'Quæstiones quædam Philosophiæ' ('Certain Philosophical Questions')

Off y^e first mater

Whither it be mathematicall points: or Mathematicall points & parts: or a simple entity before division indistinct: or individualls i.e. Attomes{.}

|1| Not of Mathematicall points since w^t wants dimentions {illeg}|ca|nnot constitute a body in theire conjunction b{illeg}|e|cause they will sinke into y^e same point. An infinite number of mathematicall points sin{illeg}|k| into one being a{illeg}|d|ded together & y^t being still a mathematicall point is indivisible but a body is di{illeg}|v|isible. In fine a Mathematicall point is Nothing, since it is but an immaginary entity. &

Not of parts & Math: points; for such a point is either something or nothing. if something tis a ꝑt & so added betweene 2 ꝑts will make a line of 3 ꝑts. if nothing, then added betwixt two parts there is still nothing betwixt y^e 2 ꝑts & consequently y^e line consists of nothing still but 2 ꝑts. &

Not of simple entity before division indistinct. for this must be an union of y^e parts into w^ch a body is divib|s|ible since those parts may againe bee united & become one body as they were before \at the creation./ Now y^e nature of union (being but a modall ens) is to depend on its pts (w^ch are absolute entities) therefore it cannot be y^e terme of creation, or first matter for tis a contradiction to say y^e first matter depends on some other subject (except God) since y^t implie|y|s some former matter on w^ch it must depende.

|2| homogeneis The first matter must be homogeneous & so either all hard or soft or of a midle temper if hard yⁿ all y^e ꝑts into w^ch it is divisible will be hard & of y^e same constitution will all y^e ꝑts be into w^ch it is divisible. so y^t where there is plenitude of mater it will be of y^e same temper y^e first was & there will be no change in nature unles you will allow it either to arise from vacuities interspersed or from y^e severall proportions y^t quantity hath to its substance: Matter acquiring a harder nature by less quantity & a softer by more. likewise there will be no other way for rarefaction & {illeg} condensation.

If y^e first way then y^e body will be no such pcontinuū as to be w^thout distinct \parts/ since it will be every where divided by interspersed inanitys

The latter will be in its due place be proved impossible

|3| Those things w^ch can exist being actually {seperate} are really distinct, but such are y^e parts of mater.

|4| Suppose y^e first matter one uniforme mass w^thout ꝑts how should that body be divided int{illeg}|o| parts as we se now it is w^thout admission of a vacuum. Suppose it be divided into two what will be betweene those two parts not body since it is all in y^e {illeg}|t|wo halfes. But if it be said y^t it was{illeg} first divided into smaller parts wee ask how came it so w^thout less parts yⁿ those into w^ch it was \at first/ divided or els vacuum to succed in theire rome as they came a peices. {illeg} Suppose y^e would first matter were \divided/ as small as sand yⁿ divide one of those sands a third sand cannot succed twixt 'em before they be at some distance unles they be at some dis there might be some smaler matter to run in & keepe out vacuum but to affirme this is to say y^e first matter had very little parts be in it before it was divided. But againe |if| \now matter is divided/ two {illeg} parts of matter of y^e least size. were seperateing & distant one from another y^e space & halfe

Of Attomes.

It remaines therefore y^t y^e first matter must be attoms. And y^t Matter may be so small as to be indiscerpible the excellent D^r Mo{illeg}|or|e in his booke of y^e soules imortality hath pr{illeg}|o|ved beyond all controversie yet I shall use one argument to shew y^t it cannot be divisible in infinitum & y^t is this: Nothing can be divided into infinite /more\ parts y^t|n| it can possibly be constituted of. But matter (i.e. finite) cannot be constituted of infinite parts. The Major is true for looke into how many parts y^e a thing is divided those parts added agane make y^t same whole th{illeg}|at| they were before; & so if any finite quantity were divided into infinite parts (& certainely it may if it be so far divisible) those infinite parts added would make y^e same finite quantity they were before w^ch is again y^e Minor; & It is plaine from hence y^t an infinite number of extendid parts \& y^e least parts of quantity must be extended/ make a thing infinitely extended & all y^e parts y^t qua this you cannot \be/ denyed if I can prove y^t things infinitely extended have fine parts Now vacuum is infinitely extended & so \may/ matter be fansied to be. but if y^e world were removed & vacuum came into y^e roome of it y^t very vacuum would not be infinite we can conceive of interspersed vacuities in \amongst/ matter but they are not infinite (though an infinite number of y^m would be so) we see y^e parts of matter are finite. & an infinite number of finite unites cannot be finite. To helpe y^t conception of |y^e| nature of these leasts, how they are indivisible how extended of w^t figure &c I shall all along draw a similitude from numbers, comparing ciphers \Math: points/ to ciphers, indivisible extension, to unites: divisibility, or compound quantity, to number: i.e. a multitude of attomes, to a multitude of unites. Suppose yⁿ a number of Mathematicall points were indued w^th such a power as y^t they could not touch nor be in one place (for if they touch they will touch all over, & bee in one place) Then ad thees as close in a line as they can stand together every point added must make some extension to y^e lenght because it cannot sinke into y^e formers place or touch it so here will be a line w^ch hath partes extra partes; {illeg} another of these points cannot bee added into y^e midst of this line, for y^t implys y^t y^e former points did not lie so close but y^t they might lye closer. The distan\ce/ yⁿ twixt each point is y^e least y^t can be & so little may an attome be & no lesse: now y^t this distance is {illeg} indivisible (& therefore y^e matter conteined in it) is thus made plaine: Wherever

Of a Vacuum & Attomes. pag 2

halfe theire diameter (they will not then touch, for yⁿ their semidiameter will bee but as a \Math:/ point & theire diameter a two Mathematicall points together i.e. as nothing (for 2 nothings put together make a third nothing) & so y^eleast parts of matter Mathematicall points w^ch is absurd) Vacuum will yⁿ come betwixt if nothing else can, & no matter will come betwixt since y^e diameter of y^e least particle will be bee {sic} as big againe as y^t space. If it be said y^t matter {illeg} may move {y^e} \over so little/ space in an instant & other matter succeed in an instant & so there needes no vacuum) I answer it may as well be moved throu\gh/ y^e Vniverse in an instant for instantaneous motion is infinitely swift & will carry y^e thing in w^ch it is as soon through an infinite space in an instant as well as though a finite space or y^e breadth of an attome & I cannot conceive how so violent a motion should be stopt w^thout some violent effect though in so little an agent what is saide of so little bodys may be said of greater As thus suppose two globes were to be seperated come together they must pas through all y^e intermediate degrees of distan{illeg}ce before they can be joyned suppose they then be distant but halfe y^e breadth of y^e least partic{illeg}|l|e of matter there can be no matter betwixt y^m since all matter is too big to interpose it sefe {sic}. Neither can y^e two globes touch for y^t implyes y^t semidiameter of y^e least attome hath no breadth but had it not breadth y^e diameter could have none & so y^e least particles of matter would be Mathematicall points. therefore A vacuum must interpose. But you may say {illeg} |Vnles y^u say those attomes are as far divided as they ar divisible {illeg}| |y^t| there are least parts of matter was is proved in y^e chapter of attomes.

* i.e. so little y^t theire can \not/ be a place too little for y^m to creepe into & yⁿ you will grant w^t I pleade for i.e. indivisible particles. & you must grant too y^t Attom{es} were either created so or divided by meanes of a Vacuū

Of Quantity

As a finite lines added in an infinite numbers to finite lines, make an infinite line: so points added twixt points infinitely, are equivalent to a finite line.

All superficies beare the same proportion to a line yet one superficies may bee greater yⁿ another (y^esame may be said of bodys in respect of surfaces) w^ch happens by reason y^t a surface is infinitly in respect of a line, soe though \all/ infinite extensions beare y^esame proportion to a finite one yet one infinite extension may be greate\r/ \yⁿ another/ soe one angle of contact may exceed another, yet they are all equal when compared to a rectilinear angle viz w^ch is infinitely greater Thus {illeg} $\frac{2}{0}$ {illeg} is double to $\frac{1}{0}$ & $\frac{0}{1}$ is double to $\frac{0}{2}$ {illeg}, for multiply y^e \2/ first & divide y^e 2^ds by 0, & there results $\frac{2}{1}$ : $\frac{1}{1}$ & $\frac{1}{1}$ : $\frac{1}{2}$. yet if $\frac{2}{0}$ & $\frac{1}{0}$ have respect to 1 they beare y^e same relation to it y^t is 1 : $\frac{2}{0}$ :: 1 : $\frac{1}{0}$. & ought therefore to bee considered equall in respect of an unite.

The angle of contact is to another angle, as a point to a line, for y^e crookednes in one circle amounts to 4 right angles & y^t crookedness may bee conceived to consist of an infinite number of angles of contact, as a line doth of infinite points.

As y^e point a to y^e line a b so y^e line a c to y^e pgr a b c d:: pgr d b e f: y^e parralelipipedon b g.

Tis indefinite \(y^t is undeteermined {sic})/ how greate a {sphær} may be made how greate a number may be recconed, how far mattar is divisible, how much time or extension wee {c}an fansy but all y^e extension y^t is, e|E|ternity, $\frac{\mathrm{a}}{\mathrm{o}}$ are infinite {&} exceeds all number & is soe greate y^t there can bee noe greater, but (finite) number is called indefinite in respect of a greater.

Conjunction of bodys.

Whither y^e conjunction of bodys depend upon \be from/ rest: Neg: For yⁿ sand by rest might make a sollid body be united sooner yⁿ by a furnace &c Whither

Whither it be from y^e close {conjunction} /crouding\ of all y^e matter in y^e world affirmatur. For y^e aire (though its pressure bee but little in respect of y^t, performed by y^e purer matter of y^e vortex (twixt ☉ & us) receding from y^e center) & by its pressure to y^e center & consequently crouding {illeg} all thing close together betwixt w^ch there is not aire to keepe y asunder it maketh y stick together, as y^e 2 pollished sides of 2 marbles \y^e {Lots} of water/ &c but this juncture can̄ot be very firme by reason y^t y^e pressure of y^e aire is not verry strong as appeares by y^e experiments of E Boyle. but y^e pressure of all y^e matter \made by reason of its indevor from ☉./ twixt o|☉| & us being farr greater (& it may be some other power by w^ch matter is kept close together&c) when 2 or 3 or more littell bodys once touch so as to admitt noe other matter betwixt them they must be held very fa{illeg}|st| together al y^e matter about y pressing y^m together but nothing striving to ꝑte y^m. And when 2 of y^e least particles touch w^th very broad sides meete whos sides w^th w^ch they touch one another are pretty broade & fitted to one anot touch close every where, those two may move together as one body & so may increase by haveing others joyned to y^m in y^e same manner. but if y^e circumstant particles chanch to be held of from pressing y^m {illeg} together as by some accident as those about (a) or be variously pressed as at (b) by y^e bodys c & d they may be againe severed. yet in more compound body's there is no danger as for the least particles are so wedged tog^r: y^t neither of these two chanches could undo y^m as for y^e firs {sic} it cannot to a whole body b{illeg}ut onely in some litte{illeg}|ll| ꝑte of it as some attome of a mans hand may chanch not to be touched by y^e water into w^ch hee puts it. But this cannot happ to his <91r> whole hand.

Of Place

so y^t those particles w^ch are pressed together may holde a particles wedged as it were amogst{illeg} {sic} y^m so y^t it {illeg} cannot fall away from y^m thou{illeg}|g|h it it {sic} chanch not to be pressed to y^m. y^e second cannot happen at all for y^e {illeg} neighbouring matter can onely \scarce/ press two touching paricles {sic} toward y^e center or it may be a little awry but not from y^e body to w^ch they adhere but let y^e wors hapen y^t can y^e paticle {sic} may be wedged in amongst y^e rest. But it may be y^t y^e particles of compound matter were created bigger yⁿ those w^ch serve for other offices.

Of Place

Extension is related to places, as time to days yeares &c Place is y^e principium individuationis of streight lines & of equall & like figures y^e surfaces of two bodys becoming but one when they are contiguous becaus but in one place.

Of time & Eternity

The representation of a clock to goe by water or sand.

Probleme

.1. By a line of tangents upon a suare {sic} ruler & a plum̄et to know \at one view/ whither y^e stile of a diall bee true & thereby to erect a stile.

2. y^e stile erected, by a plumb line \let fall/ from y^e stile to find y^e meridian line.

3. By y^e s^d ruler to find y^e substilar & draw y^e other hower lines. Note y^t this may be done though y^e wal bee not eaven &c.

To make metalline Globular dust for y^e said clock instead of sand. Daube y^e hollow cone B w^th pitch &c on y^e inside, fire it. through w^ch fire (by y^e helpe of y^e tunnell A) cast y^e filings of brasse or pewter &c w^ch molten into a globular forme may fall into the bason of water C.

