and grand-sons in those of brass and iron thô each reigned over nothing more then his ffamily. For. This Theology was Egyptian & therefore Iupiter here in Iupiter Hammon or Ham: & by consequence S his father Saturn is Noah. He reigned in the first age till the division of the earth between his sons. Then reigned Iupiter Hammon in his own lot till the division thereof between his sons. Then in the third age reigned Osiris & Isis wthwith their several brethren in their several lots till Chus not content wthwith his own inheritance invaded the inheritance of the posterity of Sem & placed planted his sons (as Bochartus has shewn) Bochart. in Phaleg. lib. 4. cap. 3 & seq. in several regions round about the Persian gulf, from the furthest part of Arabia felix to the furthest part of Carmania. And with this war64095 war & the reign of the sons of Chus in their several territories began the iron age. Nimrod was at this time planted by his father in yethe land of Shinar, & there saith Moses was the beginning of his kingdom: but not content with this country he went out thence into Assyria & planted that land wthwith his posterity, placing them in several seats wchwhich at length grew into great citites. Whence Assyria is called the land of Nimrod. Micah.5.6. And Noah divided his kingdom between his sons & Ham his kingdom between his sons & Chus his kingdom between his sons so doubtless the sons of Chus (Nimrod as well as the rest) according to the law received from their fathers divided their several kingdoms among their sons & so on untill untill families for want of room to spread into grew into, grew into towns, & the competition between several families in the same town altered the law of dividing the inheritance equally between all the sons & brought in the custome of giving all to yethe eldest son for preserving the family in its power & authority. So then Nimrod or Ninus left no standing kingdom. Assyria like all other countries became divided among many families & every family was a town & a kingdom & every father a king. [But when a townstown began to hold many families, the fathers made a Council & became elders of the City and the Moderator or Iudge whom they appointed to do justice among them all became supplied the office of a common father or king & the towns wchwhich came up afterwards became villages of the city. And from this small beginning kingdoms have ever since (whether by compact or war) grown greater & greater & governments more & more compound.] For Resen wchwhich Nimrod built in Assyria neare Nineve is by Moses called a great city & no doubt its greatness (like that of all other ancient great inland Cities) arose from its proper dominion distinct from that of Nineve in the first ages, distinct from that of Nineve & yethe other greater great Cities of Assyria till Nineve subdued it & wthwith the rest of Assyria.

Its true that Nimrods is said to reigned over a kingdōom of divers Cities kingdom was composed of more cities then one. But Bochartus has shewn that yethe sons of Chus were planted in several regions round about yethe Persian gulf from yethe furthest part of Arabia felix to yethe furthest part of Carminia & therefore Chus with his family left leaving the parts of Eygpt where they first dwelt wthwith their father Cham, went into Babylonia & Chaldea made war wthwith went into yethe region of Chaldea & yethe Persian gulf & expelling subduing & perhaps yethe former yethe inhabitants divided those regions seated themselves there, And as Chus divided those his conquered regions his new territories amongst his sons according to yethe custome of ytthat age so the father dividding his new territories among all his sons according to yethe law of those times & the lot of Nimrod falling in Chaldea. ffor there was yethe beginning of his kingdom tho he went out whence into Now as yethe Assyrians before he went into Assyria And as Chus thus divided his territor conquests new con we territories amongst all his sons so it is to be presumed that his sons & grandsons & divided (Nimrod as well as ye rest) divided theirs among their children according to yethe same law, & therefore left no standing kingdoms till kingdoms beganbecame as small in those regions as in other parts of the world. [ffor we have no other evidence of a standing Monarchy of Assyria if we pass by yethe fabulous writings of Ctesias & other his followers, we meet wthwith no mention of yethe Assyrian monarchy before yethe days reign of Phul. Herodotus makes yethe whole duration of histhis Monarchy till it was subverted by the Medes to be but 500 years. Ianus describes Nineve a great city in his days And so long perhaps yethe city might flourish: but yethe dominion therof continued not in its greatness] ffor I shew els where that yethe famous Assyrian monarchy was of a much grew up long after these times by conquest out of many small kingdoms long after these first ages.

Its true that Nimrod built & reigned over divers cities but its it may be presummed that Nimrod built he left those cities built them for his children & left them to every one his inheritance. ffor Bochartus – – –

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Ægypt upon several occasions has been called by several names ffor When the EtheopeansEthiopians reigned over the Egyptians it was recconed a part of Ethiopia & accordingly invaded it & made it a a part off of their kingdom it was called Ethiopia. From the city Abaris or Avaris wchwhich was the Metropolis of the Sheepherds it was called Aeria by the Phoenicians. When it was under the kings dominion of Thebes it was called the Ammon No by the Hebrews No Ammon & Ammon No, that is the people of Ham or Cham, it was called the land of Ham & by & Chemia by the inhabitants Chemia & the Coptites still call it Chemi. Bochart. p. 8 When it was under the dominion of Thebes it was called by yethe Greeks Thebes. [Herodotus: l 2. c 5 Πάλαι ἁι Θηβαι Αἴγυπτος ἐκαλέετο.] Thebes was called by the Hebrews No Ammon & Ammon No that is the people of Ham & thence Egypt was called u] by the Hebrews the land of Ham or Cham & by the Egyptians Chamia or Chemia & to this day the Coptites call it Chemi. Bochart. p. 8. Herodotus Πάλαι ἁι Θηβαι Αἴγυπτος ἐκαλέετο . Thebes by the Hebrews For Herodotus tells us Πάλαι ἁι Θηβαι Αἴγυπτος ἐκαλέετο, & For the Hebrew name of Thebes was called Hammon No & No Ammon that is the people (Diospolis) the city of Ham Ham. Whence the Greeks formed the name Diospolis that is the city of Iupiter Ham Hammon or Ham. In Thebais was t neare Thebes was the city Coptus the metropolis of a Nomus or Province Government And from the Coptites we have now give by some ancient domain now forgotten have given their name to the Thebans & by them to all the Egyptians, And & to this day they & the neighbouring Arabians call Egypt Caphti or Cuphti, whence the Greeks have formed ἀια Cupti. AEgypt s

By the Dynasties of Manetho

By the Dynasties of Manetho it seems appears that Thebes on yethe east side of the Nile & This on the west side thereof over against Thebes & & Memphis on yethe west side of Nile above the Delta neare the Pyramids & Heracleopolis & Bubastis in the lower Egypt, have been anciently the seats of kings of Egypt, but when those kings reigned, how large their kingdoms were & how many contemporary kingdoms were in Egypt when they reigned is very uncertain. To these royal Cities SrSir Iohn Marsham adds Heliopolis. To the SrSir Iohn Marshal divide Thebes between into two kingdoms under Some add all their years together whereby Egypt is made older then the flood. Other reccon them contemporary kingdoms as old as the days of Misraim. But I had rather believe them of a later date & not so large as they are usually recconed there being more contemporary kingdoms in Egypt in the first ages then we have any account of . of now remaining. ffor its probable that since ffor its probable that ffor since the Coptites hav gave their name to all the Egyptians its probable that Coptus was anciently a royal city. In the And in the days of Iacob & Mosesthe seat of the king of Egypt went upon yethe eastern next Syria was Ramesses a city upon yethe eastern stream of Nile next Abaris Rameses was a kingdom another kingdom a upon the seat of the east stream of yethe Nile neare Palisyan seems to be the seat of the kingdome where was the seat of another kingdom. ffor when the field of the Israelites were in servitude the land of Goshen where the Israelites dwelt was in yethe way from Syria to Pharao's Court not far from the court Gen 46.28, 29. in the field land of Ramesses not far from the Royal City GendGen. 47.11, the banks of the Nile Exod. 2.5. between & adjoining to the city Ramesses. Exod. 1.11 & therefore the cities the Pithom & Ramses under the Government of that City. adjacent to the cities Pithom or Palusium & Ramesses or Pithom & by consequence & that was between them, Exod. 1.11. ffor Pithom is Palusium at yethe entrance of Egypt & Rameses is (the capital & bordering upon the Nile & adjacent to the held city Rameses & the court was upon the Nile Ex banks of the Nile Exod. 2.5 & bordered upon the land of Goshen Ramesses so so neare the land of Goshen that Ioseph went thither from it the second man in Egyp Pharoah the same night that his the first born were smitten Ioseph went thither thither from court to meet his brethren in Goshen & when yethe first born were smitten at midnight Pharoah could send away could send away the Is children of Israel before morning, & therefore & when the Israelites went out of Egypt they journied from Rameses to Succoth, that is from the city Rameses which they had first built. Exod. 12.37 & Num 33.3. ffor theThe land of Goshen was in the territory of this city Exod. 1.11 Gen 47.11. And this city was a city of treasure that is a fortified city Exod 1.11 & the land of Goshen where Israel dwelt was in the territory of this city (Gent 47.11 & in the way from Syria to Pharaoh's court Gen 46.28, 29 which was seated upon the banks of the river Nile. Exod. 2.5 so neare bordering upon the land of Goshen or so near it that Ioseph went thence to meet his father in Goshen & when the first born were slain at midnight Pharaoh could send away the children of Israel before morning the same night Exod. 12.29, 31 & the children of Israel went that in the morning from Rameses to Succoth that is from the city which they had built & where Pharoh was. Exod 12.29, 31, 37 & Num 33.2