Of Motion

That it may be knowne how motion is swifter or slower consider i That there is a least distance, a least progression in motion & a least degree of time. as lay two globes together y^t so close y^t they cannot come any nigher w^th out touching y^t is y^e least distance, let y^m be moved together y^t is y^e least degree of motion & tis performed in y^e least part of time. There are so many parts in a line as there can stand Mathematicall points in a row w^th out touching (i.e. falling into) one another in it & soe many degrees of motion along y^t time. \as there can be stops & stays./ & there are soe many least parts of time in an hower as there can be Τὸ νὺν᾽ς. This ꝑoposition is proved as I proved a least part in Matter. 2 These leasts have no parts for y^t implys y^t they are yet divisible. |nei|the|r| prius nor posterius 1 not \least/ distance since it is passed over in an indivisible part of time & ther cannot be a different time ascribed to y^e entrance of a thing into y^t part of space & y^e leaving of it. 2 not y^e least degree of motion because too y^t is performed in an indivisible ꝑte of time & is no sooner begun yⁿ done 3 {illeg}|n|ot y^e least moment of time because first & last imply severall parts of time. 3 The least degree of motion is equal to y^e least degree of space distance & time |1| distance & not to more: because a thing moves in passing over but one of y. Nor to less, because y^e least motion is over some distance. 2 Tis æquall to y^e least moment in time, not to more, because in each degree of time wherein a thing moves there will be motion or else in all those degrees put together there will be none: not to lesse becaus no motion is done in an instant or intervall of time. But againe should two parts in motiō be but equall to one in space or time &c contra: y^t one would be liable to have a prius accor{ding} to y^e firt of y^e two parts a midle according to y^e {illeg}

Of y^e Celestiall matter & orbes.

Whither Cartes his first element can turne about y^e vortex & yet drive y^e matter of it continually from y^e ☉ to produce light. \& spend most of its motion in filling up y^e chinkes betwix y^e Globuli./ Whither y^e least globuli can continue always next y^e ☉ & yet y^e globuli of y^e ☉ \{illeg}/ come always from it to cause light & whither w{illeg}|h|en y^e ☉ {illeg} is obscured y^e motion of y^e first Element must cease (& so whither by his hypothesis y^e ☉ can be obscured) & whither upon y^e ceasing of y^e first elements motion y^e Voxtex {sic} must move {illeg}|sl|ower. Whither \some of / y^e fir{illeg}|st| Element comeing (as he confesseth from y^t hee might find out a way to turne y^e Globuli about their one {illeg} axe|i|s to grate y^e 3^d El{ement} into wrathes like screws or cockle shells) immediately from y^e poles & other vortexes into all y^e parts of o^r vortex wou/ld\ not impel y^e Globuli so as to cause a light from the poles & those places from whence they come.

Of y^e Sunn Starrs & Plannets |& Comets|

Whither ☉ move y^e vortex about, as Des-Cartes {will} by his beames. pag 54 Pincip Philos: partis 3^æ Whither y^e vortex can carry a Comet towars {sic} y^e poles &c Whence tis y^t y^e ☉ is turned about upon his axis Whither Chartes his reflexion will will {sic} unriddle y^e mistery of a Comets bird.

Heb 1 chap: vers 2 by God made y^e worlds by his son τους αιωνας      {illeg}The ☉s spots are coloured sometimes like y^e rainebow.

October 16 1618 in Scorpio appeared a comet y^e tayle being extended twixt Spica virginis & Arcturus toward y^e north pole it moved /went\ \passed/ into libra moveing from y^e y^e {sic} Ecliptick |to| y^e Tropick of cancer from east to west or Northerly

On Saturday, Decemb^r 10^th, 1664. By a sleighty Observation I found y^e distance of of a Comet from y^e {illeg} \center of y^e/ Moone to be 9^d, {illeg}|{4}|8, min. Its altitude 2|3|^d, {illeg}|4|0^m; or 4^d.

The moons altitude 8^d, 40^m. Her place being Capric {26}^d, 2^m, or else ♒ {5}^d.

The longitude of y^e Moone.

On Satturday at {28}|30|^min past 4 of y^e clock in y^e morning Decemb^r 17^th 1664 A Comet appeared Whose distance from Sirius was 30^d, 0'. from procion 38^d, {illeg}|4|5'. There was little or noe difference twixt y^e time of its & Sirius his self \its setting about 2' after him/ Soe y^t its Right ascention was about 126^d, 32'. & its declinacon Southward 31^d. The length & its tayle was about 34^d or 35^d & pointed \below/ toward procion or almo{illeg}|st| to y^e horizon North pole, cutting y^e horizon at an angle of about 35 or 40^d & y^e Ecliptick at 47^d.

Of Rarity & Density. Rarefaction & Condensation.

Corke may be pressed into 40 times less roome yⁿ it naturally requireth & yet swim in water. By my tryall 48 times.

two bodys given to find which is more dense

Vpon y^e body Threds da & ce hang y^e bodys d & e. & exactly twixt y^m hang y^e spring sbt \by a thred/ soe y^t it have liberty to move to move {sic} any way. then compresse y^e sping {sic} bs to bt by y^e thred st. Then cutting |  clipping y^e thred st y^e spring shall cast both y^e body d & e from it & they receve alike swiftnes from y^e spring if there be y^e same quantity of body in both otherwise y^e body bo (being fastened to y^e spring) will move towarsds {sic} y^e body w^ch hath less body in it. w^ch motion may be observed by compareing y^e motion of y^e point (o) to y^e point p & other points in y^e /resting\ body qv.

Of Perspicuity & Opacity

Why though both a dry bladder & water {affect} are perspicuous yet a wet blader is not. though oyle bee les diaphaneous yⁿ water yet it makes a paper more diaphaneous yⁿ it.

Perspicuity is not effected y^e same way in glass, christall water                      &c y^t it is in aire, Aether, bladders paper

Why water is clearer yⁿ Vapors

Of Fluidity Stability humidity Siccity

Of Softnesse hardnes Flexibility Ductility Tractility

Why flints doe breake upon a soft thing sooner yⁿ a hard one.

Whither hard bodys stick together by branchy particles foulded together. Cartes.

Why y^e Adamant dust is harder yⁿ adamant.

Of Figure Subtility hebetude smothnes asperity

Of heate & cold

Whither things congeale for want of agitation from y^e ethereall maters agitation. Cartes.

Whither doth air moved by light cause heate or light itselfe &c Why is a coale hoter yⁿ flame but flame heates farther Why doth warme breath proceede out of an open mouth but cold out of a contracted mouth.

Why is breath or sweate seene in winter more yⁿ in summer & why {illeg} vapors

Fire heates by heating y^e aire because wind by blowing y^e aire blows heate to a man

To make a crucible w^ch shall \to/ endure halfe a yeare a very strong fire lute it on y^e outside (thick at y^e B|b|ottom & thiner towards y^e top) w^th a mixture of tobaccopipe clay & salt of Tartar ( or Tartar may bee made use of but not w^th so good successe) I think there must bee an equall quantity of each.

Whither may not water bee frozen by drawing y^e warme aire from it out of M^r Boyls Receiver.

Snow put in a glasse & Salt or any quick dissolvent put into it \& well {illeg}|m|ixed w^th it/ will cause vapors to settle on y^e outside of y^e glase & to freeze na{illeg}|y| warme water or heated sand powered into y^e snow & well shaked together will {illeg} condense vapors on y^e outside & perhaps congeale y^m. M^r Boyle

Cold ({or an} because bodys condensed therew^th moves down wards) tends farthest downwards as heat upwards.

Tis best to freze liquors at y^e bottome for fear of breaking y^e Glasse.

An frozen Egg will thaw much faster when immersed in water yⁿ wⁿ in y^e ayre, & will freze y^e water by its thawing, soe will frozen me{illeg} /chese meate, Glasse\

Why does water freeze first & most next y^e Aire

Of Gravity & Levity

The matter causing gravity must pass through all y^e pores of a body. it must ascend againe. |i| for else y^e bowells of y^e earth must have had large cavitys & inantys to conteine it in, \2/ or else y^e matter must swell it. 3 y^e matter y^t hath so forcibly borne {down} y^e earth & all other bodys to for y^e center (unles you will have it growne to as gross a consistance as y^e Earth is, & hardly yⁿ) cannot if added to y^e Earth gether be of a bulke so little as y^e earth, for it must descend exceding fast & swift as appeares by y^e falling of bodys, & exceeding weighty press\ure/ to y^e Earth. It must ascend in another forme yⁿ it descendeth or else it would have a like force to beare bodys {illeg} y^t it hath to press y^m downe & so there would bee no gravity It must ascend in a grosser consistence yⁿ it descends because it may be slower & not strike boddys with g|s|o greate a force to impell y^m upward 2 y^t it may onely force y^e outside of a body & not sinke into every pore & yⁿ its densness will little availe it because it will yeild from y^e superficies of a body w^th ease to run in an easier channell as though it never strove against y^m. if it should ascend thinner it can have onely this advantage y^t it would not hit bodys w^th so weighty a force but yⁿ it would hit more ꝑts of y^e body & would have more ꝑts to hit w^th & hit w^th a swifter /smarter\ force: & so cause ascension w^th more force yⁿ y^e others could do descension. Wee know no body that {} not sinke into y^e pores of bodys finer yⁿ aire & it will sink into most if it be forcibly crouded in y^e stream descending will lay some hould on y^e streame ascending & so press it closer & make it denser & therefore twill rise y^e slower. y^e stream\e/ descending will grow thicker as it comes nigher to y^e earth but will not loose its swiftnesse untill it find a much opposition as it hath helpe from y^e following flood behind it. but when y^e streames meete on all sides in y^e midst of y^e Earth they must needs be coarcted into a narrow roome & closely press together & find very much opposition one from another so as either to turne back y^e same way y^t they came or croud through one^[2]

Of Heate & Cold.

Apples, Eggs, Cheeses, Men &c: frozen are {illeg} {illeg} vitiated by freezing but not soe much when thawed by water or snow as by fire. Frost will breake stones, crack trees, make y^e Humor chrystall looke white.

A man cannot feele where hee is frozen & though frozen all over feeles onely a prickling in his recovery, hee may bee recovered being dipped in water or rubbed over w^th snow, but not by a {illeg} Stove. Nay any frozen part is lost w^ch is thawed in a Stove. & y^e fier pains us in warming o^r cold fingers. Frozen meate layd to thaw & roast by y^e fire will bee raw in y^e midst after many Howers.

Though frost change & destroy bodys (espetialy in y^e thawing) yet cold preserves them.

T|I|ce (to w^ch noe fresh aire in y^e Frezing could come y^e botome of y^e water being first frozen &c) is full of bubbles {like} \great as/ sands, shott, & pease, w^ch bubbles are fewer & lesse if y^e water bee first purged of aire by y^e receiver. And those bubbes in thawing shrink againe perhaps into as little rome as at first.

Cold shrinkes liquors, Oyle shrinke in frezing, water scarce shrinkes before frezing, but swells before & in frezing, & Ice is about one ninth or tenth parte greater yⁿ water

Water & aire shut up in a glasse egg w^th a shank. y^e aire being in y^e shanke was crouded into 19 times lesse rome by y^e freezing of y^e water till it broke y^e glasse.

Cold will penetrate through Boyles Vacuum, Oyle of Turpentine, & a little through spirit of strong bryan & perhaps through hot mediums to freze water.

Of Reflection Refraction & Vndulation

Of violent Motion

Violent motion is made \continued/ either by y^e aire or by motion or force imprest. or by the naturall gravity in y^e body moved. Not by y^e aire since y^e aire {illeg} crowds more uppon y^e thing projected before, yⁿ behind, as must therefore rather hinder it but if y^e aire helps it why doth y^e thing at {last} fall for you may observe in water y^t a thing moved in it doth carry \y^e/ same water behind it along w^th it as in a cone or at least y^e water is moved from behind it w^th but a small force as you may observe by y^e motes in y^e water supose (a) to be y^e boddy moved: (b. d. e. f) to be y^e water moving behind (a) to give it place. (r) y^e water behind (a) following it & going along w^th it. The{n} if y^e water at (f) ran so violently against y^e backsid of (a) it would beate away y^e water at (r) with violence but y^t water is moved very slowly from behind a. as you if it be moved away: as you may perceive by y^e motes in y^e water. againe this wil the like must hapen in aire if you say no I answer must yⁿ move (a) forwards in water. So if hot leade drop into water y^t ꝑte w^ch is behind {illeg} will be pointed y^e fore ꝑ^te round w^ch would be otherwise if y^e aire pressed as much on it before/hind\ as behindfore. thirdly how can y^e aire continue y^e motion of a globe on it {sic} axis. Fourthly <98v> in y^e former figure y^e aire is supposed to have y^e same propensity to motion w^ch y^e ball (a) is supposed to have that is will move no longer yⁿ it is propelled on. yⁿ I say y^e water at (r) cannot move y^e ball unles y^e ball do at y^e same time move (b) y^t (b) may (g) & (h) & (g) may move (d) & (d) move (i) & (i) move (f) & f move r & force it to rush uppon y^e ball & consequently at y^e same instant (r) must y^e ball, & y^e ball move (r) w^ch cannot be. But suppose y^e aire & y^e ball were detained from motion by some outward agent, & yet kept y^e same respect to one-another in situation as they did in the{illeg}|i|re flight: then as soon as they were both let loose againe y^e aire would have as much power to move y^e ball as it had when they were in theire former flight: If it be answered y^t y^e aire will be more compressed at (f) yⁿ at ({illeg}|b|) & consequently when let loose againe it will dilate it self & so begin a new motion. I answer how comes y^e aire to be more crouded behind y^e ball then before since since {sic} (a) will communicate as much force on (b) as it receives from r & y^e fore ꝑte of y^e aire will croud no more on y^e latter parts yⁿ y^e ball will croud on if it. Againe whence is it y^t a {illeg} peice of leade will move faster then a peice o farther & w^th more force yⁿ a peice of wood of y^e same bignesse since y^e aire will have y^e same influence on both.

Of Reflection undulation & refraction.

Why refraction is less in hot water yⁿ cold

If a peice of silver be boyled (that is bee first brushed & yⁿ decocted w^th salt & tartar \& perhaps other ingredients/ it will looke very white, but burnish it w^th a peice of steele & it will be a perfect speculum.

Whither y^e backsid of a cleare glas reflect light in vacuo

Since there is refraction \in vacuo/ as in y^e aire it follows y^t y^e same subtile matter in y^e aire & in vacuo causeth refraction

Try Whither y^e aire Glasse hath y^e same refraction in M^r Boyles Receiver, y^e aire being drawn out, w^ch it hath in y^e open aire.

How long a pendulum will undulate in M^r Boyls Receiver? &c.

Of Fier

Whither flame will descend in Tor: vacuo or not. & what other Phænomena (as dilatacōn & transparence|y|) hath it.

Of Aer

Whither y^e parts of air be les yⁿ y^m of light or no.

Whither it consist of branchy bodys not foulded together but lying upon one another {illeg} Cartes

Whither

The height of y^e Atmosphere may bee known from Torricellius his experiment.

What is y^e utmost \naturall/ dilatacon of y^e aire may be known by Torricellius his Experiment

The velocity of air, wind, or water may be known by y^e resistance w^ch a moveing body hath in standing air or water.

What quantity of angle ought a Wind mill saile to make w^th y^e wind. &c. in y^e resolution of this must be considered y^e ordinary velocity of y^e wind & of y^e saile (y^e quantity of y^e wind hitting y^e saile i: e:) y^e perpendicular breadth of y^e saile to y^e wind, & y^e obliquity of y^e saile to y^e wind.

|Whither is salt or fresh water easlier {moved} & more pellucid. refracts more & easlier frozen.|

Of Water |& Salt|

Whither fresh water consist of long bending attomes \parts/ & salt of stiffe & long ones. y^e first is false because it could never bee frozen. 2 they would twist & about one another so as they would not be fluid but onely soft. 3 they would ly too close together to admit light through them for being pliable they would fill up every corner & hence they would bee exceeding heavy. 4 they would not refract light so well, for beeing they would bee soft & so not firmely resist y^e {illeg} pure matter as Glass doth & Cartes would have y^t matter to passe swiftlier where it findes strongest resistance & refraction to be from hence y^t y^e matter passeth swiftliest w^ch therefore should bee in water. 6|5| twould scarce seperate salt so soone. & when if it seperate it by laping about it yⁿ when it hath seperated as much as it can of one kind of Salt it could seperate no more of another w^ch is false 6 The aire being a stubborne body (because of branchy parts) would instantly quell there circular motion when they are rarefied. |Why water is clearer yⁿ vapors.|

Whither burning waters & hot spirits be of small spericall {sic} &{illeg} ovall figud parts & have many such globulis as fire is of they are 1 because such are f easliest seperated in distilllations {sic} 2 because they are easliest agitated & so heate & enliven men 3 they must have many small & sollid attomes in y^m because so easly fired.

Why doth hot water first contract it selfe (viz in cooleing) & yⁿ dilate it selfe before & as it freezeth.

Why doth salt & snow freese other water. & why is heated water sooner frozen yⁿ other raw water.

Whither be ther more vapors when y^e aire is clearest.

How salt hinders corruption. {illeg}but fresh water helpes it.

Why (though salt bee heavier yet) it will mix w^th water. & gather into graines at y^e top of it

Whither water be salter at y^e poles yⁿ equater yⁿ y^e poles becaus tis there exhaled but may fall againe at y^e poles. Cartes

Why salt water sea water is not so apt to quench fier & why it will sparkle in y^e night but not if kept long in a vassell. why y^e superficies of water is lesse divisible yⁿ tis within = vid pag 47

Of Earth

Its conflagration testified 2 Peter 3^d, vers 6, 7, 10, 11, 12. The wiked (probably) to be punished thereby |2| Pet: 3 ^chap: vers 7.

The succession of worlds, probable from Pet 3^c. 13^v. in w^ch text an emphasis upon y^e word wee is not countenanced by y^e Originall. Rev 21^c. 1^v. Isa: 65^c, 17^v. 66^c, 22^v. Days & nights after y^e judgm^ent Rev 20^c, 10 ^v.

|Philosophy| Occult Qualityes

The nature of things is more securely & naturally deduced from their operacōns one upon another y upon o^r senses. And when by y^e former Experiments we have found y^e nature of bodys, by y^e latter wee may more clearely find y^e nature of o^r senses. But so long as wee are ignorant of y^e nature of both soule & body wee cannot clearely distinguish how far an act of sensation proceeds from y^e soule & how far from y^e body &c.

Atraction Magneticall

|1| The motion of any magneticall ray may bee knowne by attracting a needle in a corke on water.

|2| Whither a magneticall pendulum is perpendicular to y^e Horizon or not, & whither iron is heaviest wⁿ impregnated, or when y^e north pole or southpole is upmost. Coroll. A perpetuall motion .

|3| Whither magneticall rays will blow a candle move a red hot copper \or iron/ needle, or passe through a red hot plate of copper or iron

|4| A perpetuall motion .

|5| Whither a loadestone will not turne around a red hot iron fashioned like wind mill sailes as y^e wind doth y^m. Perhaps cold iron may reflect y^e magn: rays |6| w^th y^t pole w^ch shuns y^e lodestone.

|6.| A perpet: Motion . Or,

Vegetables.

Suppose a b y^e pore of a Vegitable filled w^th fluid mater & y^t y^e Globule c doth hitt away y^e particle b, yⁿ y^e rest of subtile matter in y^e pores riseth from a towards b. & by th{illeg}|is| meanes juices leaving dreggs in y^e pores & yⁿ wanting passage stretch y^e pores to {illeg} make y^m as wide as bef{illeg}|o|re{illeg} they were clogged. w^ch makes y^e plant bigger untill y^e pores are too narow for y^e juice to arise through y^e pores & yⁿ y^e plant ceaseth to grow any more.

Attraction Electricall & Filtration.

Whither filtration be thus caused. The aire beiing a stubborne body if it be next little pores into w^ch it can enter it will be pressed into y ({illeg}|unles| there|y| be filled by something else) {illeg} yet ther it will have some reluctance out wards like a peice of bended whale bone crouded into a hole w^th its middle ꝑte forwards. if yⁿ water whose (ꝑts are loose & pliable) have opportunity to enter y^t hole y^e aire will draw it in by strivei{ng} it selfe to get out. The aire too being continually shakē & moved in its smallest parts by vaporous particles every where tossed up & downe in it as appeares by its heate, it must needs strive to get out of all such cavity w^ch doe hinder its agitation: & this may be y^e cheife reason {illeg} sponges draw up water. But in paper ropes hempe theds {sic} fiddle-strings betwixt whose particles there is noe aire or but a little & it so pend up y^t it can n|s|carce get out the cause may be this. y^t y^e parts of those bodys are crushed closer together yⁿ there nature will well permit & as it were bended like y^e laths of crosbows so y^t they have some reluctancy{illeg} against y^t position & strive to get liberty w^ch they cannot fully doe unless some oth{er} bodys come betweene y^m as aire or water but where aire cannot enter water will (as appeares in y^t it will get through a bladder w^ch aire cannot doe &c) wherefore when opportunity offers it selfe by striving to get assunder they draw in y^e ꝑts of water betwixt y

Of light |see pag 82|

Why light passeth easlier through white yⁿ black paper. & yet more efficaciously reflected from it.

How light is conveyed from y^e Sun or fire w^thout stops.

Light is easlier admitted into black yⁿ reflected from it, for hold a paper twixt you & light w^th a black spot in it & it is blacker when towards you, yⁿ when to y^e light.

Light can̄ot be by pressiō & {sic} for yⁿ wee should see in y^e night a {sic} wel or better yⁿ in y^e day we should se a bright light about us becaus we are pressed downewards wee should se when we shut o^r eyes because o^r eye lids press y^m or when we put o^r hands on o^r eys. The sun {illeg} would be long so long as we looke at y^e same thing y^t pression is y^e same nay far greater. ther could be no refraction since matter y^e same matter cannot presse 2 ways, y^e * sun could not be quite eclipsed y^e M\o/one & planetts would shine like sunns. A man goeing or running, would see in y^e night. When a fire or candle is extinguish we lookeing another way should see a light. The whole East would shine in y^e day time & y^e west in y^e ni{illeg}|ght| by reason of y^e flood w^ch carrys o^r. Vortex a light would shine from y^e Earth since y^e subtill matter flows /tends\ from y^e center. a * little body interposed could not hinder us from seing pression could not render shapes so distinct. There is y^e greatest pression on {illeg} y^t side of y^e earth from y^e ☉ or else it would not move about \in equilibrio/ but from y^e ☉, therefore y^e nights should be lighest {sic}. Also y^e Vortex is Ellipticall therefore light cannot {illeg} /come from the sone directly &c\

Whither y^e rays of light may not move a body as wind doth a mill saile.

To know how swift light is. s|S|et a broade well pollisd looking glasse on a high steeple soe y^t w^th a Telescope 1, 2, 3, 10, or 20 miles of you may see yo^r selfe in it & having by you a great candle in the night cover it & uncover it & observe how long tis before you see the

Of Sensation

The senses of divers men are diversly affected by y^e same objects according to y^e diversity of theire constitution To them of Java pepper is cold.

If y^e orifice of y^e stomach be wounded it sooner dispatches a mā yⁿ if y^e head: y^e former having greate sympathy w^th y^e heart deads it & stops it motion & so sence ceaseth: y^e latter though it take away sence yet y^e hearts motion is not impeded thereby.

The Common sensorium is either 1 y^e Whole body 2 y^e Orifice of y^e Stomack 3 y^e heart 4 y^e brain 5 y^e membranes 6 y^e septum lucidum 7 Some very small and perfectly sollid particle in y^e body 8 y^e Conarion 9 y^e Concurse of nerves about y^e 4^th ventrickle of y^e braine. 10 The animall spirits in y^t 4^th ventricle.

A ligature being tied sence & motion will be twixt y^e ligature & y^e head but not downwards. A frogs brain being peirced it looseth both sence & motion but it will leape & have its sence though its bowells bee taken out.

Phisitians find y^e causes of lethargies Apoplexies Epilepsies &c diseases y^t seiz on y^e Animall functions in y^e head.

Vnles y^e braine be peirced so deepe as to reach y^e ventricles y^e wound will not take away sence & motion

A man cannot see through y^e hole w^ch a trepan makes in his head. Stones have beene found in y^e glandular pinealis & it is invironed with a net of veines & arteries.

A Vertigo must be from y^e turning round of y^e spirits

The least weight upon a mans brain when hee is trepanned maketh him wholly devoyd of sensation & motion

Of Species visible

S y^e Globulus of light a b c a cone of subtile {illeg} matter w^ch it carrys before it the better to cut y^e ether, w^ch serves also to reflect it from other bodys.

m l n y^e parting of y^e matter w^ch lieth so much y^e close{illeg}r by how much it is nigher y^e globulus. {illeg} f, h, y^e matter pressing on y^e backsid & consequently helping it forwards

qk, oqi, y^e matter returning to communicate y^e motion to y^e globules w^ch it had before received of it. When it is reflected from i, k, i. e. when it hath given y^e ball its motion againe tis either reflected toward i, k, by y^e matter comeing from o & p towards q &c Or else it serves to swell y^e matter at oqp & so is left in y^e same condition y^t y^e globulus found it in.

Of Vision

There is required some permanency in y^e object to perfect vison thus a coale whirled round is not like a coale but fiery circle or who can se a bullet pass by him. yet if y^e eye keep motion {illeg} w^th y^e thing moved it sees it right One eye shutting or being perst y^e pupill of y^e other open both y^e eyes being opened together, dilate, & cotract {sic}, & dilate. Vppon passion these spirits ebb & flow. Dymnesse may come from y^e deficiency of these spirits, & y^e Optick nerve ob\structed/

Rays fro{illeg}m y^e same point in an object strikeing upon {illeg} several respective places in either /both y^e\ eyes do seeme make y^e object seeme two as when an aye is deprest viz: yⁿ theire two axes respect not y^e same point, in y^t object. B{illeg} Things of y^e darker colo^r are easliest burned i.e. have loosest parts. A mans Eye struck sparkeleth.