The middlemost tract is Thebais called in scripture the land of Pathmos & the lowermost is Ægyptus inferior more commonly called Eygpt. In the middle of this land region is the City Memphys or Moph upon the western banks of the Nile against the neare the Pyramids, & a little below this city the Nile divides it self into two streams comprehending a spacious triangular region called Raab by the Hebrews Rib & Rif by the natives & Delta by the Greeks: & this region with the land on either side is usually called the lower Egypt. # # In Thebais were 10 Nomi or counties provinces, in the lower Egypt Delta 10 & in the middle 16 region 16 [according to Strabo. l. 17 init.] The eastern stream called the Bubastic river is 146 miles long & flows into the sea at yethe Pelusiotic mouth of yethe Nile, the western stream flows 256 miles & goes into yethe sea at the Canobic mouth of yethe river. These two mouths are 170 miles asunder. Between them flows ffrom the Canobic river neare the division of the Nile flows the Thermuthiac river northward through the midle of the Delta by into the sea by the Sebennitic streams ‡ ‡ These three streames are the biggest. Between the Canotic & Sebennitic Ostia is the Bellitic ostium and by the made by art on the other side the Sebennitic is first the Bucolic or Phatnic ostium beyond them the Busiritic river running to the Bucolic or Phatnic ostiūum & then these two Ostia (the Bulbitic & Bucolic were made by art another also made art. ffrom the Bubastic & between them in the Balbitic ostiūum flows the Athribitic by the city Athrebis to the & then the Busiritic by to the Pathmetic ostium Between the Bubastic & Businitic & Bubastic ostia were are yethe Mendesian & Tanitic ostiumostia & the city Tanis & the Tanates flows or Zoan built seven years before Hebron where Abraham sojourned (Num 13 22) & yethe Tanaites nomus or field of Zoan where Moses did marvelous things Psal 78.12 & At the entrance of Egypt in the way from Syria is Pelusium distant about 3 miles for yethe sea This city was Pithom called also Abaris, Sethron & Sin by the Greeks Pelusuim. & over against P Pithom in the eastern bank of the Pelusiotic mouth of Nile was Pharoahs court & the city Rameses & Pharoahs court in the days of Moses & between Pelusium & the court was the land of Goshen where Israel were in bondage.

For Pithom & Rameses - - - the lower Egypt & therein the Islands all the region of Islands compassed by the mouths of Nile are called the Delta & in hebrew Raab a peare because it resembleresembles the figure of that letter Δ & that of a peare. And the large Island between the two eastern streams is the feild of Tanis and Zoan & between the eastern stream & the city Pelusium lay the land of Goshen in the province of RamessesRameses. & upon the length of the eastern stream of the Nile over against Pelusium was the city Rameses where Pharaohs court was in the time of Iacob & Ioseph & Moses kept his court. For this city was & Num 33.2. The Israelites were imployed in building Pitho treasure cities Pithom that is Abaris or Pelusium & Rameses treasure cities for Pharoah that is in Pithom & Abaris or Pelusium. For Pithon (that is Aba Pelusium) & Rameses were treasure cities of treasure (that is fortified cities) wchwhich the children of Israel built for Pharoah & therefo Exod. 1.11. & & therefore were seated in or neare the land of Goshen Exod. 1.11 & where Israel dwelt Exod 1.11 & had land land of Goshen where Israel dwelt was in the territory or province of Rameses territory or province of Remeses Gen. 47.11 bordering upon adjoining to upon the river (Exod. 1.22 & 2.3.) & in the way from Syria to ParaohsPharaohs court Gen 46.28, 29. wchwhich This way lay by Pelasium & Pharaohs court was seated upon the banks of the river Nile Exod 2.5 & 7.15, 20 & 8.20 & therefore in the borderedborder upon of the land of Goshen or was so neare it that Ioseph (the second man in Egypt) upon notice given by Abraham him by Iudah went from thence to meet his father in Goshen Gen 46.28, 29 & when the first born were slain at midnight Pharaoh was able to could sendsent for Moses & Aaron the & by their hand sendsent away the children of Israel the same night & they could preparedprepare for their journey & borrowborrowed Iewels & rayment of the Eygptians the same night & in the nex morning under the conduct of Moses & Aaron began began their journey from Rameses under the conduct of Moses and Aaron the city which they were building. Exod 12.29, 31, 37, & Num 33.2.