The Eys being distorted a man may see y^e same parte of y^e same object, in two divers places \w^th both eys/ at once or successively w^th one eye after another, & also hee may see two divers objects w^th one eye after another but in y^e same place successively but not at once (w^thout varying the posture of his eys or of y^e object, but onely by covering |y^e| one eye first & then y^e {illeg} the other, or by being intent w^th one eye first & then w^th the other. w^ch is an argument either y^t y^e image in y^e braine is painted on a superficies, or else y^t y^e Optick nerves at their meeting before they enter the braine doe sort their capilamenta & unite|i|ng there each capl|i|lamentum of the one eye to its fellow capilamentum of y^e other eye. Soe y^n|t| wⁿ y^e eyes conspire not towards y^e same object but have divers pictures painted upon y^e same capila correspondent capillamenta y^e stronger picture at their meeting of those capillamen{ta} drownes y^e weaker &c:

Quære: whither fantasy as well as sight is not done in plano? That whither wee can imagine two like things to bee one behind another as we can do them one beside another. Resp: Noe but wee can understand them so.

Quære: why doth y^e forcible turning of y^e eye one way w^th y^e finger make y^e object seeme to move the other way but not y^e voluntary turning of it.

Of Colours.

That darke colours seeme further of yⁿ light ones may be from hence bee y^t they beames loose little of theire force in reflecting from a white body because they are powerfully resisted thereby but a darke body by reason of y^e loosenes of its parts give some admission to y^e light & reflects it but weakly & so y^e reflection from whitenes will be sooner at y^e eye. or else because y^e whit sends beams w^th more force to y^e eye & givs it a feircer knock.

Coulors arise either from shaddows intermixed w^th light, or or {sic} stronger & weaker reflection or [arts of y^e body mixed w^th & carried away by light.

From some of these ariseth splendor & dullnesse

A shining colour though black reflecteth an Objects {illeg} rayes perfecter yⁿ dull white one as black horne black pollished leather &c better yⁿ white paper. & contrarywise. But pollished black shineth best

A window lying open to y^e south will bee tincted w^th y^e colour of y^e curtane. A paper written on put twixt y^e eye & y^e light y^e letters towars|d||s| y^e light looke dim y^e light being refracted in y^e paper after its' past y^e inke: but y^e letters on this side looke perfect y^e light comeing streight to y^e eye w^thout any refraction

Why are coles black and ashes white.

No colour will arise out of y^e mixture of pure black & white for yⁿ pictures drawne w^th inke would be coloured or printed would seeme coloured \at a distance/ & y^e verges of shadows would be coloured. as therefore & lamb black & spanish whiteing would produce colours whence they cannot arise from more or lesse reflection of light or shadows mixed w^th light.

Of Sounds

A man may heare y^e beatings of his owne pulse.

In every sound y^e eight above it but not below it seemes to bee heard. (for there being \is/ some more subtile, some more grosse matter in y^e aire, & y^e subtilest matter is prone to quickest vibrations, though y^e motion of both proceede from y^e same cause, as y^e vibration of {illeg} a string or pipe \thus twiggs vibrate ofter yⁿ branches/. Also these motions doe least check one y^e other & are most congruous to y^e string or pipes motion when y^e ones vibrations are double in number to y^e others. Hence a sound & its eight are never seperate. The greatest & grossest ꝑt of y^e aire matter in y^e aire will \doth/ comply w^th y^e strings motion for were it slower it could not give way to y^e motion of y^e string & it will scarce bee quicker by reason of its tenacious nature for one string struck \by y^e mediation of y^e air/ moves an unison string of another instrument better yⁿ y^t w^ch is an Eight above or below it & y^e {illeg} string is easliest moved by y^e air when its {illeg} motion can be most comformable to y^e \motion of y^e/ greatest ꝑte of y^e aire. Nor can any considerable quantity of matter give move slower yⁿ y^e string because it gives way to y^e strings \motion/ Hence y^e & were there, yet it {sic} mot{illeg}|ion| \being/ 4 times slower yⁿ |y^t| \of/ y^e subtilest matter can scarce bee perceptible. Hence each sound hath its concomitant 8^th, & ꝑhaps {illeg} 15^th & 22^th to a good eare, above but not below it. Hence 8^ths seeme to bee unisons. And And violenter breathing raiseth y^e sound & sight or 15^th not a 12^th, or but seldom to a twelft.

Quære, In w^t proportion y^e sound decreaseth in its progresse from y^e fountaine. viz: If y^e sound bee (a) at y^e distance (b) it shall be ($\frac{\mathrm{a\; b\; b}}{\mathrm{x\; x}}$) at y^e distance x.

Why doth y^e sound of a Bell quaver or shake like a mans voyce? Because y^e Bell vibrates sometimes directly somtimes obliquly towars a man

How swiftly doe sounds move, & whither are acute or grave sounds the swifter?

Sound {sic}, are much fainter in y^e exhausted receiver then in the open Aire. Boyle Exper 27.

Of Odours & Sapors

Of Touching

A man hath beene deprived of his feeling. S^r K. Digby

Of Generation & Coruption

In winter expose y^e liquor of decocted hearbes to y^e cold aire & in y^e morning under y^e ice, there will apeare y^e figure & colour of y^e plant from w^ch it was taken from it may be y^e ice keep those attomes from avolition.

There is an artificiall resurrection of plants from theire ashes. dissolved salt uppon its fixation returnes to its affected cubes. Figures of mineralls are regular: as Chistall {sic} Hexagonall: y^e {illeg}|F|airy stone hemisphæricall. y^e stone Asteria of a stellar figure. y^e Misselto, & mosse grows upon other tress. A worme may turne to a Butterfly Tadpoles grow to frogs fly's eggs to be wormes & yⁿ flys againe

Of Memory

Messala Corvinus forgot his owne name. One by a blow w^th an stone forgot all his learning. Another by a fall from a horse forgot his mothers name & kinsfolkes. A young student of Montpelier by a wound lost his memory so y^t he was faine to be taught y^e letters of y^e Alphabet againe. The like befell a Franciscan frier after a fever Thucidides writes of some who after theire recovery from y^e greate pestilence at Athens {illeg} forgot y^e names & persons of theire freinds & themselves too not knowing who they were or by w^t names they were called.

D^r Mores immort:

Things out of mind are remembred sometimes by meeting w^th other things of like nature: as dreames never thought uppon in y^t morning at y^e time of awakeing are remembred by some actions of y^e like nature met w^thall in y^e day time.

Forgetfullnesse ariseth sometimes out of y^e want of thinking of things. Things seene & words heard at y^e same{illeg} distance are distinctly remembred. So are distance & widenes or extension & bignesse. So are things w^ch enter not y^e sences as meditations, thoughts, dreames, & y^t a man hath remembred.

Meditations reminde a man of actions, & actions of meditatio. Colours, actions, sounds loud softly, high & low, Time as y^t 2 things were done together or so long after one another reconing how long since such a thing done by counting y^e time from one action to another untill y^e præsent time.

A man cannot remember what hee never thought uppon as a blow or prick \or noise/ in his sleepe y^e things & sounds w^ch hee heares & sees but minds not.

Objects from either eye or eare affect y^e memory alike. The same thing seene or heard from divers places or distances acte alike on y^e memor{y}

Things done in y^e same time helpe y^e memory of one another If memory bee done by characters in y^e braine yet y^e soule remembers too, for shee must remember those characters.

^[3]Immagination. & Phantasie & invention

We can fancie y^e thing wee see in a right posture w^th y^e heeles upward. Phantasie is helped by good aire fasting moderate wine.

but spoiled by {illeg} drunkenesse, Gluttony, too much study, (whence & from extreame passion cometh madnesse), dizzinesse commotions of y^e spirits

Meditation heates a {sic} y|^e|oung brain in some to distraction in others to an akeing & dizzinesse

The boyling blood of youth puts y^e spirits upon too much motion or else causet {sic} too many spirits. but could age make y^e brain either two {sic} dry to move roundly through or else is defective of Spirits yet theire memory is bad.

A man by heitning his fansie & immagination may bind anothers to thinke what hee thinks as in y^e story of y^e Oxford scollar in Glanvill Van of Dogmatizing.

When I had looked upon y^e Sun I shut my eyes & there appeared nothing untill I strongly fancied y^e ☉ to be befo all light couloured bodys appeared red & darke coloured bodys appeared red blew. ² If I looked on white paper w^th my bare eye it looked red, but if I looked on it {w^th} through a very little hole so y^t but a little light could come to my eye from y^e paper it looked greene .hence I guess y^t

|3| after y^e motion of y^e spirits in my eye were almost decayed \that I could see all thing w^th theire natū colours/ I shut it & could see noe colour or image till I heightned my fantasie of seeing ☉ & yⁿ began to appeare a blew spot w^ch grew ligter by degress in y^e midst untill it \was/ white & bright in y^e midst next to w^ch were cicles {sic} of red, yellow, grene, blew purle, all w^ch were sometimes encompassed w^th a darke greene or red. Sometimes y^e whole spot would turne very blew sometimes most of it red. After I opened my eye againe, white bodys looked red & darke ones blew as if I was had newly looked on y^e Sunne whence

Sympathy & Antipathie

To one pallate y^t is sweete w^ch is bitter to another

The same thing smells gratefully to one displeasinly to another

Objects of sight move not some but cast others into an extasie

Musicall aires are not heard by all w^th alike pleasure. The like of touching.

Of Oyly bodys

Whither they be oyly & consist of branchlike particles onely touching superficially & foulded together. Cartes.

That oyle (though thicker yet) mixeth sooner w^th most bodys yⁿ water & spreades quicklier when dropt upon bodys, may proceede from its branches taking hold like briers on all adjacent bodys whereas water \dropt/ is kept round by y^e aire unlesse y^e & crouded together unless y^e pores of bodys lye open for its particles to drop into them &c

Of Meteors.

Whither fierce winds dry bodys by beating out y^e moisture from other bodys Cartes Met:

To measure y^e height of y^e clouds. Suppose (E) y^e cloud (b) y^e edge of it casting y^e shaddow c. (d) y^e man measuring it {illeg} & a y^e Sunne. yⁿ ∠ adb = ∠ dbc may bee found & likewise dc its sine, whence y^e radius db or y^e distance of y^e cloude from y^e man is easly found. Feb 19 166$\frac{4}{5}$ at night I observed a Halo about y^e ☾ 22^d 35" distant from the {illeg} it was Ellipticall & its long diameter perpendicular from \to/ y^e Horizon verying below farthest from the ☾. neare y^e moone {illeg} were two rainbow y^e diameter of y^e 1^st was 3^d {illeg}|0|′ of y^e 2^d, 5 ^degr 30'. y^e order of y^e colours from y^e Moone were white, blewish green red, yellow; blewish greene, red, yellow.

Of Water & Salt |flux & reflux of y^e Sea|

insomuch y^t what will swim in its surface will sinke in it

Why is salt of a s{illeg}|qu|are figure haveing a hollow & broade top & a narrow base. & why graines of salt will crack in y^e fire but not if they be rubed first asunder.

Whither y^e pleasant smell of white sall|t| & y^e colour of black salt proceed from some other mixture. Cartes.

Whither salt is melted by suddaine \heate/ because there is water in it & not by a gentle fire because y^t exhales y^e water out by degrees /Cartes\

How oyle or spirits of salt (so sharpe y^t they will disolve gold) is extracted out of salt. Cartes Met: of Salt.

Tides canot be from y^e ☾s influence for there they would be lest at new moones.

Whither water may be drawne out of a receiver like aire or not. |This may bee y^e best way empty y^e receiver|

To try whither y^e Moone pressing y^e Atmosphære cause y^e flux & reflux of y^e sea. Take a tube of above 30 inches filled w^th water quicksilver, or else take a tube filled w^th water w^ch is soe much longer yⁿ 30 inches as y^e quicksilver is weightier yⁿ water & y^e top being stopped y^e liquor will sinke 3 or 4 inches below it leaving a vacuum (perhaps) then as y^e aire is more or lesse pressed w^thout by ☾ so will y^e water rise or fall as it doth in a witherglasse by heate or cold. The same may \be done by/ compareing y^e motions of y^e water of 2 looking /weather\ glasses one wherof is w^th in a vassell of water y^e other not.

Observe if y^e seas water rise not in mornings \days/ & fall at nights by reason of y^e earth pressing from ☉ uppon y^e night water &c. Try also whither y^e water is higher in mornings or evenings to know whither  or its vortex press forward most in its annuall motion

Of Mineralls

Why doth quicksilver sinke so readily into mettalls & into nothing else.

Foure ounces of copper, & one ounce of Tinglasse melted together compose a body coloured like Gold.

Brasse is Compounded of Copper & lapis Calaminariæ or fire-stones for ☉ {locks}, melted together

Pewter of tin & brasse.

Bell mettall of Tin one ounce & 3 ounces of Copp{er}

Mettall for reflections of may bee thus made: Melt throughly 3 pounds of Copper then take 4 ounces of \white/ Arsnick 6 ounces of Tartar & 3 ounces of Saltpeeter finely poudered together & put y^m into y^e melted copper & stirr y^m well together w^th a rodd of iron until they have done smoaking (but beware of y^e pernicious fume for y^e Arsnick is poyson) Then after a little blowing y^e fire to make it as hot as before put in 6 ounces of Tin-gla{ss} 2 ounces of Regulus of Antimony & after another blast or two put in a pound of Tin & stirr it a very little & immediately cast it The Tinglasse makes y^e mettall tough, & y^e Antimony makes it fine & of a steele colour two much of will make it bleaw. The Saltpeeter opens y^e poores of y^e mettall to let y^e filth evaporate & y^e Tartar helpeth to carry it away. If this mettall must bee cast smo{oth} line the sand mold w^th the smoake of a linke.

If there be metalls of equall weight there proportions are tin = 10000 Iron = 9250, copper 8222, Silver = 7161, leade = 6435, quicksilver = 5453 gold = 3895. Or if they bee equall the weight of gold is {10000} of quicksilver 7143, Of leade 6053, Of silver 5438, of copper 4737 of iron 4210, of tin 3895.

Of y^e Flux & reflux of y^e sea
earth water & vortices.

Note y^t y^e Earths diurnall motion is not helped by its vortex, for by y^e same force it would move y^e water \& air/ along w^th it, or rather faster.

Try whither y^e Earths /Seas\ flux & reflux bee greater in {illeg}|S|pring or Autume \in winter or Sommer/ by reason of y^e s Aphelion & perihelion.

Whither y^e Earth moved out of its Vortexes center by^e {sic} Moones pression cause not a monethly Parallax in Mars &c

In y^e Island Berneray scituated betwixt y^e Islands Eust & Herris In y^e tract of Islands west to scotland called by y^e inhabitants y^e long Island (Berneray is 3 m{illeg}|il|es long from east to west, & more yⁿ one mile broade). foure days before & after y^e full moone y^e tide flood runs east & its ebb west (y^e spring tides riseing 14 or 15 foot upright). but foure days before & after y^e quarters (a southerly moone makeing there full sea) One ebb flood & ebb runns east ward from about 9^h 30' to 3^h 30' in y^e day & in y^e other 12 night howers the flood & ebb run west ward in y^e summe $\frac{1}{2}$ yeare when y^e ☉ hath northerne declin{e} but in winter it runs westward in y^e day eastward in y^e night.

The Danube runns swiftest at noone & midnight & slowest at six of y^e clock (as is perceived by y^e motion & noyse of y^e clackers in Mills) & yet there is noe ebb nor flow y^e water keeping at a constant height. Also another \turbulent/ river          w^ch swimms into the Danube mixeth not w^th it, nor swim they \like water & oyle/ one above (but besides) y^e other.

Of v|V|iolent motion

|2| This motion is not continued by a force imprest because y^t force must be communicated from y^e mover either into y^e moved either \by/ Some corporeall e|f|flux or incorporeall one or nothing. if by corporeall attomes we are still at a loss how those attomes must continue theire one motion. if by an incorporeall efflux it {illeg} must be by either spirit or some quality if by a spirit how comes y^e spirit to {illeg}|be| so soone easly united to y^e body & not to slip through it & when united to it how comes y^e spirits to cease so soone & y^e spit to leave it & hence every little attome must have soules in store to cast away uppon every body they meete w^th. if a quality then qualitas transmigrat de subjecto in subjectum. & this quality cannot be y^e motion of y^e mover since it & y^e mover are seperated at once from y^e thing moved. In a word how can y^t give a power of being moveing w^ch it selfe hath not.

Therefore it must be moved after its seperation from y^e mover by it one gravity. Which will be cleare by seing whither there can be motion in a vacuum & what that motion is & so compareing it w^th motion in pleno.

|1| That there may be motion in vacuo let us suppose (a b) to be a body as a peice of earth \Aire/ (c. d. e.) to be three globes, (f g h i) & all y^e space about y^e globes & that earth \aire/ to be inane now in y^e chapter de vacuo w{illeg}ee have shewed that those three globes would be really seperate & not touch one another. you will grant y^t halfe y^e globes are in places & halfe in vacuo & consequently may move, suppose yⁿ y^t halfe of (r) in y^e earth \aire/ move towards (d) we aske whither that part in vacuo would move along w^th it or stay behind & \be/ seperated frome it if y^e first we have o^r desire if y^e last wee ask what should seperate it from it not y^e vacuum since y^t is accounted nothing. but you may say y^t it is not truly motion for y^e upper ꝑ^te of r to be carried to (d) we answer y^t where there is action (for such is y^e passing of (r) to (d)|)| & where there are new respects acquired to other \y^e same/ bodys there must be motion, but y^e upper part of |(r)| hath neither y^e same respect to y^e aire w^ch nor to (d) w^ch it had before it began to pass towards d. but this but to quarrell w^th y^e termes If this {motion} \going of r to d/ be not motion I aske what it is. but this is onely to strive about termes & if it please you not to call it motion cal <114r> it what you will but it is y^t which we aimed to prove & there is but this difference twixt it & motion in pleno. y^t y^e one is environed with such bodys {illeg} mater as is impenitrable & consequently y^t mater must be crouded out of y^e move|i|ng bodys way before or rather at y^e same time y^t y^e body moves, it must needs impede y^e motion by \to/ be continually thrusting against & resisted by y^e body before it: but in vacuo it meetes w^th nothing \impenitrable/ to stay it & {contein by then} tis true God is as far as vacuum extends but he being a spirit & penetrating all matter can be no obstacle to y^e motiō of matter noe more yⁿ if nothing were in its way Let mee aske why one should be motion more yⁿ another since a vacuum ca in pleno motion is so stopped by one body rubbing uppon another & in vacuum it hath its liberty can y^e same thing (viz \a/ being invironed w^th bodys) at y^e same time {illeg} give a being to motion & yet destroy it, wherefore to be in pleno cannot be essentiall to moc|t|ion. & if it were things would be more properly sade to move where there is most body or they find most resistance to theire motion & so more properly in water yⁿ in aire &c. But it \is/ objected by Aristotle y^t a Vacuum is uniforme & every where alike & a body hath y^e same respects to a vacuum in all places alike but there is no motion with some mutation of circumstances {illeg}|An|d so in Vacuo no motion I answer as to o^r senses y^e aire is uniform̄ And we judge a thing to be moved {illeg} \when/ we se it come nigher or d goe farther from some thing w^ch o^r senses can perceive & so we judge not a thing to be moved in respect of y^e aire but of y^e earth or some thing

Of Comets.

The motion of a Comet

Anno 1{5}|6|85.

Its beard was round about it.

Octob 8^th {illeg} at 11^h afternoone this comet was distant from {illeg}|th|e 3^d star of ♈ 45^d 16$\frac{1}{2}${'} 11^h 10^m from scapula Pegasi 33^d 43' $\frac{1}{4}$. Therefor it longitude was 23^d ♓ 9' 2". latitud 13^d, 52', 9"

Anno 1618 A Comet appeared Stilo g|G|regor:

The motion of y^e comet

from 2^day to 11^th day 26^d 31'. From 11^th to 13^th; 6^d 34' from 13^th to 14^th 2^d 35' 50". from 13^{th day} to 24^th it moved 23^degr 45' 54". The 1^st day y^e tayle was avers from ☉ exactly its \tayle/ reached beyond |  below y^e {illeg} <115r> lower wheeles in y^e \Great/ Beares belly & was in \a/ {illeg}manner ∥ to y^m. But it declined a little \afterwards/ from ☉ toward ♀ \upwards/ Sometimes y^e d|t|ayle declines from ☉ 20 or 30 ^degres east or westward. The tayle of this last Comet was sometimes 25^d in length. The beard of it was so raire as y^t starrs might be seene through it.

|1664.| Dec 9^th old stile at 4 of y^e clock in y^e Morning y^e latitude southward of y^e Comet was 20^d, its longit 182^d. The length of its tayle 20^d.

On fryday \before midnight/ Decemb^r 23^d 1664 I observed a Comet whose rays were round her, yet her tayle extended it selfe a little towards y^e w\e/e|a|st parallell to y^e Ecliptick The  it \selfe was not/ seene onely it looked like a little cloude The altitude of Sirius at y^e time of observation was 16^d, The comet was yⁿ entering into y^e whales mouth \at y^e nether jaw/ being distant frō Aldeboran 23^d 21' & as much from Rigel. Therefore y^e longitude of it was {illeg} 48^d 4'. its latitude 22^d, 3', 44". At about 9^h 24' at night

December 24^th it appeared as on y^e day before, being distant from Rigel 28^d, 24'; from Aldeb: 24^d 12{'} Sirius being 20^d high y^t is it was 10^h 28' |  26' at night. whence its longitude was 44^d 7' its latitude Northward \southward/ 18^d 23'.

Dec 27^th before midnight Sirius being 16^d high y^e distance of y^e Comet from Aldeboran was 28^d 11'. from Rigel 38^d 36' $\frac{1}{2}$. Its longitude was 37^d. 4'. 13". <115v> its longitude was 37^d, 4', 13". its latitude south 10^d, 20', 4{illeg}{"} at 9^h 8' at night.

The length of its tayle was about 11^d being extended towards Aldeboran or a little below it parallell to y^e Ecliptick. The tayle now perfectly manifested it selfe on y^t west east side & y^e  began to discover it selfe, y^e cloude being now dissipated. It moved \northward/ against y^e streame of y^e Vortex cutting it at an angle of about 45^d or 46^d. There was stil a very bright beard |  haire round about y^e Comet & it seemed to bee nothing but bird raying for I could from y^e center of it for I could not see y^e limits of y^e .

Dec 28^th y^e comet was distant from y^e bright p^ in y^e jaw of y^e Whaile 5^d 52'. from y^e {middle} star \q^/ in y^e Whailes mouth 3^d 43'. Covering y^e  twixt |^e| ^{illeg} y^e 3^d & 5^t of y^e Goate w^th its haire but being rather above {illeg} it as in y^e figure. Its tayle extending to y^e 3^d & 4^th stars in y^e section of y^e bull

Dec: 29^th when 'twas in y^e meridian its altitude was 44^d 13'. Therefore its declinacōn was 6^d 30' Northward. It passed a little below y^e ^c w^ch is below y^e whales eye.

Dec: 30^th, 15^min past 7^h at night. The right ascen of y^e Comet was y^e same w^th y^e  c below the whailes eye its declinacon about 28' most /northern\

Ian 1^st Sirius being 4|2|0^d 50' high, or 21^d high The comet had 4' in Alinicanthers more yⁿ y^e  below y^e whailes eye, 5' in Azimuths westward more yⁿ y^t in y^e hinder ꝑte of y^e head. Its tayle being 12^d in length & extending towards y^e 3 s below Suculæ under Aldeloran {sic}.

Ian 2^d Sirius /Aldebor\ being Ian 2^d Rigells Altitude being 25^d 30' or lesse The Comet had y^e same Azimuth w^th y^e  in y^e hinder ꝑte in y^e Whailes head, being perpendicularly over it & distant from it 2^d 41'.

On Tuesday Ian 10^th at 10 of y^e clock {illeg} \at night/ The comet was distant from the northerne  following y^e 1^st  of ♈ 6^d 10'. from y^e midle & brighter  in y^e north knot of y^e fishes {illeg}|6|^d {illeg}|8|'. Its tayle poynting towards y^e biggest of y^e 3 ^s in y^e taile of ♈ but being very weake & y^e star it selfe grown very dim.

On Munday Ian 23^d at 8^h at night The Comet was distant from y^e middle bright  in y^e North knot of y^e ♓ 3^d 58'. & twixt y^t  & y^e  in y^e Rams neck exactly. its tayle being scarse discernable. This comets motion was swiftest \& it nerest to us/ when it was in y^e belly of Syrius its right ascention being 100^d.

On Satturday {illeg} Aprill 1^st 1665 There appeared anothe{r} Comet w^ch at 20' after 3 in y^e morning was distant from y^e Head of Andromeda 3^d 29'. & From y^e  in y^e left knee of Pegasus 16^d, 18'. |being in or very neare y^e Tropick {illeg} w^th longitude ♈ 4^d or thereabouts by the Globe.|

On Tuesday morning at 20' after 3 Apr: 4^th y^e Come{t} was distant from Andromeda's head, 8^d, 26'. From y^e Star in Cassiopeas {illeg}|Brest| \called Schedir/ 28^d 22'. Being on y^t side of them towards Perseus. Therefore it {mo}

On wednesday apr 5^th at 20^m after 3^h y^e Comet was distant from y^e head of Andromeda 10^d 40'. 28^d. 58' from Cassiopeas brest.

^[7]The firt {sic} matter attomes, mixt w^th v

Of Motion.

y^e joyn\in/g & meeting of y^e two parts & posterius according to y^e latter of y^e two parts & so be \still/ liable still to divisibility w^ch contradicts y^e notion of an indivisible part. But to explaine how these leasts have no parts.

An Artist will play a lesson not minding a stroke & sing neither minding nor missing a note a man may walke w^thout thinking of it. &c

In a wheele divided into 24 parts by y^e 24 letters. A cannot move before b nor b before c &c to z, yⁿ z will not move untill A hath nor A till z y^e reason is becaus a can have no place but b's nor y^t till b {illeg} hath left it. If they move all together yⁿ in y^e instant y^t b {illeg} leaves its place it is in't or not. if in't yⁿ a can't move into't in y^e same instant it leaves it if not in't yⁿ it had left it before. A less & greater in a wheele move equally swift {illeg} y^e ({illeg} or els a \straight/ line drawne from y^e center to y^e cicumference would be in flected i. e. if some parts move faster yⁿ others) yet y^e greater circle passeth over more space.

A little wheele on y^e same axis w^th 2 large ones will pass over equall space w^th equall revolutions. Glanvill When a snaile creepes a gale of spirits circuit from her head downe her back to her taile & up her belly to her head againe. Chartes defines motion 2^â ꝑte Pr: Ph: to be The Translan{illeg}|t|ion of one part of matter or one body from y^e vicinity of those bodys w^ch im̄ediatly touch it {illeg} & seem to rest, to y^e vicinity of others.

The motion of y^e Stomack in vomiting (though wholly against our will & therefore mee|r|ly mechanicall) by y^e touch of a whale bone onely, doth much more illustrate y^e {illeg} actions of brutes to bee mechanicall & independent of {illeg} soules, then Chartes his instance of winking at y^e shaking of a freinds hand by y^e eye.

How much longer will a pendulum move in y^e Receiver then in y^e free aire. Hence may bee conjecttured w^t bodys there bee in the receiver to hinder y^e motion of the pendulum.

^[8]Of Attomes.

Division can be made a Mathematicall point or superficies may be betwixt y^e parts divided /divisible\ but a point cannot be put or conceived in this little space to divide it. Add yⁿ a \naked/ point {illeg} to any space in thi|e| line I ask {illeg} whither it bee in y^e space w^thout touching y^e \any of y^e/ other pointes y^t make{s} y^e line or not. if you say tis yⁿ I answer y^t a point w^ch would have resisted touching might have as well beene added before w^thout an absurdity. If you say yⁿ y^t it must touch one of y^e other points y^t make y^e line. I say yⁿ y^t that point is in y^e same place w^th y^e point w^ch it touches, & so not in y^e space w^ch you would have divided. how can yⁿ y^t space be divided into w^ch a mathematicall point cannot enter to seperate its ꝑts? & so how can an attom be divided w^ch is no larger yⁿ to fill up y^t space. It {sic} like manner (y^t it may appeare \of/ how nigh kindred number & {illeg} Extension in matter is, in soe much y^t nothing can be supposed of one, but may be so of y^e other) suppose there were ciphers of such a nature & quality y^t they will resist being y^e same. {illeg}|L|ay y^m together they will not turne all to one nothing since theire qualities require some distance or difference amongst y^m betwixt each one of y^m let y^e first be a bare cipher, ad another will be different from y^t & it can differ no less yⁿ an unite y^e third yⁿ must differ from both of, {sic} y & y^t can be no lesse yⁿ 2 units &c Every cipher thus qualified being different or distant from all y^e former by y^e quantitie of an unite if yⁿ 11 such ciphers added make {illeg} y^e difference of 10 unites {illeg}|to| make y^e number of 10 see yⁿ if you can ad another cipher thus qualified into y^e midst of y^m as betweene 5 & 6 y^e cipher will be neith^r 5 nor 6 for yⁿ it would bee added too y^m not betweene y^m & so be y^e same w^th y^t to w^ch it is added w^ch is against its nature. There is {illeg} no difference betweene {illeg} 5 & 6 where by it may not be y^e same w^th some other number and so therefore it cannot bee admitted into y^e number 10 so {illeg} a naked cipher to y^e number there is nothing twixt 5 & 6 (y^e difference or distance of y^e numbers /or space betwene y^m\) in w^ch it can be therefore it must be either add to 5 or 6 / y^e joyn <119v> (as may say of those \y^e / numbred unites.) By y^t way you may note y^t tis not ciphers haveing power to keepe seperated or different from y^t sort of being to w^ch it is added but y^e actuall resistance of being one w^th y^m & therefore y^e first ciper {sic} of y^e multitude thus qualified will be still a plaine cipher because there is no former cipher whose nature it w^th w^ch it should be one w^th but y^t 2^d ciper refusing to be what y^e first is makes y^e unite or indivisible basis of number. So a Math: point is not extended by haveing power to resist conjunction w^th another unles theire be another point w^th w^ch it refuseth to be seperated, & yⁿ there is distance betwixt y^m two though indivisible & y^e least y^t can be yet y^e basis of all other extensios {sic} & y^e mould of attoms. I would not be mistaken as if I thought a point or Cipher (were|hich| are nothings) were capable of powers or qualities but b{illeg}|ec|ause I thought it a supposition easie to coceive of & fit for y^e purpose I ventred upon it & though it be impossible y^t y^e thing should be so yet it is not so to conceive it: nay if attomes be so small tis necessary to conceive they are termined \& touch others/ by Math: points & superficies tho at so small a distance as is described here, though held asund^r by y^e attome & no power of theire owne.

Object: y^e least extension is infinitely {illeg} larger yⁿ a point & theirefore can conteine it & be divided by it

Resp: I confess it is so & therefore can conteine an infinite number of points but they must be all in y^e borders or extreames \sides & outward superficies of it/ & y^t can not point \make/ out a place for division: for y^e least distance in y^t whole attome is from one {par} extream to another it hath no inside, no midst, nor center but is it selfe y^e but is it selfe all center inside & midst to y^e invironing superficies & all it can do is to keep those points on eitherside it from touching You cannot put a point w^thin it becaus it hath no inside set a point uppon it & yⁿ it touches but its superficies {How} can a point yⁿ be in y^e Attom & distant from one extream & yet not in y^e other. put a point to one extreame of it & lett it move into y^e place where you conceive it might be w^thout touching either side towards y^e <120r> other extreame yⁿ it is no sooner from one extreame but it is at y^e other (because it is no soner out of one \extreame of a/ place (for it can \not/ be in a place) but it is in another & y^e 2 extreames of it are y^e termini of y^e nighest & joyning parts of place) can it yⁿ be where tis impossible for it to rest from motion nay if it should get from one extreame & not reach y^e other y^t would not be motion because y^e least motion is over y^e least distance & y^e least distance is from one side to anoth^r in y^e Attome. y^e whole attom is all in y^e same place

What ever can be objected against indefinite divisibility {illeg} in bodys may also bee objected against y^e same in quantity & number. but if y^e fraction $\frac{10}{3}$ bee reduced to decimals it will be 3,33333333 &c infinitely. & what doth {illeg} every figure signifie but a ꝑte of y^e fraction $\frac{10}{3}$ w^ch therefore is divisible into infinite ꝑts

anothers streames w^th much difficulty, & pressure & so be compacted & y^e descending streame will keepe y^m so by continually pressing y^m to y^e Earth till they arise {illeg} to y^e place from whence they came, & there they will attaine theire former liberty.

The gravity of a body in divers places as at y^e top & bottome of a hill; in different latitudes &c: may bee measured by an instrument of this forme

The weight of water is to y^e weight of quicsilver as 1 to 14. Water is 400 \(perhaps 2000)/ times heavier yⁿ aire & gold 19 times heavier yⁿ water.

Quæst: What proportion y^e weights of two bodys \as gold & silver/ have have {sic} in divers mediums as in vacuo aere aqua &c: w^ch known y^e weight of y^e aire or water in vacuo \or the quantity of gold to y^e silver/ is given &c: As if in aire y^e Gold (a) is equiponderant to y^e silver ({illeg}|z|) & in vacuo y^e Gold (3a) is equiponderant to y^e gold (a b) \y^e weight {a} it being called b. And {illeg} in/ water y^e gold (a) is equiponderant to y^e silver (2z). let (c) bee y^e weight of so much water \in y^e aire/ as is equall to y^e Gold a then is $\frac{\mathrm{cz}}{\mathrm{a}}$ y^e weight of so much water as is equall to y^e silver $\frac{\mathrm{a}}{\mathrm{z}}$. And b - c : z - $\frac{\mathrm{c\; z}}{\mathrm{a}}$ :: a : {illeg} z, for \Then/ y^e gold & silver weighed in water their weights are diminished by y^e weight of y^e water whose place they conteine. Therefor 2az - ²cz = az - cz. Or a = c b - c is y^e weight of y^e gold a in y^e water & b - $\frac{\mathrm{cz}}{\mathrm{a}}$ is y^e weight of y^e silver (z) in it, & since b is equiponderant to 2z in it Thever {sic} b - c = 2b -² $\frac{\mathrm{cz}}{\mathrm{a}}$ or $\frac{\mathrm{ab+ac}}{\mathrm{2c}}$ = z. y^t is 2c : b + c :: a : z. Or if (c) y^e weight of water in y^e aire is sought yⁿ $\frac{\mathrm{ab}}{\mathrm{zz-a}}$ = c. Thus might y^e absolute weights of bodys i: e: their weights in vacuo bee found. as of air or y^e Bodys \or fire/ in a hot furnace w^thout flame {&c}

Try whither flame will descend in Torricellius vacuū

In y^e descention of a body There is to be considered y^e force w^ch it receives every moment from its gravity (w^ch must be soe much y^e lesse by how much the swifter a body is moved \least in a swiftest body)/ & y^e opposition it receives from y^e aire (w^ch increaseth in ꝑportion to its swiftnesse). {illeg} To make an experiment concerning this increase of motion let When y^e Globe a is falne from e to f let y^e Globe b begin to move at g soe y^t both y^e globes fall together at h.

According to Galileus a iron ball or 100 Florentine (y^t is 78^lb in London of Adverdupois weight) descends an 100 braces Florentine or cubits (or 49,01 Ells, perhaps 56 ^yds in 5" of an hower

By this {figure it will} appeare how to weigh w^thout {illeg} y^e weight. And to tell exactly y^e weight of bodys {at} y^e first triall. But it will bee best to fix y^e wheele & make y^e armes cd & ac very long especially cd. This balance may bee of excellent use for |finding| y^e proportions /severall weights\ of allayed or mint bodys {by there} \by their/ weight in aire & water as in /weight in severall mediums as in aire & water\(as of gold & coppor,) or to compare y^e quantity of any two {given} bodys (as gold & stone) by their difference of weight in divers mediums. to compare y^e weights of {illeg} bodys, viz to find w^t proportion the weights of those bodys would have were they equall.

Try whither y^e weight of a body may be altered by heate or cold, by dilatation or condensition, beating {illeg}, poudering, transfering to serverall {sic} places or ser|v|^rall {illeg} heights or placing a \hot or/ heavy body over it \or under it/ or by placing magnetisme whither leade or its dust spread abroade, whither a plate flat ways or edg ways in heaviest, whither y^e rays of gravity may bee stopped by refecting or refracting y^m, if so a perpetuall motion may bee made one of these two ways

The gravity of bodys is as their solidity, because all body{s} descend equall spaces in equal {times} consideration being had to the Resistance of y^e aire &c

Of colours

Try if two Prismas y^e one casting blew upon y^e other's red doe not produce a white.

If abdc be white & cdsr black yⁿ eodc is red.

If abdc be black & edsr white yⁿ eodc is blew.

If abdc be blew & edsr white yⁿ eodc is blewer.

The more uniformely the globuli move y^e optick nerves y^e more bodys seme to be coloured red yellow blew greene &c but y^e more variously they move them the more bodys appeare white black or Greys.

1 Note y^t slowly moved rays are refracted more then swift ones

2^dly If adbc be shaddow & cdsr white then y^e slowly moved rays \coming from cdqp/ will be refracted as if they had come from eodc soe y^t y^e slowly moved \rays/ being seperated from y^e swift ones \by refraction,/ there {illeg} ariset 2 colours kinds of colours viz: from y^e slow ones blew, sky colour, & purples. from y^e swift ones red, yellow            & from them w^ch are neither moved very swift nor slow ariseth greene but from y^e slow & swiftly moved rays mingled ariseth white grey & black. whence it is y^t cdqp will not bee /appeare\ red unless qsrp be darke because as many slow rays as come from cdqp & are refracted as if they came from eodc, soe many slow rays come from qsrp & are refracted as if they came from dqpc unless unlesse {sic} qsrp be darker yⁿ dqpc

3^dly That y^e rays w^ch make blew are refracted more yⁿ y^e rays w^ch make red appeares from this experim^nt If one hafe of y^e thred abc be blew & y^e other red & a shade or black body be put behind it yⁿ lookeing on y^e thred through a prism one halfe of y^e thred shall appeare higher yⁿ y^e other & not \both/ in one direct line, by reason of unequall refractions in y^e 2 halfe lines differing colours.

4 Hence red|nes| yellow|nes| &c are made in bodys by sp stoping y^e slowly moved rays w^thout \much/ hindering of y^e motion of y^e swifter rays. & blew \greene/ & purple by diminishing y^e motion of y^e swifter rays \& not of y^e slower/. Or in some boddys \all/ these colours may arise by diminishing y^e motion of all y^e rays in greater or lesse geometricall proportion.|,| for yⁿ there will be lesse difference in theire motions yⁿ otherwise

5 If y^e particles in surface a body have not so greate an elastick power as to returne back y^e whole motion of a ray. then y^t body may be lighter or darker colored according as y^e elastick particle virtues |of| that bodys parts is more or lesse.

6 If there be los|o|se particles in y^e pores of a body w^ch by makeing y^m very narrow or by \otherwise/ hindering y^e elastick power of y^e subtil matter whereby y^e motions of y^e rays are conserved y^t body may have some colour, &c

7 If a pore be too much stra|i|tned as at c e, so y^t y^e globulus must part y^e matter towards b from y^e matter towards d so y^t ther be no subtil ma|t|ter on either side towards c or e, yⁿ after \when/ some of y^t narrow poore is behind it, there will be noe matter on either side it to presse it towards its hinder ꝑts so much as it is pressed before likewise it is forced to croude all before it all y^e matter in y^e pore towar so y^t its \motion/ must needes be diminished if it had force to passe through but if it had not force enough to part y^e matter & get through yⁿ it would be reflected back w^thout looseing any considerable ꝑts of its motion \as rays passing out of glass, into y^e \aire/ whē their force is too much diminished by their obliquity they are reflected by y^e aire w^thout any loss of their motion/ & bodys full of such str{e}|a|ight passages in its pores must be of darke colours as blew glass whose pores may be straightned by y^e loose \& too greate/ particles of y^e tincture lying w^thin y^m. But if this pore were something bigger so as to let y^e slowly moved particles ○s passe through w^th losse of most or all theire motion, but letting y^e swift ones scape freelier yⁿ y^e colour will be red, yellow &c: as in glasse it <123v> may be whose poores are full of smaller particles of |y^e | tincture y those \pores/ of blew glasse are,

8 Though 2 rays be equally swift yet if one ray be lesse yⁿ y^e other that ray shall have \so much {illeg} lesse/ effect on y^e sensorium as it has lesse motion yⁿ y^e other &c.

Whence supposeing y^t there are {loos} particles in y^e pores of a body {illeg} as {illeg} as \bearing proportion to/ y^e greater rays, as 9 : 12: & y^e less globulus is in proportion to y^e greater as 2 : 9. y^e greater globulus by impinging on such a particle will loose a $\frac{6}{7}$^th ꝑtes of its motion y^e less glob: will loose $\frac{2}{7}$ parts of its motion & y^e remaining motion of y^e glob: will have almost such a proportion to one another as {illeg} in quantity have. viz. $\frac{5}{7}$ : $\frac{1}{7}$ :: 9: 1$\frac{4}{5}$ w^ch is almost 2 {y^e less} glob. & such a body may {proove blew} & {purple}

But if y^e particles on w^ch y^e globuli reflect are equall to y^e less globulus it shall loose its motion & y^e greater glob: shall loos $\frac{2}{11}$ parts of its motion & such a body may be red or yellow

9 If I presse my eye on y^e left side (when I looke towards my right hand) as at a, yⁿ I see a w^ch is circle of red as at c but w^thin y^e red is blew for y^e capillamenta are more pressed at n & o & round about y^e finger yⁿ at a towards y^e midst of y^e finger. y^t ꝑte of y^e apparitiō at q is more languid because y^e capillamenta at o are duller & if y^e finger move towards e two much it vanisheth at q & appeareth semicircular but if I put my finger at e or {b} y^e apparition wholly vanisheth. By puting a brasse plate betwixt my eye & y^e bone nigher to y^e midst of y^e {tunica} retina yⁿ I could put my finger I mad a very vivid impression <124r> But of an ellipticall figue because y^e edge of y^e plate w^th w^ch I prest my eye was long & not round like my finger If I was in y^e darke \& y^e impression be very strong/ towards y^e outside appeared a broade circle of purple next blew yⁿ greene yⁿ yellow, red \like flame/, yellow, greene, blew, purple w^ch growing from a very darke by degrees to a lighter colo blew ends in a greene in y^e midst. The colours I suppose next y^e flameing red looke something y^e darker by reason of its splendor. And if y^e experiment bee done in y^e light so y^t though my eyes were shut yet some rays got through my eye lids y^e \outmost/ purple would appeare of a colour inclining to blacknes by reason I suppose of y^e bordering light. also {illeg} if y^e pressure was not very strong y^e greene \& purple/ at a would not be preceived in y^e darke but it would be something lighter in y^e light yⁿ y^t in other places of y^e eye as at v or w, & all y^e other outmost colours w^thout strong pression bee but {illeg} blew. but if y^e presion be strong in y^e light y^e apparition will but little vary from w^t it is in y^e darke. beyond all y^e colours as {illeg}|be|tweene o & e y^e light is stronger yⁿ in other places as at v or w, because y^e pressure helpes y^e motion from w^thout but is not strong enough to turne it to colour

10 Heate a peice of steele glowing hot, hold it over some water untill it turne from a white to a red heate then immediately quench it y^t it bee neither too brittle nor soft, by being quenched too \so far as you would harden for if it be quenched sooner it/ will bee too brittle if later too soft. Then makeing y^e end bright hold it over a candle y^t y^e end may |be| halfe an inch out of y^e flame, or lay it upon a hot iron, & these colours will follow one another towards y^e end of it; viz: bright yellow, deeper & reddish yellow or sanguine, a fainter blew; & a deeper blew, If it be quenched in tallow when tis yellow tis fit for gravers, drills &c: If when y^e light blew is on it it is fit \for/ springs for watches If when y^e deepe blew is on it, it will bee very soft.

11 The colours succede in order according to theire more or lesse reflection of light viz: white, redd, yellow, blew, purple greene, black. Red, & purple paint theire colours far more manifestly yⁿ blew, or greene.

Light reflected from a yellow to a blew body makes a greene

12 The sunne shineing through coloured paper or glasses \as also y^e mixture of divers colours/ exhibits these colours viz yellow & blew make red

Yellow & red make Orange \or scarlet/ colour. Purple & red make scarle{t} Red & greene a darke orange Tauny. Red & blew make purple. Red & white by mixture make a Carnation

|12| y^e yellow colour (made by a prisme) falling upon a blew makes a greene. blew falling upon red mak{es} a greene. It would be tried w^t colours y^e mixture of colours falling from 2 prismes would make.

13 Leade melted very hot & haveing y^e scum taken of represents these colours viz: Blew, yellow purple, blew; greene, purple, blew, yellow, red; purple blew, yellow & blew, yellow, blew, purple, Greene mix{ed} yellow, red, blew, greene, yellow, red, purple, greene.

14 Motes in y^e sunne in some positions appeare of divers colors.

15 Put as much common Sublimate into hot faire water as it can dissolve filter y^e solution through cap paper y^t it may be lympid. & into 2 spoonefulls of it, put about 5 drops of good limpid spirits of urine & it will be white like milke, to w^ch if you put in some rectified Aqua=fortis it will be transparent. more fresh spirit of urine will make it looke white but not so white as before,

16 Make a strong Infusion of broken galls in faire water filter it into a cleane violl ad more of y^e same liquor to it till it be transparent. into it shake a convenient quantity of cleare but very strong solution of vitrioll & it will be black, then drop a little \cleare & strong/ oyle of vitrioll into it shakeing y^e vessell well & y^e liquor will become transpar{ent} w^ch againe will become black by y^e affusion of a smal{l} quantity of a strong solution of salt of tartar.

Note, y^e Corrosive liquors ( as oyle of Vitrioll) may clari{fy} |a| {illeg}liquors &|e| seperating & dividing its ꝑts. But precipitating liquors (as salt of tartar) by uniteing theire parts make them conspicuous & y^e liquor coloured.

^[9]Of Imagination

I gather y^t my Phantasie & y^e ☉ had y^e same operation uppon {illeg} y^e optick spirits in my optick nerve & y^t y^e same motions are caused in my braines by both.

Opening my eye & lookeing in y^e darke upon y^e like imaginations there appeared y^e like panta{illeg}|s|me {sic} as when I shut it

|5| Lookeing uppon white paper there appeared (by meanes of a strong phantasie) first a spot something darker yⁿ y^e paper w^ch grew dar|blac|ker & dar|blac|ker until there seemed to be a dusky red spreading almost over all y^e paper {sometime} this spot would be red & & sometime blew

|6| lookeing on a bright cloude there appeared y^e same phantasm as when I looked on y^e white paper \onely for y^e most ꝑt blacker/ untill at last I was able to make this spot glitter in y^e cloude \amidst y^e dusky red/ whither I looke on y^e paper or cloude like y^e ☉ in a cloude so bight {sic} y^t my eys watered.

|7| Imploying my selfe in other exercises for two or 3 howers \an hower before ☉ sed {sic} hee being wholy clouded,/ when I thought my eye was prety well restored I repeated all y^e former experiment adding this to y^m y^t though I shut y^e distemperd eye & opened y^t w^th w^ch I looked not on y^e ☉ y^t I could see y^e ☉ pictured on y^e cloudes or other white objects almost as plaine as if I had looked w^th my distempered eye y^e other being shut \& every where about ☉ appeared a dusky red & blacknesse./ & w^th doeing thus I have made such impress on y^e optick nerve y^e {sic} let me looke w^th w^ch eye I would ☉ offered itselfe to my vew unless I set my fantasie to worke on other things w^ch w^th much difficulty I could doe

|8| If after I had thus seene ☉s image w^th my left well eye I shut it & opened my right eye all objects would appeare coloured as when I had seene ☉ But I could not perceive any such motion in y^e spirits of my left eye for all objects appeared in theire right colours to it unless <125v> when I fixed my eye {illeg} on {illeg}|y^m| for yⁿ appeared ☉

|9| when y^e impresion of ☉ was not {illeg}|too| strong upon my eye I could easily imagine severall shapes to be {where} I usually appre as if I saw them in y^e ☉s place, whence perhaps may be gathered y^t y^e tendere{st} sight argues y^e clearest fantasie of things visible. & hence something of y^e nature of madnesse & dreame{s} may be gathered

|10| When I had beene thus affected 2 days y^e same \white wall/ If I looked not over nigh it where it was shadowed looked blew, where it was lesse shadowed looked red inclining to d|w|hite where it was lightest by y^e rays of y^e ☉ reflected fm a wall uppon it it looked white, at y^t time I had beene in a darke rome for 2 or 3 howers & my eyes were made tender thereby so y^e motiō made in y^m would be easlier conserved & consequequently {sic} more unifo|r|me.

Of God

Were men & beasts &c made by fortuitous jumblings of attomes there would be many parts uselesse in them {illeg} {illeg} here a lumpe of flesh there a member too much some kinds of beasts might have had but one eye some more yⁿ two & y^e two eyes.

Of Light^[10]

the candle in the glasse appears & disappeare.

Of y^e Creation {is use}.

The word ב ברא w^ch Gen i.i. is interpreted to create something out of nothing is used Gen y^e 1^st v.21 where tis saide God created greate Whales \&c/, but y^e matter out of w^ch it they were {before} \created/ did {illeg} exist before neither is it ment of creating y^e soule {illeg} or forme of y^e whale, for y^t is not y^e whale alone. & there may be but one kind of irrationall soule w^ch joyned w^th severall kinds of bodys make severall kinds of beasts, for setting aside y^e different shape of theire body beasts differ from one another but in some qualitys w^ch w^ch are called instincts of nature. now as in men whose soules are of one kind some love hate feare &c one thing some another & few men are of y^e same temper w^ch diversity arises from {illeg} theire bodys (for all theire soules are alike) so why may not y^e severall tempers or instincts of divers kinds of bea{re}|st|s arise from y^e different tempers & modes of theie bodys they differing from one another more yⁿ one mans body from anothers.. \To suppose then that God did crate {sic} divers kind of soules for divers kinds of beasts is to suppose God did more than He needed/ How yⁿ can y^e soule of y^e whale be called y^e whalle since before it be joyned w^th y^e whale tis as much y^e soule of a horc|s|e & this creating yⁿ of whales & severall other creatures must be noe but modifying matter into y^e body of a whale & infusi{ng} an irrationall soule into it. Eccles: 33 ves 10 Adam was created of y^e earth.

Whither Moses his saying Gen y^e 1^st y^t y^e evenig|ing| {sic} & y^e morning were y^e first day &c do prove y^t God created time. Coll 1.16 or heb 1 ch 2 v τους ἀιωνας ἐποίησεν expoūded, he made y^e worlds. prove y^t God created time

Of y^e soule

Were y^e soule nothing but modified matter & did memory consist in action (for it can thus consist in nothing else) wee could never call things into o^r memory for so long as y^t action continews we must thinke of & remember y^t phantasme & when y^t action ceaseth & not before yⁿ wee may cease to thinke of & remember y^t p\h/antasme but how shall we call this thing into memory y^e action being done & we haveing no principle w^th in us to begin such a motion againe w^thin us. &c

If sence consisted in reaction we should perceive things doubele or we should never se any thing before us but there would be some apparition behind us for let this perceiving body be what it will supose y^e conarion it cannot be so much pressed on one side \by y^e spirits/ but it will press upon y^e spirits on y^e other side as consequently they will presse upon it &c.

Hobbs. part 4^th chap 1^st. Motion is never y^e weake{r} for y^e object being take away for yⁿ dreames would not be so cleare as sence. but to men wakeing things past appeare ob={scurer} then things present because y^e organs being moved by other p^rsent objects y^t {may} at y^e same time motion /those phantasmes\ is|are| lesse predominant. & {sic} /Resp: Then we\ should never forget any thing. 2 Phantasmes are præd{illeg}|omi|nant from y^e strenght of there motion causing y^m if yⁿ there be no other cause of sence yⁿ motion but if y^e motion causing present & past phantasmes be alike strong y^e effect must be y^e same equall & so there would be no differences betwix sence & phantasie. all things w^ch wee ever perceived would be alike in our phantasie & wee should thinke of almost an immense multitude of objects at once. &c

Of y^e soule

Memory is a faculty of y^e soule (in some measure for \else/ how can divers sounds, or words excite her to divers unless by memory she app \thoughts/ or 3. 4. 5 or more words beg{illeg}|e|t y^e same thought in her. Perhaps shee remembers by y^e helpe of characters in y^e Braine, but yⁿ how doth shee remember y^e signification of those characters.

Quæe {sic}. 1 Why Objects appeare \not/ inver|s|t, Resp: t|T|he mind or Soule cannot judge y^e image in y^e Braine to be inversed unlesse shee perceived externall things immediately {illeg} w^th w^ch shee might compare y^t Image.

2. Why doe appeare to bee w^thout our body? but paines, hunger thirst &c w^th Resp: Because y^e in y^e image of things delineated in the braine by sight, y^e bodys image is placed in y^e midst of y^e images of other things, is moved at o^r command {towars} & from those other images. &c {illeg}:

3. But why are not these objects then judged to bee in the braine Resp: Because y^e image of y^e braine is not painted there, nor is y^e Braine perceived by y^e soule it not being in motion, & probably |y^e| soule perceives noe bodys but by y^e helpe of their motion. But were y^e Braine perceived together w^th those images in it wee should thinke wee saw a body like the braine encompasing \& comprehending our selves/ y^e starrs & all other visible objects. &c

Of Quantity

If Extension is indefinite onely \in greatness/ & not infinite yⁿ a point is but indefinitely little & yet we cannot comprehend any thing lesse. To say y^t extension is but indefinite (I meane all y^e extension w^ch exists & not soe much onely as we can fasy {sic}) because we cannot perceive its limits, is as much as to say Gods perfection & o^rs differ but {illeg} indefinitely because wee is but indefinitely perfect because wee canot apprehend h|H|is whole perfection

Of Sleepe & Dreames &c

How is it y^t y^e Soule so often remembers her dreames by chanch otherwise not knowing{illeg} shee had dreamed, & thence whither she by perpetually employed in sleepe. whither dreames are of y^e body or soule. Why are they patched up of many fragments & incoherent passages.

Of colours vide pag 69

17 Substances belonging to y^e vegetable or Animall Kingdome when lightly burned are black, when througly burned are white. As Ivory being skilfully burnt affords painters one of y^e deepest{illeg} blacks they have &c. But mineralls are to bee excepted from this rule, For Allablaster {sic} if never so much burnt will turne no darker then yellow. Leade being calcined \with a strong fire/ turnes into minium which is red, & this miniū by burning turnes darker but never to a white colour. Blew, but unsophisticated Vitriol when tis burnt a little by a slow heate to friability, is white being further burnt turnes Grey, Yellow, red, & when perustum it turnes to a purple.

18 \Take/ Rectified oyle of Vitriol mixt by degrees w^th a convenient quantity of y^e essentiall oyle of wormewood (w^ch was drawne over w^th stove of water in a limbec) & warily distill y^e mixture in a retort, thei|r|e will bee left behind a greate quantity of dry & very black matter

Or becaus y^e essentiall oyle of Winter-savory is clearer yⁿ y^t of wormewod|o||d| mix it by degrees w^th about an equall quantity of oyle of Vitrioll these two cleare liquors distilled as before leave a good quantity of {illeg}|black| matter.

19 Gold & silver melted into a lumpe & dissolved by Aqua fortis y^e pouder of gold falling to y^e bottome appeares not yellow but black though neither y^e gold silver nor Aquafortis be so, & silver rubbed on other bodys colours y^m black.

20 Most bodys precipitated from y^e liquor into w^ch they were dissolved are white, but not all.

21 The scrapeings of black horne lookes white.

22 Sulphur adust is not y^e cause of blacknesse as Chimists hold, for common sulphur be either melted or sublimed turnes onely red or yellow. And \y^e plant/ Camphire though very inflamable & consequently sulphureous by burning turnes to noe colour but white &c. But yⁿ w^t causeth blackness in sulphur adust.

23 A Candle looked on through blew glasse appeares greene.

24 {illeg}|P|ouder of blew bise mixed w^th a greater quality of yellow orpiment makes a greene but y^e particles by a microscope are discovered to retaine theire blewness & yellownesse.

25 The steame of clear Aq: Fortis, or spirit of niter is red, &c.

26. A feather or black ribband put twixt my eye & y^e setting sunne makes glorious colours.

27 |An| Acid Spirits \& juices & salts/ as Spirit of salt, or |of| Vinegar, or \of/ Vitriol or Lemmon juice, or Oyle of Vitrioll, or Aqua fortis

being droped into diversly coloured liquors & especiall{y} blew ones turne y^m to red ones (as syrrup of violets impregnated w^th y^e tincture of y^e flowers, \juice of/ blew bottles or coneweede, juice of ripe privet berrys,          ) it turnes them commnly to a red colour. But |sulphureous salts which are either Vrinous & volatile salts of Animall substances| Volatile Salts (as Spirit of Hartshorne, |of| Vrine, |of| blood, of Sal=Armoniack                               ) {illeg} or \Lixiviate/ Vnctuous or Alcalizate \& fixed/ Salts \made by incineration/ (as y^e solution of Salt of Tartar, of pot ashes, of common wod|o||d| ashes, of lime=water, Oyle of Tartar,                     ) doe change y^m to a Greene. |as y^e red juice of bucthorne berrys|

28 Yet \either/ a Lixivious liquor, or urinous salt being poured on a solution of blew vitrioll in faire water makes it yellow & y^e precipitated corpuscles retained y^e \yellow/ colour when they |29| were falne to y^e bottome.

29 A {great}|just| quantity of Oyle of Tartar pow|u|red into a strong solution of french verdigrease turnes it from greene to blew; a Lixivium of pot ashes turnes it to a lighter blew, & spirit of Vrin, or Harts-horne make other blews.

30 {One graine} of c|C|ochineel dissolved in spirits of urin & yⁿ by degrees in faire water, imparted a discernable colour to {illeg} 125000 graines of faire water.

31 Most of y^e Tinctures w^ch chimists draw \w^ch abound w^th minerall or Vegetable Sulphur/ turne red; & \both/ Acid & Alcalizate salts in most sulphureous or oyly bodys produce a red. & blew is more commonly turned to red yⁿ red to blew

32 Fully satiate good common sublimate w^th water filter it through paper y^t it be cleare, put a spoonfull of it into a cleare glasse drop in 3 or 4 drops of oyle of tartar well filtred & it will be of an Orange colour. but 4 or 5 drops of oyle of Vitriol dispersed about y^e glasse by shaking it, makes y^e liquor pellucid againe

32 Some tinctures (as y^t of Amber made w^th Spirits of wine) appeare red or yellow as y^e vessells they fill are slender or broade but cochineel dissolved as before, &{c} other liquors never looke otherwise yⁿ Red \or of a carnation/ &c.

33 White bodys are com̄only sulphureous.

34 Oyle of Tartar generally precipitates Metalline bodys corroded w^th acid salts.

35 Tinge water w^th faire red rose leaves into w^ch drop a little Minium disolved in spirit of vinegar & it will be of a muddy greene, but drop \in/ a little Oyle of Vitrioll w^ch though an acid Menstruum yet it will præcipitate y^e leade in y^e forme of a white pouder to y^e bottome leaving y^e rest of y^e liquor above of a good red almost like a Rubie

36 Oyle or spirit of Turpentine will not mix w^th water & it & water shaken together apeare white.

37 Some very corrosive \& acid/ liquors will præcipite some others, as oyle of Vitrioll præcipitates \divers/ bodys dissolved in Aqua fortis or \spirit of/ wine vinegar, w^ch precipitated bodys are usually \very/ white

38 Bodys will scarcely be precipitated by Alcalizate s{illeg}|al|ts y^t are not first diso|s|olved in acid Menstruums

39 A leafe of Gold held betwixt y^e eye & y^e light appeares blew.

40 Acid salts rather dilute yellow & white juice yⁿ turns {sic} y to red,

41 Gentle heates in chimicall operations rather produce rednesse yⁿ other colours {illeg}|in| digested menstruums not onely sulphureous (as spirit of wine) vid: sec: 31. but saline as Spirit of Vinegar

42 Alcalizite salts are wont to precipitate w^t acid salts dissolve

43 An Acid salt doth seldom restore a Vegitable substance to y^e colour of w^ch an Alcalazite deprived it.

44 The acidity of spirit of vinegar is destroyed by working on Minium, (or perhaps on Crabs claws)

45 Put some solution of Minium into a spoonefull of y^e fresh tincture of logwood to turne it \deeply/ purple <134v> precipitate $\frac{1}{2}$ y^e leade w^th spirit of sa{c}|l|=armonick w^ch precipitacon \as well as y^e supernatant liquor/ looks {illeg} purple (by reason by reason {sic} of y^e predominance of y^e tinged particles over y^e white) yⁿ power in some spirit of salt warily & y^e precip{:} by Sal=Ar: is of a violet colour at y^e botome, y^e precip{:} by spirit of salt is white \& carnaco{illeg}|n|/ in y^e midst, & y^e top yellow or red.     vide sec 35

46 That y^e colour of a body bee altered by a \cleare/ liquor tis commonly required y^t it have salt yet faire water powred on y^e grey & friable calix of powdred Vitriol melted by a gentle heate till {illeg} it colour change & y^e liquor being set by in a close violl for some days it will tune to a vitriolate colour

47 Take Lignum Nephriticum (y^e infusion of w^ch in faire water is good against y^e kidn stone of y^e kidneys) put a handfull of thin slices of it into 3 or 4 pound of pure spring water after it hath infused there a night put y^e water into a cleare violl, & if you see y^e light through it it appeares of a golden colour (excepting \sometimes/ a sky coloured circle at y^e top) but if y^e infusion was too strong y^e liquor will then appeare darke & reddish. But if y^e liq your eye is twixt y^e liquor & light it appeares ceruleous: & Acid salts destroy y^e blew colour & sulphureous saltes restore it againe, w^thout making any change in y^e golden colour. Which may bee usefull to y^e {illeg} finding whither bodys abound more w^th acid {illeg}|or| sulphureous Salts.

48 The same may be done by Spirit Sirrup of Violets {illeg} impregnated w^th y^e tinture of y^e flowers. For an acid salt turnes it from blew to red but sulphureous one from blew to greene. vide sec 27.

49 Haveing found y^t a sulphureous salt is predominant in a body it may be knowne whither y^t salt be {illeg} Vrinous (i. e. volatile salts of anim{al} <135r> or other substances w^ch are contrary to acid ones) or Alcalizate in y^e 32^d sec. that is into sublimate disolved |in| faire water put an {illeg} Alcaly & it turnes it to an Orange Tauny, but urinous (or salsuginous) salts turne it to a pure white

50 y^e same liquor viz oyle of Vitriol) powred into a lixivium in w^ch crude {illeg}|a|ntimony has beene newly boyled turnes it from a cleare to \a/ yellow colour, w^ch sec: 32 turned a yellow to a cleare one.

51 There be flat peices of \a/ certaine kind of glase w^ch exhibits y^e Phenominon of lignum Nephriticū.